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THE A N NALS 
MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY. 


ZOOLOGY, BOTANY, anv GEOLOGY. 


(BEING A CONTINUATION OF TIE ‘ANNALS’ COMBINED WITII LOUDON AND 
CHARLESWORTII'S ‘ MAGAZINE OF NATURAL IISTORY.’) 


CONDUCTED BY 


WILLIAM CARRUTHERS, Ph.D., F.R.S., F.L.S., F.G.S., 
ARTHUR E. SHIPLEY, M.A., Sc.D., F.R.S., F.Z.S.. 
AND 


WILLIAM FRANCIS, F.U.S. 


Dae I" lI” 
NO i ot Me eers ‘ 
VOL. XVIL.—EIGHTH SERIES) 


ro aa 


LONDON: 
PRINTED AND PUBLISHED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, 


SOLD BY SIMPKIN, MARSHALL, HAMILTON, KENT, AND CO., LD.; 
BAILLIERE, PARIS: AND HODGES, FIGGIS, AND CO., DUBLIN. 


1915. 


“Omnes res create sunt divine sapientix et potentix testes, divitie felicitatis 
human :—ex harum usu /onitas Creatoris; ex pulchritudine sapientia Domini ; 
ex cconomid in conseryatione, proportione, renovatione, potentia majestatis 
elucet. Earum itaque mdagatio ab hominibus sibi relictis semper sstimata ; 


a veré eruditis et sapientibus semper exculta; malé doctis et barbaris semper 
inimica fuit.”—Lisnzus. 


“Quel que soit Je principe de la Vie animale, il ne faut qu’ouvrir les yeux pour 
voir quelle est le chef-d’ceuvre de la Toute-puissance, et le but auquel se rappor- 


tent toutes ses opérations.’——Bruckner, Théorie du Systéme Animal, Leyden, 
1767. 


Se eee ee ee he sylvan powers 
Diese our summons; from their deepest cells 
The Dryads come, and throw their garlands wild 
And odorous branches at our feet; the Nymphs 
That press with nimble step the mountain-thyme 
And purple heath-flower come not empty-handed, 
But scatter round ten thousand forms minute 

Of velvet moss or lichen, torn from rock 

Or rifted oak or cavern deep: the Naiads too 
Quit their loved native stream, from whose smooth faege 
They crop the lily, and each sedge and rush 

That drinks the rippling tide: the frozen poles, 
Where peril waits the bold adventurer’s tread, 
The burning sands of Borneo and Cayenne, 

All, all to us unlock their secret stores 

And pay their cheerful tribute. 


J. Taytor, Norwich, 1818, 


— 


CONTENTS OF VOL. XVI. 


[EIGHTH SERTIES.] 


NUMBER 91, 


Page 


I. Descriptions and Records of Bees—LXVIII. By T. D. A. 
Coewegers, University of Colorado. ....-:0.+¢ecsccnceneessuss 


Il. Notes on the British Machilide, with Descriptions of Two 
new Species. By Anna J. Remy, A.R.C.Sc.1., Royal College of 
Seletiees Pipes (blates LV. yi go: asses odace sell. side ip hleae see 


III. Notes on the Yabanide of the Australian Region. By 
Pea UsEP ER CMEC! Wee Oa ey Ttiak Wd = bis ko a-p + He ie ans o> 
IV. A new Cestode of the Genus Zschokkeella. By H. A. Bays, 
eee CENA OMEN), “Hairy fa nck oe oe aac ode yids oh oldie mesg» 
V. On some Australian Cicadide. By W.L. Distant ........ 
VI. On new Species of Histeride and Notices of others. By 
Eben aise UA 6S gas es os oo Pas oa CORKS EG ied gee Te dou a ess 
VII. Notes on the Asiatic Bamboo-Rats (Rhizomys, etc.). By 
GED EOE Dy EHOMASS 5 i5 2 'c's« 2'4'4 clas ol ieiabe ae eie's gece cette teeter re 
— VIII. On Bats of the Genus Promops. By OLDFIELD THOMAS.. 
TX. Descriptions of Two new Lizards from Australia. By G. A. 
BOWEN RE Ec re «dance tdigey <2 eas 2 vides PP Peer ety Re Or 
X. On the African Shrews belonging to the Genus Croeidura.— ILL. 
By Guy DoOnuMAn , ... 6. 2ce cece anes: wer ening esc ecccgennye 
XI. On the Entomostraca of the Albert Nyanza. By Witi1am 
a munpine Ons MA, PYM sr aes farce eels avy cc oie dn'e ss oes 


XII. Descriptions of a new Modiola from Ceylon and of a new 
Tellina from New Caledonia. By H. B. Preston, F.Z.S.......0, 


— 


80 


84 


—— 


— 


iv CONTENTS. 


NUMBER 92. 


Page 


XIII. A Trematode from Protopterus. By H. A. Bayris, B.A... 


XIV. Descriptions and Records of Bees—LXIX. By T. D. A. 
CocKERELL, University of Colorado ..............000. aiehate eee 
XV. A new Agrionine Dragonfly from Northern Australia. By 
HerBert Campion (Imperial Bureau of Entomology, London).... 


XVI. On a new Filat-fish of the Genus Arnoglossus from the 
Black Sea. By Pretrer Scumipt, Curator of the Ichthyological 
Department of the Zoological Museum of the Imperial Academy of 
Sciences an PSurapral oe ese hee > +s son's ew ee ee ese ke eee 

XVII. Note on an Interesting Abnormality in the Mandibular 
Arch of Chimera monstrosa, L. By WaAuTER E. CoLuinGe, M.Sc., 
F.L.S., &c., Research Fellow of the University of St. Andrews, The 
Gatty Marine Laboratory, St. Andrews 2.2). ..sh0.0.-.00+ss0cemn 

XVIII On the Species of the Mascarene Viverrid Galidictis, with 
the Description of a new Genus and a Note on “ Gailidia elegans.” 
By R.I. Pococr, F.R.S., Superintendent of the Zoological Society’s 
Gardans, ; (Plate VIT2) 9.37... acidé- tame ons cues kau eee 


XTX. On the African Shrews belonging to the Genus Crocidura. 
—IV,; ByGaw DomeMants tie. awison Wee sre ne) ee oes clea meet 
XX. New African Rodents and Insectivores, mostly collected by 
Dr. C. Christy for the Congo Museum. By OL_pFieLp THomas 


NUMBER 93. 


XXI. On some of the External Characters of the Palm-Civet 
(Hemigalus derbyanus, Gray) and its Allies. By R. I. Pocock, 
F.R.S., Superintendent of the Zoological Society’s Gardens, 
(Plate VIII.) 


XXII. Some Observations on the Isopod Idotea hectica (Pallas). 
By Wauter E. CoruinGe, M.Sc., F.L.S., F.E.S., Research Fellow 
of the University of St. Andrews, the Gatty Marine Laboratory, 
St, Andrews., (Plate TR): a eegu 5 tcabneld arses cae in foie 


XXIII. Descriptions of new Species of Mollusca from various 
Localities. By G. B. Sowmrsy, F.L.S. (Plate X.) 


XXIV. New Species of Indo-Malayan Lepidoptera. By Colonel 
C. Swinuog, M.A., F.L.S. 


9 2 0 90 6 0 0 6 68 6 © wip 2.0.8 uve wh Os « 8 le es eles ele 


XXYV. Descriptions of new Species of Lepidoptera from Africa 
and the East. By G. T. BeErHUNE-BaAkER, F.L.S,, F.Z.S......... 


85 


96 


105 


108 


110 


1138 


124 


. 146 


153 


162 


164 


170 


186 


CONTENTS. | v 


Page 
XXVI. On Elporia, a new Genus of Blepharocerid Flies from 
South Africa. ~ By F. W: Epwanpspi7h) Pb Se 55. .: oes wc ess 208 


XXVII. The Xylophilide of Ceylon. By G. C. CHampron, 
1 TiS AR AA RA A epee. tks Rs 


XXVIII. On the Species of Lucifer and their Distribution. By 
L. A. Borraparte, M.A., Lecturer in Zoology in the University of 


Cambridge ; Fellow, Dean, and Lecturer of Selwyn College ...... 226 
XXIX. Note on the Nomenclature of certain Species of Ruteline 

Caleopteras| By Gienner J. ARROW 6.265 jengiccs ood ceninen beds s 231 

New Book :—An Index to the Museum Boltenianum ............ 232 


NUMBER 94, 


XXX. Observations on the Cape Cephalodiscus (C. gilchristi, 
Ridewood) and some of its Karly Stages. By J. D. F. Grrcurisr, 
M.A., Ph.D., D.Sc. With an Appendix by Sipnny F. Harmer, 
pa pUnt a Ce late: Ml \P onc sss ie sore yg ck bao men wk i aewr oer 


XXXI. On the Lepidoptera collected in 1913-1914 by Herr Geyr 
von Schweppenburg on a Journey to the Hoggar Mountains. By 
erp horuscHilp, ER.S., PhyW:—Part Too 2.6.) yo es cas ouclws 247 


XXXII. Notes on the Tabanide of the Australian Region. By 
SHIP ENE MREVEC ATEN OY! ela v'e'd Waiviesevt vchd'e rede ele gs dina age vl 259 


XXXII. Notes un Fossorial Hymenoptera. — XVII. On new 
Ethiopian Species. By Rowianp E. Turner, F.ZS., F.E.S. .... 286 


XXXIV. On the Paeific Species of Hippoglossoides. By Prter 
ScumipT, Curator of the Ichthyological Department of the Zoolo- 
gical Museum of the Imperial Academy of Sciences in Petrograd .. 299 


XXXV. A Special Genus for the Himalayan Bat known as 
Murima grisea. “By OLDFIELD THOMAS. 00.005... clc vee ha nece’ 309 


XXXVI. A new Genus of Phyllostome Bats and a new Rhipi- 
domys from Ecuador. By O~pFreLp THOMAS ...........0..000, 310 


XXXVII. Further Notes on Asiatic Bamboo-Rats. By OLpFIELD 
BIVETOMUAS. 9ar a, seat 6: senna oul ok ai cot oka he eg ee OE ae Bey il hors etes 313 


XXX VIII. Upon a Remarkable new Genus of Lamellicorn Beetles 
from Borneo. By GitpErt J. ARROW ........... Rand ae « 317 


XXXIX. Upon the Beetles of the Melolonthid Genus Rhopea 
found in the Fiji Islands. By Gipertr J. ARRow...,.. SO COR 319 


Vi CONTENTS. 


Page 
XL. Rhynchotal Notes—LVI. By W. L. DIsTAnT ,,..+..... 822 


XLI. On some Enigmatical Names in Conchology and Pycno- 
gonology. By the Rev. Tuomas R. R. Sreppine, M.A., F.RS, .. 328 


XLII. Notes and Synonymy of Hymenoptera in the Collection of 
the British Museum. By GEoFFREY MEapE-WaALDo, M.A., CLAUDE 
Mor ey, F.Z.S., and R. E. Turner, F.Z.S.—I..............54. 351 


— XLII. On some of the External Characters of the Genus Linsang, 
with Notes upon the Genera Poiana and Eupleres. By R. 1. Pococg, 
F.R.S., Superintendent of the Zoological Society’s Gardens. (Plates 
NL. Ge RATT See eee ee bags Se oes ep tke be eee 341 


™ XLIV. On some External Characters of Galidia, Galidictis, and 
related Genera. By R. 1. Pocock, F.R.S., Superintendent of the 
Zoological Society’s Gardens, (Plates XIV. & XV.) ............ 351 


—~ XLV. On the African Shrews belonging to the Genus Crocidura. 
—V,, By Guy DoeiMAn so. $4 25 0th eed oth sno en) apne 357 


NUMBER 95. 


XLVI. Some Protozoa from Fishes occurring in the Vicinity of 
Cullercoats, Northumberland. By THomas Bentuam, B.Sc. Oxon., 
M.Sc. Dunelm., Demonstrator in Zoology, University of Durham. 
(iste AVE, BA WVAL),. Foss ie cee eke ene s ss eee ee 381 


XLVI. On the Lepidoptera collected in 1913-1914 by Herr Geyr 
von Schweppenburg on a Journey to the Hoggar Mountains 
(Sahara). By Lorp Roruscuixp, F.R.S., Ph.D.—Part I. ...... 592 


XLVIII. Description of a new Tree-frog of the Genus Hyla 
discovered by Mr. A. E. Pratt in the Arfak Mountains, Dutch New 
Guinea. By G. A. Boutencer, F.R.S. (Plate XVIII) ........ 402 


XLIX. New Genera and Species of Mammals from the Miocene 
Deposits of Baluchistan.—Preliminary , Notice. By C. Forsrrr- 
Cooprer, M.A., Superintendent, University Museum of Zoology, 
Cambridge ..... Rio oe ne Sesh letae BErHE Be aiet eeicna eG aig ea re ani 


L. Descriptions of Three new Neotropical Butterflies. By Eminy 
M  BOWDLER BHARPE Woy s ies. cts wee eee reas pat S's > cet Me 


LI. Two new Species of Monhystera (Nematodes) inhabiting the 
Gill-chambers of Land-crabs, By H. A. Bayris, B.A. ,......... 414 


CONTENTS. vil 
Page 

LIT. A Note on the Parasphenoid of a Paleoniscoid. By Henry 
Day, M.Sc., Geological Department, The University, Manchester ., 421 


LIII. Notes on Fossorial Hymenoptera.—X VIII. On the Austra- 
lian Species of Bembex. By Rowtanp E, Turner, F.Z.8., F.E.S. . 484 


LIV. A new Bat from Northern Nigeria, By OLDFIELD THomas, 447 


NUMBER 96. 


LV. A new African Earthworm, collected by Dr. C. Christy for 
the Congo Museum; with a Note on its Spermathece and Sperma- 


naphadoceme by tle Ac byAWMIG eBoA Gy elev ucedvecs de nnvecegenas 449 
—— LVI. List of Mammals (exclusive of Ungulata) collected on the 
Upper Congo by Dr. Christy for the Congo Museum, Tervueren. 

eye MOE De LHOMAG. PGBS. cutyis dei cid  epalns ule's go eee oe eryes 465 
LVII. Descriptions and Records of Bees—LXX. By T. D. A. 

WockHRELT, University of Colorado |, }i,si53 ute Ue ils vs ise 482 

LVIUI. Rhynchotal Notes——LVII. By W. L. DistantT........ 489 


LIX. On the Extension of the Range of the American Slipper- 
Limpet on the East Coast of England. By G. C. Rosson, B.A. .. 496 


LX. On the Periproctal Plates of Discotdea cylindrica (Lamarck), 
By Frepericx J. Norrs, B.Sc., F.G.S., Assistant Keeper, Geolo- 
gical Department, National Museum of Wales .......... aaGr5 sia i's 499 


LXI. Three new Species of the Dipterous Genus Olbiogaster, 
O.-S., in the British Museum Collection. By F. W. Epwarps, 


ee LE Siege ge Cie ala ssa ON Ma ALND HET Ts ee clears e 8 eptale 502 
as LXII. The Name of the Species described by Gray as Galidictis 
winriee Dvelvn le POCOGK: BRaSeaicss «08 dev moles vc ees ¢ wand tes 505 
——  LXIUL. On the African Shrews belonging to the Genus Croci- 
Bie oy bene by Chive WOLLMAN Gigs.e dacs vs) vie eo sie WES oe ete a 6 506 
Proceedings of the Geological Society ..2..0:cccscnecewsssvuce 515 


ivclioxsee tay: save ste Rie di.oi vieietaneroterserere OE oe) ees Oe Meee OLG 


PLATES IN VOL. XVI. 


Puarte I, } 
ans Structural details of Petrobius vectensis and Petromachilis 
Iv. f longicornis. 
V3 


VI. Zschokkeelia muricola, 
VII. Galidictis eximius, G. ornatus, Mungotictis vittatus, and 
M. substriatus. 
VIU. Hemigalus derbyanus. 
IX. Idotea hectica (Pallas). 
X. New Mollusca from various localities. 
XI. Larva of Cephalodiscus gilchristi. 
XII. Poiana richardsoni and Linsang linsang. 
XIII. Eupleres goudoti, Fossa fossa, and I’. majori. 
XIV. Galidia elegans and Galidictis eximius. 
XV. Mungotictis substriatus and Galidictis eximius. 


; Some Protozoa from Fishes. 


~ XVII. Hyla angiana. 


» 


THE ANNALS 


AND 


MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY, 


(EIGHTH SERIES.] 


Ste seddasmaaneasares per litora spargite muscum, 
Naiades, et circiim vitreos considite fontes: 
Pollice virgineo teneros hic carpite flores: 
Floribus et pictum, dive, replete canistrum. 
At vos, o Nymphe Craterides, ite sub undas ; 
Ite, recurvato variata corallia trunco 
Vellite muscosis e rupibus, et mihi conchas 
Ferte, Dew pelagi, et pingui conchylia succo,” 
N. Parthenii Giannettasi, Eel. 1, 


No. 91. JULY 1915. 


].—Descriptions and Records of Bees.—LX VIII. 
By T. D. A. Cockrret, University of Colorado. 


Prosopis palavanica, sp. 0. 


6 .—Length about 6 mm. 

Robust, black, head and thorax densely punctured, abdo- 
men shining ; head broad, clypeus high ; large triangular 
patch on clypeus, confluent with an apical band, lateral face- 
marks (but no supraclypeal mark), and narrow stripe on 
outer side of the short scape all yellow ; lateral face-marks 
filling space between clypeus and eye, abruptly truncate 
above just below level of antennz, but sending a narrow 
band beyond, up along the orbital margin to about level of 
middle of front; labrum and mandibles black; flagellum 
stout, submoniliform, very obscure brownish beneath ; meso- 
thorax more coarsely punctured than front; tubercles (but 
not tegule) with a yellow spot; areaof metathorax coarsely 
irregularly wrinkled, the sinuses between the wrinkles 
shining; tegulze piceous. Wings greyish hyaline, stigma 
and nervures piceous ; first r.n. meeting first t.-c. ; second 
s.m. much broader than high (as in P. taga/a, Ashm.). Legs 
black, anterior tibiz broadly yellow in front, anterior tarsi 


Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol. xvi. 1 


2 Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell—Descriptions and 


obscurely reddish, the other tarsi dark reddish apically. 
Abdomen shaped like that of a female, microscopically 
reticulate, and with fine piliferous punctures, so that the 
surface does not appear smooth; stipites with long beauti- 
fully plumose hairs. 

Hab. P. Princesa, Palawan (Baker coll. 38538). 


Prosopis taclobana, sp. n. 


6 .—Length about 4°5 mm. 

Rather slender, black ; head and thorax dull, extremely 
densely and finely punctured; abdomen also very finely 
punctured, but somewhat shining; head large and round, 
the face greatly narrowed below; clypeus and lateral face- 
marks (abruptly truncate just below antenne) chrome- 
yellow, but supraclypeal area black ; mandibles and labrum 
marked with yellow ; scape short, broadly yellow in front ; 
flagellum extremely long and slender, not moniliform, 
obscure brownish beneath; a broadly interrupted band on 
prothorax, tubercles, and large spot on tegule yellow; basal 
part of metathorax divided by ridges into four large areas, 
which are themselves finely reticulate, apically between the 
two midmost areas is a large pit. Wings greyish hyaline, 
stigma sepia ; first r.n. meeting first t.-c., second s.m. about 
as broad as high. ‘Tibi and tarsi rich yeliow, anterior tibiz 
with a black mark behind, middle and hind tibiz each with 
a broad subapical black ring; stipites each with a pair of 
long stiff yellow bristles, which are hyaline and _ briefly 
fimbriate at the end. 

Hab. Tacloban, Leyte, Philippine Is. (Baker coll. 3665). 


The following table separates the Philippine species cf 
Prosopis. These are all distinct from those described by 
Friese from Java :— 


Second s.m. about as broad as high; clypeus of 


ilo entizely yellow Le TICR. te. cee e ce taclobana, Cll. 
Second s.m. much broader (longer) than high .... 1. 
1. Clypeus all black; lateral face-marks triangular, 
broadly truncate above ; female ............ tagala, Ashm. 
Clypeus with a light spot or patch .............. 2. 
2. Area of metathorax coarsely wrinkled .......... palavanica, Ckll. 
Area of metathorax rugulose, without strong 
PCULPtURE +... shes ¥eulel: +00 oh p= dee eee luzonica, Ckll. 


Trigona palavanica, sp. n. 


Worker.— Length about 5 mm. 
Black, without light markings on head, thorax, or legs, 


Records of Bees. 3 


but first dorsal abdominal segment very bright orange- 
ferruginous, and ventral surface of abdomen apricot-colour ; 
head broad, face grey-pruinose ; flagellum obscurely brown 
beneath, and insertion of antenne light reddish; meso- 
thorax dull, bordered anteriorly and posteriorly by a band of 
pale greyish-ochreous tomentum ; pleara and sides of meta- 
thorax grey-pruinose. Wings brownish, stigma and nervures 
dark brown. Hind tibize and basitarsi greatly expanded ; 
hair on inner side of hind basitarsi dark fuscous, but shining 
brilliant coppery red when seen from above. Apical segment 
of abdomen obscure reddish. 

Hab. P. Princesa, Palawan (Baker coll. 3839). 

Related to 7. ventralis, Sm., but easily known by the 
bright red base of abdomen. It is quite distinct from the 
numerous Bornean species tabulated by Cameron. 


Mesotrichia philippinensis, Sm., var. chlorina, v. nu. 


? —Length fully 21 mm., anterior wing 18 mm. 

Wings golden green; thorax posteriorly yellow right 
across ; cheeks with a good deal of white hair. 

Hab. Los Banos, Luzon, Philippine Is. (Baker, 2). 

This is much too large for the var. bilineata, Friese. 
Typical M. philippinensis 2 was sent from Malinao, Tayabas 
(Baker, 3661) ; this has the iridescence of wings rosy purple 
and the thorax posteriorly yellow only at sides, 


Xylocopa mimetica, sp. n. 


g .—Length 24 mm., anterior wing 22, width of abdo- 
men 10. 

Black, with all the hair, including that on legs, black ; 
mandibles bidentate; labrum coarsely, confluently punc- 
tured, with a basal smooth shining band, which sends a 
linear process downward in the middle ; clypeus coarsely, 
confluently punctured, with a slight median keel; band on 
upper border of clypeus, broader contiguous supraclypeal 
band, lateral face-marks (filling space between clypeus and 
eye, and broadly truncate above some distance above level of 
antennz), and spot on each side of anterior ocellus all ivory- 
colour; antenne black, flagellum (except first joint, which 
is shining black) brownish beneath, the segments except the 
last each with an obscure red spot; third antennal joint 
about as long as next three together. Wings very dark 
fuscous, anterior wings shining bluish green, violet in region 
of marginal cell, yellowish green in subapical field, and 

1|* 


4 Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell—Deseriptions and 


pinkish at apex. Abdomen strongly but not densely 
punctured. 

Hab. P. Princesa, Palawan (Baker coll. 3834). From the 
same locality comes a female Mesotrichia amauroptera 
(Xylocopa amauroptera, Pérez), Baker coll. 3835. 

I understand that the bees from other islands than Luzon 
were not collected by Professor Baker personally, but by a 
collector in his employ. 

X. mimetica is superficially exactly like M. amauroptera, 
though there are important structural differences, not only 
in the thorax, but also in variation—e. g., the lower section 
of the basal nervure is much longer than in amauroptera. 

X. mimetica is closely allied to X. dissimilis, Lep., but 
without pale hair on thorax. The abdomen has none of the 
greenish colour of X. fallax, Maidl, while the wings have 
not the brilliant green tints of X. auripennis, Lep. X. picti- 
pennis, Sm., from Java, is related, but much larger, with 
more brilliantly coloured wings. 


Anthophora zonata stantoni, Cockereil. 


Mt. Makiling, Luzon (Baker, 3815) ; Dapitan, Mindanao 
(Baker coll. 3844). 

Two males, quite alike. The male shows that this form is 
very close to A. korotonensis, Ckll., from Formesa, having 
the same general characters, including the structure of 
ventral segments of abdomen. The abdominal bands are a 
beautiful pearly green. 


Nomada mindanaonis, Cockerell. 


Two females from P. Princesa, Palawan (Baker coll. 3880). 

One is smaller than the other and has only two submar- 
ginal cells, the second t.-c. being absent ; it is apparently 
only a variation. The larger specimen is larger than the 
original type of the species. 


Halictus waterhousez, sp. n. 


2 (type).—Length 10 mm., expanse 19°5. 

Black, including legs and antenne ; head rather narrow, 
cheeks moderate ; front and vertex with thin fulvous hair ; 
clypeus strongly and more or less confluently punctured, but 
shining between the punctures; front dull and rough ; 
thorax above, and at least on upper part of sides, clothed 
with fulvous hair (matted in the type, which has been 
in some liquid); mesothorax dull and rough, with dense 


Records of Bees. 5 


small punctures; pleura striate ; area of metathorax large, 
feebly wrinkled ; tegule rufo-testaceous. Wings strongly 
greyish, slightly orange-tinted basally, anterior wings 
suffusedly blackened at apex; stigma ferruginous ; first 
r.n. joining second s.m. near end; outer r.n. and t.-e. 
slender; third s.m. much broader than second, third t.-c. 
with a single curve; femora with pale hair, but that on 
tibiz and tarsi nearly all black or dark fuscous, more or less 
whitish on inner side of hind basitarsi; hind spur with only 
very minute short comb-like teeth. Abdomen shining black, 
with black hair, no bands or patches; hair on venter 
whitish, except apically ; first dorsal segment with scattered 
minute punctures, these in the submarginal region numerous 
though extremely small; second segment with minute 
punctures very sparse on disc. 

6 .—Length 10 mm., expanse 18. 

Like the female, but more slender; clypeus with a very 
large cream-coloured transverse patch, obtusely angulate in 
middle above ; antenne very long, entirely black, flagellum 
strongly crenulate beneath ; area of metathorax much more 
coarsely sculptured, being thrown into coarse irregular 
wrinkles; first and second abdominal segments slightly 
glaucous (except depressed hind margins), finely and rather 
closely punctured all over. 

The differences in sculpture of metathorax and abdomen 
in the two sexes are surprising, but they seem to belong to 
the same species. 

Hab. Woodford, New South Wales, Jan. 1909 (G. A. 
Waterhouse). Brit. Museum. The female taken Jan. 24, 
the male Jan. 31. 

Allied to H. musicus, Ckll., but entirely distinct by the 
colour of the tegule, the arrangement of hair on thorax, and 
sculpture of mesothorax and abdomen. The clypeus of 
H. musicus is more shining and less densely punctured. 


Halictus pavonellus, sp. 0. 


2 —Length about 4°25 mm. 

Head small, nearly circular, dull dark blue-green, the 
clypeus mainly black ; head and thorax with thin white 
hair; antenne black, the flagellum ferruginous beneath 
toward apex ; mesothorax and scutellum dull, rich deep 
blue, rest of thorax very obscure blue-green, posterior trun- 
cation (which is well defined) bluer ; area of metathorax 
with fine longitudinal ridges and little cross ones between ; 
tegule clear reddish, dark at base. Wings faintly dusky ; 


6 Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell—Deseriptions and 


stigma short, rufo-piceous, nervures redder ; outer t.-c. and 
r.n. almost wholly invisible, but the shadowy third s.m. 
very high and short. Femora black, the knees, tibize, and 
tarsi ferruginous, middle and hind tibie suffused with dusky. 
Abdomen dark, with a strong tinge of blue-green or bluish, 
hind margins of segments piceous, first segment shining, the 
others duller; a curled scopa of white hair on abdominal 
venter. 

Microscopical characters:—Front lineolate and _ punc- 
tured ; mesothorax minutely tessellate and with very minute 
punctures ; tegulz impunctate; first abdominal segment 
with excessively minute punctures, the other segments feebly 
transversely striolate and with very minute piliferous punc- 
tures ; hind spur with two long blunt teeth. 

Hab. Bribie- Island, Queensland, Nov. 2, 1913 (Z. 
Hacker). Queensland Mus. 114. 


The following table separates it from its nearest rela- 
tives :— 


Siigma pale TestaAccous «ovis tp pm acs nace deve Jioralis, Sm. 
Stigma dark fuscous or rufo-fuscous ............ 1. 
1. Apical part of stigma abbreviated; mesothorax 
darkblue :) smallerspecies t 5 ..25\C ose sb alee pavonellus, Ckll, 
Stigma normal; mesothorax dark green: larger 
SPECIOS "ss cr ebm Deneeha Kee wa porte Meee ee dammert, Ckll. 


Halictus callaspis, sp. n. 


? .—Length about 6°5 mm. 

Head and thorax with loose white hair, abundant at sides 
of thorax ; head broad, clypeus prominent, its basal margin 
little above level of lower ends of eyes ; head olive-green, 
tinged with brassy about bases of antennze and on supra- 
clypeal area; clypeus shining peacock-green, its upper 
margin very narrowly purple; antenne black, flagellum 
obscurely reddish beneath toward apex ; mesothorax yel- 
lowish green, much brighter than head, granular but some- 
what glistening, not distinctly punctured ; scutellum more 
shining, peacock-green; rest of thorax rather obscure olive- 
green ; area of metathorax very finely irregularly lineolate ; 
posterior truncation not sharply defined; tegule reddish. 
Wings hyaline, stigma amber-colour; outer r.n. and t.-c. 
almost obsolete; first r.n. meeting second t.-c. Femora 
dark olive-green ; knees more or less reddish ; tibize and 
basitarsi piceous, with much white hair ; small joints of tarsi 
dull ferruginous. Abdomen shining olive-green, without 


Records of Bees. 7 


conspicuous punctures, apical segments with thin white hair, 
but no hair-bands or patches; venter of abdomen with a 
white pollen-collecting scopa. 

Microscopical characters :—Clypeus with sparse strong 
punctures ; front strongly lineolate ; mesothorax minutely 
tessellate, with sparse very feeble punctures; abdomen 
finely transversely lineolate, with only piliferous punctures ; 
hind spur with a large blunt tooth and a small rounded one. 

Hab. Bribie Island, Queensland, Nov. 2, 1913 (dH. 
Hacker). Queensland Mus. 109. 

The following table separates it from its allies :— 


Stigma amber-colour; area of meta- 

thorax very finely lineolate...... callaspis, Cll, 
Stigma dark fusvous or rufo-fuscous ; 

area of metathorax much more 


coarsely sculptured ............. Jc 
1. Mesothorax with conspicuous and 
numerous punctures ............ Juindersi, Ckll. 
Mesothorax with sparse very minute 
PUNCLOTEA I sade ts a aeaa ee oe ae behri transvolens, Cll, 
Mesothorax with transverse plicz and 
no readily noticeable punctures ., 2 


2. Smaller: mesothorax yellowish green. caloundrensis, Ckll. 
Larger: mesothorax bluish green.... caloundrensis leucurus (Ckll.). 


The last was described as a variety of H. flindersi, but it is 
in reality a variety of H. caloundrensis, having the same 
type of mesothorax. 


Halictus rufotinctus, sp. n. 


2 .—Length 4-4:25 mm. 

Robust, with short broad-oval abdomen ; head black, with 
short dull white hair; flagellum dull ferruginous beneath ; 
mesothorax and scutellum olive-green, the mesothorax with 
a slight coppery shade on each side mesad of parapsidal 
groove (in var. a, the mesothorax is dark blue-green) ; rest 
of thorax black, the sides with rather copious white hair ; 
mesothorax dullish, finely and closely punctured, disc of 
scutellum shining; area of metathorax large, irregularly 
cancellate ; tegule castaneous, black at base. Wings 
hyaline; stigma pale amber-colour ; outer r.n. and t.-c. so 
faint as to be almost obsolete ; first r.n. reaching apical 
corner of seconds.m. Legs black, with pale hair. Abdomen 
broad, dullish, first segment shining ; first segment black, 
secoud dark castaneous, with a black band across the middle, 
third and fourth dark castaneous, with a more or less evident 


~~ 


8 Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell—Deseriptions and 


transverse black band ; fifth black, with caudal rima rufo- 
fulvous ; hair of abdomen scanty, no bands or patches. 

Microscopical characters :—Face with fine plumose white 
hairs; front minutely sculptured, with very fine punctures 
in grooves ; disc of mesothorax lineolate and finely punc- 
tured ; basal part of tegule with very fine piliferous punc- 
tures ; first abdominal segment and basal half of second very 
finely punctured ; apical “halt of second segment minutely 
transversely lineolate ; hind spur with two large blunt teeth, 
and a low wave-like one beyond. 

Hab. Brisbane, Queensland, Oct. 3, 1912 (H. Hacker). 
Queensl. Mus. 129. 

Related to H. inclinans, Sm., but quite distinct by colour 
of abdomen and legs. 


Halictus subinclinans, sp. 0. 


? .—Length 6°25 mm. 

Head broad, black ; mandibles dark reddish in middle; 
supraclypeal area and base of clypeus olive-green ; ; flagellum 
short and thick, bright ferruginous beneath “except at base ; 
clypeus short, front dull and granular ; mesothorax dark 
green, dullish, finely but distinctly punctured ; scutellum 
rather more shining and more brassy ; rest of thorax black, 
pleura and sides of metathorax with dull white hair; area of 
metathorax large, poorly defined, rugulose, with very short 
plicze at sides basally ; posterior truncation poorly defined ; 
tegulz rufo-fuscous. Wings hyaline, stigma amber-colour ; 
outer r.n. and t.-c. greatly weakened, first r.n. reaching 
base of third sm. Legs black, the tarsi obscurely reddish. 
Abdomen broad, shining brownish black, very finely punc- 
tured, hind margins of segments slightly reddish; apical 
half with fine pale hair, but no bands or distinct patches. 

Microscopical characters :—Supraclypeal area and base of 
clypeus with tessellate sculpture and fine scattered punctures ; 
apical part of clypeus also tessellate and punctate, but the 
surface more or Jess undulate and the punctures larger and 
fewer ; front with the dense punctures tending to run into 
grooves ;_ mesothorax tessellate between the punctures ; 
second abdominal segment sculptured like the apical two- 
thirds of first, basal part of first with much sparser punctures ; 
tegule impunctate; hind spur curved, with a single large 
broadly rounded (subtruncate) tooth and a low broad 
(wave-like) one beyond, 


Records of Becs. 9 


Hab. Vaunceston, Tasmania, Feb. 15, 1914 (FP. M. Littler, 
2568). 

Allied to H. inclinans, Sm., but easily distinguished by 
the greater size, darker tegule, and dark legs. It appears 
to be the Tasmanian representative of H. inclinans. 


Halictus (Chloralictus) busckiellus, sp. n. 


? .—Length about 4 mm. 

Head and thorax dark green, abdomen black, hind margins 
of segments obscure reddish ; mandibles dark castaneous, 
black at base ; flagellum dull ferruginous beneath ; tegule 
rufo-fuscous. Wings rather short, greyish hyaline, stigma 
dusky reddish. Legs black, tarsi reddish apically. Hair 
white, rather abundant on cheeks, pleura, and apical segments 
of abdomen. Head broad, its width 1°3 mm. ; clypeus not 
much produced, shining, sparsely punctured, the punctures 
on basal half smaller and closer than those on apical, and 
nearly all emittimg hairs; supraclypeal area minutely 
tessellate, with extremely minute scattered piliferous punc- 
tures ; front very delicately roughened, with a microscopi- 
cally reticulate sculpture, the middle portion minutely punc- 
tured, the intervals between the punctures crossed by lines; 
mesothorax dullish, minutely tessellate, with scattered 
extremely minute punctures ; tegule impunctate; area of 
metathorax with a fine file-like striation, the strie very 
oblique at sides ; abdomen shining, minutely transversely 
lineolate ; first r.n. meeting second t.-c. ; second s.m. small, 
third s.m. large and broad, nearly or quite twice as broad 
above as second ; hind spur with about three long teeth. 

Hab, Island of S. Domingo, West Indies, 7. 8.05 (Aug. 
Busck). U.S. National Museum, 

Allied to the Cuban H. parvus (Cresson), but the face is 
only thinly hairy, the tegule are darker, sculpture of front 
is different, mesothorax is duller, and scutellum is not 
polished. H. plumbeus, Ashm., is readily separated from 
H. busckiellus by the narrower face and more strongly and 
closely punctured front ; H. jamaice, Ellis, is separated by 
the lighter tegule, red knees, and mainly red tarsi, as well 
as the closely punctured sides of front. 


10 Miss Anna J. Reilly on 


II.—Notes on the British Machilide, with Descriptions of 
Two new Species. By Anna J. Retuty, A.R.C.8e.L, 
Royal College of Science, Dublin. 


[Plates I.-V.] 


In Lubbock’s ‘ Monograph of the Collembola and Thysanura’” 
(1873) there are descriptions of Machilis polypoda and Ma- 
chilis maritima, only two species of the Machilide being 
recognized in Great Britain at that period. Silvestri (1904) 
justified the establishment of the genus Petrobius by Leach 
(1809) for If, maritima by showing that MJachilis has paired 
processes (gonapophyses or paramera) on both the eighth and 
ninth abdominal segments in the male, while Peérobius has 
these structures on the ninth segment only. Verhoeff (1910) 
established the genus Halomachilis, characterizing it by the 
following structural details:—apex of the mandible un- 
toothed, feelers without scales except on the two basal seg- 
ments, tip of labial palp having many flattened sensory 
spines. ‘These details prove this genus to be identical with 
Petrobius. 

Many species of Petrobius have since been recorded ; 
Oudemans (1886) described a Dutch insect which he called 
Machilis maritima, and which agrees in many respects with 
the new species Petrobius vectensis described in this paper. 
I am indebted to Mr. R. 8. Bagnall and Mr. E. Popple, 
Berkhamsted, for these specimens of P. vectensis ; they were 
collected near Shanklin, Isle of Wight. I am also indebted 
to Mr. P. A. Buxton, Trinity College, Cambridge, for some 
specimens of this species which were collected by him at 
St. Helen’s, Isle of Wight. 

The second species described falls into a new genus of the 
Machilide—Petromachilis. ‘The specimens were collected 
in August 1911 at Wasdale Head, Cumberland, by Mr. J. W. 
Shoebotham, who sent them to Prof. G. H. Carpenter, Royal 
College of Science, Dublin, for description. Prof. Carpenter 
kindly asked me to describe these and the Isle of Wight 
insects mentioned above, giving me some help and instruction 
in methods of procedure. 

‘he genus Petromachilis is intermediate between Machilis 
and Petrobius, agreeing with Machilis in having paired 
processes on both the eighth and ninth abdominal segments 
in the male, and with Petrobius in having no scales on the 
antennge except on the two basal segments, while it is inter- 
mediate between the two genera with regard to the mandible. 


the British Machilidee. 11 


It may be distinguished from the other British genus of 
Machilide, Premachilis, Grassi, by the presence of two pairs 
of exsertile vesicles on the second to the fifth abdominal 
segments inclusive, Premachilis having not more than one 
pair of-vesicles on any abdominal segment. 


Genus Perrosius, Leach (1809). 
Petrobius vectensis, sp.n. (Pls. I. & II.) 


Body-length 8 mm. (male). Feelers (incomplete) at least 
as long as the body ; tail-processes (incomplete) also at least 
as long as the body. Feelers, cerci, and tail-process white- 
ringed. Paired Beelli dum bbell-shaped, less than a transverse 
diameter apart (Pl. I. fig. 2). Mandible with blunt apex 
(Pl. I. figs. 3 & 4a). Maxilla with lacinia slightly shorter 
than galea (PI. I. figs. 6 & 6a). Palp having its six elongate 
segments with proportional lengths 6:8:10:11:11: 10. 
In the eighth abdominal segment of the male the subcoxz 
are produced into prominent rounded lobes (PI. II. fig. 1). 
The ninth abdominal segment has the subcoxz produced into 
small pointed processes (PI. II. fig. 2). Gonapophyses not 
reaching quite to tips of subcoxe. Penis projecting to about 
three-fourths length of stylet; stylets with long, acute, apical 
spines. In the eighth abdominal segment of female the 
subcoxe are produced into acute processes projecting to 
about } length of stylet. Ovipositor of female nearly as long 
as: the cerci, which are less than half the length of the 
incomplete tail-process. 

Loc. (1) Shanklin, Isle of Wight ; collected by Mr. E. 
Popple, Berkhamsted, May 1913. (2) St. Helen’s, Isle of 
Wight ; collected by Mr. P. A. Buxton, Aug. 1912. 

This species agrees with P. brevistylis, Carpenter (1913), 
in having the mandible with blunt truncated apex, and 
contrasts with P. marttimus, Leach (1809), the mandible of 
which is acute. It agrees in many of its characters with the 
Dutch insect which Oudemans designated Machilis maritima 
and described in his memoir (1886). Prof. G. H. Carpenter, 
in a paper on the “Irish Species of Petrobius’? (19123), 
referred to the latter insect, pointed out that it is certainly 
not the true marztimus of Leach, and suggested P. oudemansi 
as an appropriate name for it. Oudemans, in his drawings, 
figures the lacinia of the maxilla much longer than the 
galea; but in P, vectensis the lacinia is slightly shorter than 
the galea, agreeing with P. brevistylis, Carpenter, while 
the penultimate segment of the maxillary palp is not twice 


12 Miss Anna J. Reilly on 


as long as the apical (as in P. oudemans?), but in the pro- 


portion ;5. The gonapophyses in the male do not reach the 


tips of the ninth abdominal subcoxe, in this respect being 
similar to those of P. oudemansi; but the penis attains 
to about three-fourths the length of the ninth abdominal 
stylets. P. vectenst’s agrees with P. oudemanst and P. brevi- 
siylis in having prominent lobes on the subcoxe of the 
eighth abdominal segment in the male. 

A synopsis of the prominent features of the four species of 
Petrobius mentioned in this paper is given below :-— 


A. Eighth abdominal segment g with sub- 
cox not produced into prominent rounded [ Leach. 
lohes 5% % rer ee ood ay ea Petrobius maritimus, 
A,. Eighth abdominal segment g with sub- 
coxee produced into prominent rounded 
lobes. 
B. Stylets of ninth abdominal segment 3 
relatively short and thick, with very 
short blunt apical spines; gonapophyses 
reaching to tips of subcoxe. Penis 
very elongate, projecting beyond the [ Carpenter. 
piylets fe): Sts ce sheep ek Sect ake sete Petrobius brevistylis, 
B,. Stylets of ninth abdominal segment ¢ 
relatively long and thin, with long acute 
apical spines; gonapophyses not reaching 
to tips of subcoxee. 
C. Subcoxe of eighth abdominal segment 
@ not produced into long pointed 
rocesses. Penis in ¢ attaining only 
to half the length of the ninth abdo- 
Ming Sbylets 2st. on eren ees Petrobius oudemansi, 
[Carpenter (=Machilis maritima, Oudemans). 
C,. Subcoxe of eighth abdominal segment 
2 produced into long pointed processes 
about d length of stylets. Penis in g 
projecting to about flength of stylets. Petrobius vectensis,sp.n. 


Genus PETROMACHILIS, nov. 


The antennz have scales only on the two basal segments 
(Pl. II. fig. 1a). The apex of the mandible is bluntly 
truncated and bears on its inner margin two minute blunt 
teeth (PI. III. figs. 3&4). The galea of the maxilla is 
jointed towards the base (Pl. IIl. fig. 6). One pair of 
exsertile vesicles is present on the first abdominal segment. 
‘The abdominal segments 2-5 bear each two pairs of exsertile 
vesicles (Pl. 1V. tigs. 2, 3, 4, & 5). The sixth and seventh 
abdominal segments each bear one pair of exsertile vesicles, 
The seventh abdominal segment has the subcoxe produced 
into rounded lobes, much longer in the female than in the 


male (PI. IV. figs. 7 & 7a). 


the British Machilide. 13 


Petromachilis longicornis, sp.n. (Pls. IIL, IV., & V.) 
Length of the body 10 mm. (female). Feelers and tail- 


process much longer than the body. In segmentation of 
feelers the segments are arranged in groups of 12-14 (PI. III. 
fig. 1b). The ocelli are dumbbell-shaped and about a quarter 
of a transverse diameter of aneyeapart. The median ocellus 
is semicircular in form, with straight anterior edge (PI. III. 
fig. 2). Maxilla with lacinia slightly shorter than galea 
(Pl. ILL. figs. 6 & 6a). Palp of maxilla having its six elon- 
gate segments with proportional lengths 6:6:6:8°5:7°5:5°5; 
antepenultimate segment markedly swollen distally (Pl. IL]. 
fig. 6). The last two segments of the maxillary palp present 
a tapering appearance. ‘The abdominal segments 2-5 bear 
each two pairs of exsertile vesicles (Pl. 1V. figs. 2,3, 4, & 5). 
In the eighth and ninth abdominal segments of the female 
the processes of the ovipositor have fifty-two segments, each 
carrying one strong hair on outer margins, and each segment 
also bearing a whorl of smaller hairs. Gonapophyses on 
eighth abdominal segment of the male project from mid-line 
of subcoxe to about # length of stylets of that segment. In 
the ninth abdominal segment of the male the subcoxee are 
produced into very smali pointed processes; the gonapophyses 
do not reach the tips of the subcoxe, stylets long, relatively 
stout, and with acute apical spines ; penis short, only pro- 
jecting to } length of stylets (PI. V. fig. 9 a). 

Loc. (1) Wasdale Head, Cumberland; collected by 
Mr. J. W. Shoebotham, Aug. 1911. (2) Caldey Is., Pem- 
brokeshire, South Wales; collected by Mr. P. A. Buxton, 
June 1914. 

In forwarding his specimens, Mr. Shoebotham mentioned 
that he found them beneath the top stones of a wall around 
Wasdale Head House, close to the upper end of Wastwater 
and the foot of Scafell. ‘The locality of Mr. Buxton’s speci- 
mens (Caldey Island, off South Wales) suggests that this 
species may be widely distributed in the remoter parts of 
Great Britain. 


REFERENCES. 


1913.—Carpenter, G. H. “The Irish Species of Petrobius.” Irish 
Naturalist, vol. xxii. 

1886.—OupEMans, J.T. “ Beitrige zur Kenntniss der Thysanuren und 
Collembolen.” Bijdr. tot de Dierkunde. (Amsterdam.) 

1809.—Lracu, W.E. Article “ Entomology” in Brewster's ‘Edinburgh 
Encyclopedia,’ ix. 

1873.—Lussock, J. ‘Monograph of the Collembola and Thysanura.’ 
Ray Society. 


14 Miss Anna J. Reilly on 

1904.—Siivestri, F. “ Nuovi Generi e Specie di Machilidz.” Redia, 
vol. il. 

1910.—Veruorrr, K. W. “ Ueber Felsenspringer, Machiloidea, 4 Anf- 
satz: Systematik und Orthomorphose.” Zool. Anzeiger, xxxvi. 


EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 
PuatTe I. 


Structural details of Petrobius vectensis, 


Fig. 1. Lateral (right) view of insect, 9. x 12. 

Fig. 2. Diagram showing shapes and positions of compound eyes (e), 
lateral ocelli (0), and median ocellus (mo). x 30. 

Fig. 3. Right mandible of female, hinder aspect. c, condyle; a, apex; 
m, molar area. “xX 62. 

Fig. 4. Terminal region of same mandible. a, apex; m, molar area. 
x 124. 

Fig. 5. Left maxillula, hinder aspect. J, lacinia; g, galea; p, palp. 
x 124. 

Fig. 6. Right maxilla of female, hinder aspect. ec, cardo; st, stipes ; 


l, lacinia; g, galea; p, palp. x 62. 
Fig. 6 4. Head of lacinia ‘of sume maxilla, showing apex (a), “brush” (6), 


and acute processes (¢c and d). x 280. 
Fig. 7. Labium of female. m, Peete 2, mentum; p, palp. 
x 62. 


Fig.7 a. Sensory spines from apex of labium. x 280. 


PLATE Uf. 


Structural details of Petrobius vectensis (continued). 


Fig. 1. Eighth abdominal segment, ¢, ventral aspect. sc, subcoxa; 
st, stylet; s, sternum. x 40, 

Fig. 2. Ninth abdominal segment, g, ventral aspect. sc, subcoxa; 
g, gonapophysis; p, penis; st, stylet. x 40. 

Fig. 3. Fitth abdominal segment, 4, ventral aspect. s, sternum; 
sc, subcoxa; vé, exsertile vesicles; st, stylet; m, muscles. 
x 40. 

Fiy. 4. Eighth abdominal segment, 9, ventral aspect. se, subcoxa; 
st, stylet; 0, process of ovipositor. x 40. 

Fig. 5. Ninth abdominal segment, 9, ventral aspect. sc, subcoxa; 
st, stylet; 0, process of ovipositor. x 40. 


Puate III. 


Structural details of Petromachilis longicornis. 


Fig. 1. Lateral view of insect, 9 (body-length 10 mm.). x 6, 

Fig.1a. Two basal segments of antenna. x 62. 

Fig. 1B. Segments from about middle of antenna, showing grouping. 
x 62. 

Fig. 2. Diagram showing shape and positions of compound eyes (e), 
lateral ocelli (0), and median ocellus (mo). X 62. 


the British Machilidee. 15 


Fig. 3. Right mandible of female, hinder aspect. a, apex; m, molar 
area; ¢,condyle. x 62. 

Fig. 4. Terminal region of the same mandible, showing blunt teeth at 
apex (a). x 280. ; 

Fig. 5. Left maxillula, inner view, showing teeth on inner side of 
lacinia (/.). g, galea. x 124. 

Fig. 6. Right maxilla of female, hinder aspect. ce, cardo; st, stipes; 
l, lacinia; g, galea; p, palp. x 62. 

Fig.64. Head of lacinia showing apex (a), ‘ brush” (6), and acute pro- 
cesses (cand d). xX 280. 

Fig. 7. Labium of female, showing submentum (m) and mentum (J). 
p, palp. x 62. 

Fig.7 4. Sensory spines from apex of labium. x 280. 


PLATE IV. 


Structural details of Petromachilis longicornis (continued). 


Fig. 1. First abdominal segment, 9, ventral aspect. s, sternum; se, 
subcoxa; ve, exsertile vesicle. Xx 62. 

Fig. 2. Second abdominal segment, 2, ventral aspect, showing two 
pairs of exsertile vesicles (ve). s, sternum; sc, subcoxa; 
st, stylet. x 62. 

Fig. 3. Third abdominal segment, 9, ventral aspect. s, sternum; 
sc, subcoxa ; st, stylet; ve, exsertile vesicles. x 62. 

Fig. 4. Fourth abdominal segment, 2, ventral aspect. s, sternum; 
sc, subcoxa ; st, stylet ; ve, exsertile vesicles. x 62. 

Fig. 5. Fifth abdominal segment, 9, ventral aspect. s, sternum; 
sc, subcoxa; st, stylet; ve, exsertile vesicles. x 62. 

Fig. 6. Sixth abdominal segment, 2, ventral aspect. s, sternum; 
sc, subcoxa; st, stylet; one pair of exsertile vesicles (ve). 
x 62. 

Fig. 7. Seventh abdominal segment, 2, ventral aspect, showing sub- 
cox (sc) produced into prominent rounded lobes.  s, ster- 
num; st, stylet ; one pair of exsertile vesicles (ve). x 62. 

Fig.7 a. Seventh abdominal segment, J, ventral aspect. s, sternum ; 
se, subcoxa; st, stylet; one pair of exsertile vesicles (ve). 
x 62. 


PLATE V. 


Structural details of Petromachilis longicornis (continued). 


Fig. 8. Eighth abdominal segment, 2, ventral aspect. sc, subcoxa; 
st, stylet ; 0, process of ovipositor. x 62. 

Fig.8a. Eighth abdominal segment, ¢ (immature), ventral aspect. 
8, SLornUrE 3 sc, subcoxa; st, stylet; g, gonapophysis. 
x 124. ; 

Fig. 9. Ninth abdominal segment, 9, ventral aspect. sc, subcoxa; 
st, stylet ; 0, process of ovipositor. xX 62. 

Fig.9 a. Ninth abdominal segment, g, ventral aspect. sc, subcoxa ; 
st, stylet ; g, gonapophysis; p, penis. x 62. 


16 Miss G. Ricardo on the 


III.—Notes on the Tabanidee of the Australian Region. 
By GertruveE Ricarpo. 


Acantuocera, Macquart. 


Hist. Nat. Dipt. i. p. 209 (1834); Loew, Dipt. Sudafrik. p. 31 (1860); 
Schiner, Reise Novara, p. 95 (1866); Ricardo, Ann, & Mag. Nat. 
Hist. (7) xiv. p. 862 (1904). 


Acanthocera australis, 3, sp. n. 


Type (female) and another female from Kuranda, N. 
Queensland, in German Ent. Museum. 

This species bears a strong general resemblance to 
Acanthocera longicornis, F., especially in the markings of 
the wings, and, no doubt, belongs to this genus, though, un- 
fortunately, the third jomt of the antenna is destroyed in 
both specimens. As all the known species of the genus, 
about seven in number, come from South America, this is 
the first record of the genus in Australia. 

A reddish-brown species with two grey or white-haired 
stripes on abdomen at base. Antenne and legs yellowish. 
Wings dark brown, with the posterior border from apex to 
anal cell and a few spots clear. 

Length 14 mm. 

Face shining reddish brown, in the centre raised as a 
Jarge tubercle; cheeks black with bluish-grey tomentum., 
Beard composed of sparse brown hairs. Proboscis short, 
stout. Palpi nearly as long, black, stout at base, ending in 
a fine point, with black pubescence. Antenne reddish 
yellow, the first joint two and a half times as long as the 
second joint, both with a few short black hairs, situated on 
a reddish tubercle forming the subcallus. Forehead parallel, 
about five times as long as it is broad, blackish, with grey 
tomentum ; the frontal callus shining black, tuberculous, 
pear-shaped, reaching the eyes, and ending in a short point. 
Eyes (when moistened) show two bright green stripes 
forming a loop on the middle of the eye, not quite reaching 
the border, the first one starting from the base of the sub- 
callus and the second one just beyond it ; they are about 
3 mm. in width each. 

Thorax mahogany-red with two narrow grey tomentose 
stripes. Scutellum same colour. Abdomen long and narrow, 
the same colour on the two basal segments, the remaining 
segments becoming darker, the posterior borders of the first 
two segments bordered with white hairs on a grey tomentose 


Tabanidse of the Australian Region. 17 


ground-colour ; dorsum otherwise appears devoid of pubes- 
ecnce ; underside the same, alittle darker. Legs mahogany- 
brown, the fore femora and the tibie dull reddish yellow ; 
the tarsi the same, becoming darker on their apical joints. 
Wings dark brown, with clear streaks in the base of the 
marginal cell, in the upper part of the submarginal cell, in 
the two basal cells, and in the discal cell, and smaller ones 
in the anal and fifth posterior cells, but more marked than 
these is one clear spot in the base of the first basal cell and 
one clear spot in the apices of each basal cell; all the 
posterior border of wing from the apex to the anal cell is 
clear, the brown colouring continuing in a straight line to 
the fork of the third vein and then forming a straight line 
across the top of the discal cell to the apex of the anal cell, 
the axillary angle beyond is clear. 


Species of Tabanus from New Zealand. 


Mr. Arthur White informs me that the fauna of New 
Zealand has little or no relationship with that of Australia. 

Very few species of the genus have been recorded from 
these islands, and the material in the Brit. Mus. Coll. is 
very scanty. 

Hutton, in Trans. New Zealand Inst. i. p. 11, 1900, gives 
a list of eight species which are now reduced to six as 
follows :— 


Tabanus sordidus, W\k., 

Tabanus transversus, W\k., 

Tabanus oplus, Wl\k., 

Tabanus sarpa, W\k., 

abanus bratnankii, Norvicki, 

Tabanus viridis, Hutton, 
and Yabanus truncatus, Wlk., which is not a synonym of 
Tabanus sarpa, Wik., as Hutton states in his list. 

His species, 7. viridis, is unknown to me, as is 7. brat- 
nanku, though I have studied the fairly full description by 
the author, who says the prevailing colour is isabelline, the 
eyes hairy, the forehead of female narrow and parallel, with 
a small yellowish-coloured frontal callus, antennee reddish, 
the last joint black, the legs red with black femora, abdomen 
dark brown with an uninterrupted median stripe, and 
angles and sides of segments leather-yellowish in colour ; the 
length is given as 13-14 mm., and the locality Queensland. 

T. transversus was included in the species from Australia 
by an oversight in my paper in Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) 

Ann. & Mag. N. list. Ser. 8. Vol. xvi. 2 


18 Miss G. Ricardo on the 


xiv. p. 390 (1914), 7. sordidus and T. transversus belong to 
Group VII., 7. truncatus to Group IX., and 7. sarpa and 
T. oplus to the subgenus Therioplectes, or hairy-eyed 
Group XI. 


Tabanus sordidus, Walker, List Dipt. v. p. 256 (1854). 


Type (female) from New Zealand (presented by Col. 
Bolton). 

A species bearing some resemblance to Tabanus lati- 
callosus, Ricardo, but distinguished by the wider forehead 
and square frontal callus, and by the black broad stripe 
on the abdomen reaching the apex. Antenne incomplete. 
Legs blackish. 

Length 17 mm. 

Face blackish with grey tomentum and long pale yellow 
hairs. Beard more yellow in colour. JPalpi reddish yellow 
with black pubescence, large and stout, ending in an obtuse 
point, almost the same width throughout. Antenne incom- 
plete, the first two joints dull reddish with black hairs. 
Eyes bare. Forehead broad, about four times as long as it 
is broad anteriorly, covered with yellowish-grey tomentum ; 
frontal callus blackish brown, almost square, and nearly 
touching the eyes; the lineal extension spindle-shaped, on 
the vertex appears a small black callus with what appear 
very like three small oceili, but the species is a genuine 
Tabanus. Thorax black, denuded. Walker describes it as 
having three hoary stripes, sides with pale yellow hairs, and 
black hairs above the wings. Scutellum black. Abdomen 
tawny, the same colour as the first segment, almost wholly 
black, the three followmg segments each with a large 
blackish square spot not quite reaching the posterior border 
of segment, the last three segments almost wholly black ; 
pubescence on dorsum black ; underside tawny black at the 
extreme apex only. Legs blackish, incomplete, Walker says 
the posterior tibie are tawny. Wings grey, tinged with 
brown on fore border and along all the veins; no appendix ; 
veins brown. 


Tabanus truncatus, ° , Walker, im Newman, Zoologist, viii. 

Appendix Ixx, (1851), et List Dipt. v., Suppl. i. pp. 255, 

451 (1854) ; Hutton, Cat. New Z. Diptera, &c. 20 

(1881), et Trans. New Z. Inst. p. 13 (1900). 

Mesomyia maoriorum, 3, Bigot, Mém. Soe. Zool. Fr, v. p. 621 (1892) ; 
Ricardo, Ann, & Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) viii. p. 297 (1901). 

Type (female) from New Zealand (Col. Bolton) and others ; 

also a female from Wellington in the Cockayne Coll. Type 


Tabanidx of the Australian Region. 19 


(male) from New Zealand (Col. Bolton) and others in the 
Cockayne Coll. from Wellington. 

A small blackish species with a median stripe of grey 
triangular spotson theabdomen. Forehead in female broad. 
Palpi- reddish yellow, cylindrical. 

Length (males) from 7-8 mm. 

Length (females) from 7-10 mm. 

Female. Face covered with ashy-grey tomentum and with 
black hairs. Beard white. Palpi yellowish covered with 
thick black pubescence, almost the same width throughout, 
ending in an obtuse point. Antenne blackish, the first two 
joints paler with black hairs; the third joint with a small 
tooth represented by an angle in the middle of the first 
division. Forehead same colour as face, with black hairs ; 
narrower at vertex, about twice as long as it is broad 
anteriorly ; frontal callus brown, small, nearly square, with 
2 short lineal extension, far from the borders of the eyes, 
which are bare. Thorax blackish, with two grey tomentose 
stripes ; shoulders also grey, some appressed . fulvous pubes- 
cence on dorsum and a few longer black hairs. Scutellum 
blackish covered with grey tomentum. Addomen blackish, 
the triangular spots present on the second, third, and fourth 
segments, largest on the second segment, the segmentations 
grey tomentose, the pubescence on the spots pale fulvous, 
elsewhere chiefly black; underside with grey tomentose 
bands. Legs reddish yellow, the femora reddish brown, 
some fulvous pubescence on the middle and hind tibiz, else- 
where chiefly black. Wings clear, with yellowish-black 
veins ; no appendix ; all posterior cells widely open. 

Male is identical. Palpi with long black hairs. Face 
with thick black pubescence, some black haiis present on the 
subcallus and between the eyes reaching to the vertex. 
Eyes with the upper facets only a little larger than those of 
lower part of eyes ; in undenuded specimens the pubescence 
on abdomen is thick, anda distinct triangular spot is present 
on the fifth segment. 

Bigot’s type, as published by me in 1900, is identical with 
the male specimens of this species, but Tabanus sarpa, 
Walker, is not identical, as affirmed by Prof. Hutton, who 
no doubt had not seen the types. 


Tabunus oplus, , Walker, List Dipt. i. p. 175 (1848) [sine 
descr. | ; Newman, Zoologist, vill. Aaehae Ixx. (1850), 
et List Dipt. v. , Suppl. 1p 255 (1854). 
Tabanus gravis, Hutton, Trans. New Z. Inst. xxxiil. p. 13 (1901). 


“Male (type) from New Zealand (presented by Dr. A, 


Q% 


20 Miss G. Ricardo on the 


Sinclair) and other males from New Zealand (Col. Bolton 
and H. Clark). One male from Wellington in the Cockayne 
Coll. One female from New Zealand (Col. Bolton). Two 
females from Wellington in the Cockayne Coll. 

A small species with a reddish-yellow abdomen marked 
with median black spots. Antenne slender, the first two 
joints yellowish, the third black. Palpi and legs yellow. 

Length (male type) 10} mm., others 12-13. 

Female (type) 103-12 mm. 

¢. Face covered with yellowish-grey tomentum and with 
short brown hair on cheeks, centre of face depressed. 
Palpi pale yellow, the second joimt with black hairs and 
long white hairs at the apex. Beard white, thick. Antenne 
reddish yellow, the third only so at its extreme base, then 
blackish ; the first two joints with thick black pubescence, 
the third joint slender, with a distinct tooth or angle, on 
which a few hairs are apparent. Hyes with short sparse 
pubescence, the large facets only cover about half the 
surface of the eye, and are not much larger than the others ; 
they do not quite reach the hind border. 

Thorax raw umber, covered with rather dense pale 
pubescence ; hairs on shoulders and at sides dark and longer ; 
breast with thick white pubescence. Scutel/um identical. 
Abdomen amber-brown ; the black spot on the first segment 
yery small, on the second one oblong, almost attaining the 
width of segment, those on the next two segments more 
square as-also on the remaining segments; in some of the 
males the apex is almost entirely blackish ; all segmenta- 
tions rather paler; pubescence on dorsum short, black, 
becoming longer at the apex and at sides ; underside paler. 
Legs pale amber-brown, with long pale hairs on the cox 
and femora and underside of tibiz, elsewhere black, in some 
of the males the femora are blackish or reddish brown on 
their basal halves. Wings large, clear, pale yellow on the 
costal border; stigma pale yellow ; veins yellow, those on 
the fore border black and stouter. 

2. Identical, hairs on face and antenne not so numerous. 
Palpi slender, ending in a long point, yellow ; the first joint 
with long yellowish hairs, the second joint with black 
pubescence, two-thirds the length of proboscis. Forehead 
slightly narrower at vertex, about five times as long as it is 
wide anteriorly; the frontal callus pale yellow or brown, 
small, witha lineal extension. Abdomen with less pubescence. 
In the females from Wellington the black median stripe is 
not very distinct, and in all the females it is narrower and 
composed of ill-defined narrow spots forming a stripe, the 
apex not darker, 


Tabanidee of the Australian Region, 21 


Tabanus sarpa, 2, Walker, List Dipt. i. p. 175 (1848), et v. 
Suppl. i. p. 255 (1854). 
Tabanus impar, 2, Walker, Newman, Zoologist, viii. Appendix Ixxi. 
(1850), et List Dipt. v., Suppl. i. p. 25& (1854), 

Female (type) from New Zealand, 44-99 (Pelerin), and 
another 97, 86 (7. Clark), also from New Zealand. Male 
(type of tmpar) from New Zealand. 

A moderate-sized blackish species with well-marked grey 
median spotson abdomen, Forehead witha large triangular 
dark callus. Legs and antennz blackish. 

Length 14-15 mm. (females). 

Hind tibize with spurs! 

9. Face covered with ashy-coloured tomentum and white 
and brown hairs. Beard thick, white. Palpi small, reddish 
yellow, with grey tomentum and black pubescence, ending 
in a point. Proboscis rather long for a Tabanus species, 
probably 3mm. Antenne with the first two joints reddish 
yellow and with black hairs, the third black, with a distinct 
tooth; shape of antennz normal. Forehead a little narrower 
at vertex, about four times as long as it is broad anteriorly ; 
the large callus almost reaching the border of eyes, with a 
short lineal extension, or, rather, ending in a short point, in 
the other female it is more drawn out; colour same as face. 
Eyes with short but thick pubescence. Thorax blackish 
brown, with four narrow grey tomentose stripes, the median 
ones broken off at the middle suture, with two spots on 
posterior border almost connecting with. them; shoulders 
reddish with black hairs ; pubescence on thorax appressed 
and pale, with some black hairs. Scutellum same colour as 
thorax, with a grey outer border fringed with long black 
hairs. Abdomen blackish, the four grey median spots on 
the second and following segments very distinct; fore 
borders of second segment also grey tomentose; pubescence 
black, on spots white; underside with grey tomentum. 
Legs blackish, tibiz reddish brown, some white pubescence 
on femora and on tibize, elsewhere black. The hind tibiz 
have two distinct spurs, but as no ocelli are present and the 
shape of antennz, forehead, and palpi is very similar to 
species of Tabanus, it seems inadvisable to create a new 
genus for it at present. Wings clear; veins and stigma 
brown. 

g. Is identical, but the abdomen much more fulvous, 
leaving the central part black. yes appear to have the 
facets all equal, or if any larger ones are present they are 
not very noticeable. 


22 Miss G. Ricardo on the 


PanGoninze. 


The genus Pangonia in sensu stricto is only represented 
in Australia by two or three species, all doubtful. 

The other three subgenera are fairly well represented, 
Corizoneura having the smallest number of species. The 
material in the Brit. Mus. Coll. does not increase very 
largely, which is a disadvantage, as many of Walker’s types 
are old and worn. 

For a list of the Australian species of Pangonine, see 
Ricardo, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) v. p. 112 (1900). To 
Erephopsis species therein named, E. maculipennis, Macq., 
E. noveguinensis, Ricardo, and E. bancrofti, Austen, must be 
added. 

To Diatomineura species add D. ruficornis, Macq.; D. hirti- 
ceps, Nowicki, D. ricardot, Hutton, and D. dives, Macq. 
(Corizoneura). 

From Corizoneura species delete C. angusta, Macq., 
C. trichocera and C. rubiginosa, Bigot, belonging to other 
genera. C, alternans and C., sulcifrons, Macq., are probably 
South African species, see Austen, ‘ Blood-sucking Flies,’ 
p- 53 (1909), which with synonyms reduces the old species 
of Corizoneura from Australia to seven. 


Paneontra, Macq. 


Subgenus Lrephopsis, Rond. 


Erephopsis gibbula, 9, Walker, List Dipt. i. p. 140 (1848) ; 
Ricardo, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) v. pp. 112, 117 
(1900). 

Erephopsis vertebrata, Bigot, Mém. Soc. Zool. de France, vy. p. 618 
(1892). 
Diatomeneura carnea, Bigot, 1. ¢. 


The type came from West Australia, Bigot’s two types 
from Australia. The identity of the latter types is self- 
evident at a glance—it is difficult to understand how the 
author made the mistake ! 

It is a small species, at once distinguished by the unusual 
shape of the second joint of the palpi, which is shorter than 
the first one, short and broad, spoon-shaped, reddish in 
colour; the first joint yellower, with long whitish hairs 
below, the second joimt with short black pubescence. Face 
is very protuberant, reddish with black hairs. Beard yellow. 
Antenne reddish. Forehead a third wider anteriorly, reddish 
covered with ashy-grey tomentum. Ocelli present. yes 


Tabanidee of the Australian Region. 28 


hairy. Thorax chestnut-brown with four distinct grey 
tomentose stripes, some whitish hairs at base of wings. 
Abdomen appears blackish brown, covered with ashy-grey 
tomentum which leaves a median stripe of the ground-colour 
free ; pubescence short, black. Legs reddish, posterior ones 
brown. Wings clear, reddish yellow, the first posterior cell 
closed. 
Length of EZ. vertebrata 94 mm., of D. carnea 11 mm. 


Erephopsis tricolor, Walker, List Dipt. i. p. 189 (1848) ; 
Ricardo, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (17) v. pp. 112-117 
(1900). 

Type (female) from Perth, West Australia (G. Clifton), 
47, 109; and another female from Kelmscott, West 
Australia (Dr. J. Cleland). 

One female from South Perth, W. Australia (Grant 
Watson, per Janson), in Mr, Wainwright’s Coll. 

This small species may be at once recognized by the dark 
spots on the wings, one round one at the base of fork of 
third vein and another at apex of discal cell; there are also 
dark blotches on the cross-veins and the fore border is 
brown. Forehead parallel, covered with ashy-grey tomen- 
tum and with an indistinct reddish-brown callus. Antenne 
and legs reddish. Abdomen blackish with testaceous seg- 
mentations. 


Erephopsis aureohirta, 9 , Ricardo, Aun. & Mag, Nat. Hist. 
uc) vy. pp- 112, L1G) pl. rehes 10°(1900). 

A series of females in Mr. Wainwright’s Coll. from 
Herberton and Kuranda, Queensland (/. P. Dodd). 

The forehead in this species is almost half as wide again 
anteriorly as it is at vertex, covered with yellowish-brown 
tomentum and with some short black hairs; frontal callus 
indistinct, small, pear-shaped, reddish or brown, when de- 
nuded a long dark stripe is visible. 

Length of these females 14-16 mm. 

E. maculipennis, Macq., from east coast of New Holland, 
must be nearly allied to this species, but the description 
speaks of the legs being chiefly reddish ; the wings have an 
appendix, and white hairs are present on the sides of most 
of the segments ; the length given is 14 mm., and black 
median spots are said to be present on the first two 
segments. 


24 Miss G. Ricardo on the 


Erephopsis gemina, °, Walker, List Dipt. i. p. 138 (1848), 
[Pangonia] ; Ricardo, Ann, & Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) v. 
pp. 112, 117 (1900). 
Pangonia testaceomaculata, §, Macq. Dipt. Exot., Suppl. iv. p. 325 
(1849). 


Type (female) from Perth, W. Australia (G. Clifton), 47, 
109; another female from Australia (purchased, Argent, 
50.1.7); two females from Perth (H. W. J. Turner), 
93.198; one female from Sydney, New South Wales 
(purchased, Lambert, 47. 73), all in Brit. Mus. Coll. Two 
females from South Perth (Grant Watson, per Janson), in 
Mr. Wainwright’s Coll. P. testaceomaculata, male (type), im 
the Verrall Coll. 

@. A reddish-brown species with reddish legs, black 
antenne, short stout palpi, very hairy face and forehead, 
the latter broad. Wings with the posterior cell closed or 
very narrow, the cross-veins slightly clouded. 

Length 15 mm. (type), others 12-15 mm. 

Face reddish, covered with grey tomentum and with 
long brownish hairs, some white ones intermixed, face 
slightly convex, cheeks with ashy-grey tomentum. Beard 
yellowish white. Proboscis over 4 mm. long. Palpi: the 
second joint orange-rufous with black pubescence, broad, 
short, and stout,ending inashort pomt. Antenne blackish, 
the first two joints with some grey tomentum and many 
long black hairs on their upper and lower sides. Eyes with 
very distinct pubescence. Forehead reddish, with some grey 
tomentum and black pubescence, with a tubercle of the 
same colour representing the frontal callus, quite a third 
broader anteriorly than at vertex. Zhorax blackish brown, 
with two lineal grey tomentose stripes on the anterior half 
of the dorsum only, sides with whitish long hairs reaching 
the scutellum; black on the shoulders, some long black 
hairs on the dorsum of thorax and on scutellum. Abdomen 
reddish on the first three segments; a transverse median 
black spot on the first segment, on the second an almost 
square black median spot, the third black on its anterior 
border, the remaining segments blackish, their posterior 
borders reddish or slaty grey, with traces of median whitish- 
haired small spots on the apical segments ; pubescence on 
dorsum black, at sides chiefly white mixed with some black 
hairs towards the apex; underside more largely reddish 
with white pubescence. Legs reddish with black pubes- 


ceuce. Wings clear, slightly yellow at base and fore 
border. 


Tabanidee of the Australian Region. 25 


3. Is identical. Palpi appear very much the same shape, 
but smaller, as in the female; the dirty condition of the 
type makes it difficult to describe them more fully. The 
white-haired spots on abdomen are very distinct on nearly 
every segment, the reddish-yellow colour is more pre- 
dominant, the third segment being entirely so, with the 
exception of a black spot like that on the second segment. 

Length 14 mm. 


Erephopsis contigua, 2, Walker, List Dipt. i. p. 138 (1848) 
| Pangonia] ; Ricardo, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) v. 
pp- 113, 116 (1900). 


Type (female) from Australia and another from New 
South Wales in Brit. Mus. Coll. 

A series of females and males in Mr. Wainwright’s Coll., 
from Kuranda, Queensland,(F. P. Dodd). 

A species with the markings on the wings very similar to 
those of EH. aureohirta, Ricardo, but at once distinguished 
by its smaller size and wholly yellowish legs. 

Length of these specimens in Mr. Wainwright’s Coll.: 
females 125-135 mm.; males 11-12 mm. Proboscis 23 mm. 

9. Face protuberant, shining in centre, reddish yellow 
with grey tomentum, divided from cheeks by a deep furrow. 
Palpi orange-rufous, the first joint yellow, the second joint 
large and wide, concave, tapering to a short point, fringed 
with black hairs. Beard yellowish white. Antenne orange 
rufous, the first two jomts yellow, with some black hairs, 
which are long on the second joint. Forehead almost half 
as wide again anteriorly as it is at vertex ; reddish, with 
grey tomentum; when denuded a callus extending to a 
stripe is visible, the callus being spindle-shaped. Thorax 
reddish brown, with black pubescence ; hairs on shoulders 
black, then yellowish, reaching to base of thorax; dorsum 
with some grey tomentum. Scutellum identical. Abdomen 
ferruginous, the first two segments yellowish with irregular 
small black spots ; pubescence on dorsum black. Legs pale 
yellow, the tarsi a little darker ; pubescence black. Wings 
with a fore border and apex and two dark bands brown—in 
fact, the whole wing may be described as brown, having the 
middle of the first posterior and the greater part of the 
discal cell clear; both the basal cells, with the exception of 
their bases and apices, clear, also the anal cell clear, and 
beyond the brown fades away, leaving the axillary angle 
almost wholly clear; no appendix is present, the first 
posterior cell is closed at border. 


26 Miss G. Ricardo on the 


S. Is similar, facets of eyes almost uniform in size. 
Palpi as large as those of the female, more hairy. Abdomen 
almost wholly yellow on the three first segments, with thick 
black pubescence at the sides, mixed with some yellow hairs 
at apex. Wings with the first posterior cell just open at 
border or closed. 

Walker, in Suppl. v. p. 189 (1854), makes this species a 
synonym of Pangonia fuliginosa, Bois, from New Guinea, 
but, judging from the description of this last species, he was 
probably in error. 


Erephopsis guttata, Donovan, Gener. Jllustr. Ent. i., Hym. et 
Dipt. (1805) ; Wied. Auss. zweifl. Ins. 1. p. 194 (1830) 
[ Tabanus |; Guérin, Voyage de la ‘Coquille,’ Zool. ii. 
p- 289, pl. xx. fig. 10 (1830) [ Tabanus| ; Ricardo, Ann. 
& Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) v. pp. 112, 114 (1900) ; Froggatt, 
Science Bull. New Soutlt Wales, iii. p. 5 (1911) 
[| Pangonia}. 

Pangonia margaritifera, Wied. Auss. zweifl. Ins. i. p. 88 (1830) ; 
Macq. Dipt. Exot. Suppl. iii. p. 8 (1847); Williston, Kans. Univ. 
Quart. iii. p. 191 (1895). 

Pangonia albonotata, Macq. Dipt. Exot., Suppl. v. p. 40 (1855). 


Males and females from Sydney, Brisbane, and Queens- 
land in Brit. Mus. Coll. 

One female in Mr. French’s Coll. from Dandenong Ranges, 
Victoria. 

Macquart’s species in the Verrall Coll. is identical. A 
large black species marked with median white abdominal 
spots and with white hairs on sides of thorax. 


Erephopsis media, Walker, List Dipt. i. p. 142 (1848) 
[ Pangonia] ; Ricardo, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) v. 
pp. 112, 114 (1900). 
Pangonia limbinervis, Macq. Dipt. Exot., Suppl. v. p. 41 (1855). 


Macquart’s type in the Verrall Coll. is identical with this 
species. 


Erephopsis cinerea, 2 , sp. 0. 

Type (female) and another from Swan River, W. Australia 
(G. C. Shortridge), 1906, 293, in Brit. Mus. Coll. 

A small black species, allied to LE. macroporum, Macq., in 
the shading of the wings. Antenne, palpi, and legs blackish. 

Length 10 mm. Proboscis 2 mm. 

Face reddish brown, convex in the centre, with some long 


Tabanidee of the Australian Region. 27 


dark hairs on the cheeks. Beard dirty white. Pa/pi small, 
the second joint shorter than the first joint, broad and con- 
cave, ending in a short fine point with long dark hairs below. 
Antenne blackish, the first two joints with long black hairs. 
Forehead same colour as face, a little wider anteriorly, about 
five times as long as it is broad, with dark thick pubescence. 
Eyes very hairy. Thorax, scutellum, and abdomen blackish, 
the thorax with three distinct grey tomentose stripes. Legs 
uniformly blackish brown, and with black pubescence, even 
on the coxe. Wings grey, more intense in colour in the 
cells, the first posterior cell closed far from the border ; 
stigma large, brown ; veins brown. 


Diatomineura aurifua, Donovan, Gen. Ilustr. Ent. Hym. et 
Dipt. (1805) [Vabanus] ; Wied. Auss. zweifl. Ins. 1. 
p- 194 (1848) | Pangonia] ; Ricardo, Ann. & Mag. Nat. 
Hist. (7) v. pp. 112,119 (1900); Froggatt, Science 
Bull. New South Wales, iil. p. 5 (1911) [Pangonia]. 

Pangonia solida, Walker, List Dipt. i. p. 141 (1848). 

Females from Sydney, New South Wales, or Moreton 
Bay, Queensland; from Port Stephen,- New South Wales, 
and Tasmania in Brit. Mus. Coll. Two males and three 
females from Dandenong Ranges, Victoria, in Mr. French’s 


Coll. 


Diatomineura jacksoniensis, Guérin, Voyage de la ‘ Coquille,’ 
ii. pt. 2, p. 289 (1830) ; Atlas, Ins. pl. xx. 3 ; Ricardo, 
Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) v. pp. 113, 118 (1900). 

One female from Melbourne (Braby), 53,55 in Brit. Mus. 
Coll. 

Two females from Queensland in Mr. French’s Coll. 

These females appear to belong to this species, judging 
from the original description. 

Guerin gives the length as 17 mm. 

A stout species with orange-rufous antenne, palpi, and legs. 
Abdomen wmahogany-red with black markings and very 
narrow golden-haired segmentations, chiefly confined to the 
middle of the posterior segments. The wings are large, grey, 
with the first posterior cell slightly narrowed at the border ; 
no appendix. The thorax is blackish brown, with tufts of 
yellow hairs at sides and base of wings. The palpiare long, 
almost half the length of the proboscis, the second joint 
wide and concave at base, ending in a long slender point. 
Forehead parallel, covered with yellowish-grey tomentum and 
with an obscure ill-defined frontal callus. Beard yellow. 

Length of these females 14-16 mm. Proboscis 1} mm. 


28 Miss G. Ricardo on the 


Diatomineura ciavata, 3 , Macq. Dipt. Exot, i. p. 105 (1838) 
[Pangonia] ; Ricardo, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) v. 
p- 113 (1900). 

One female from Victoria (R. Bakewell), 59. 24 in Brit. 
Mus. Coll. Two females from Dandenong Ranges, Victoria, 
in Mr. French’s Coll. One of these latter was identified 
with the type in Paris by the kindness of M. Surcouf, to 
whom I sent it for comparison. 

The following particulars may be added to the original 
description of the type (a male) :— 

Face reddish brown, convex, with grey tomentum and 
fairly long black hairs bordered by some white ones, the 
cheeks covered with ashy-grey tomentum and with black 
pubescence. Forehead brownish, with grey tomentum and 
black pubescence. Palpi large, concave on the upper side 
for more than the apical half, with black pubescencé. An- 
tenne dull red, the first two joints covered with grey 
tomentum, with black hairs ; hind part of head with white 
hairs, at vertex black. Beard yellowish white. Pubescence 
of dorsum of thorax black, at sides and at base of wings and 
posteriorly white, scutellum bordered with white hairs. The - 
white spots mentioned by Macquart as on sides of segments 
of abdonien are tufts of white hairs at the sides with black 
hairs above them, the pubescence on dorsum black; the 
white dorsal spots are indicated on the second, third, and 
fourth segments ; the first segment and anterior border of 
second are obscurely reddish, the rest of the abdomen 
bluish black. Pubescence of /egs black. 

Length 14 mm. 


Diatomineura brevirostris, Macquart, Dipt. Exot., Suppl. iv. 
p-. 3826 (1842) [Pangonia]; Ricardo, Ann. & Mag. Nat. 
Hist. (7) v. p. 113 (1900). 

A series of femates from Mackay, Queensland (G. Turner), 
94. 61; from Brisbane (H. Tryon), 1907, 285; from Bur- 
pengary, Queensland (Dr. 7. L. Bancroft), 1904, 93 ; from 
Kuranda, Queensland (Dodd), 1914, 281 in Brit. Mus. Coll. 

Three females from Herberton, Queensland, 3000—4.000 ft. 
(F. P. Dodd), Dec. 1910, in Mr. Wainwright’s Coll. 

Macquart’s description is as follows :— 

* Black. Abdomen red at base. Ocellihairy. Antenne 
and legs red. Wings with no appendix ; first posterior cell 
open. Length 8 mm., 9. Related to Pangonia ruficornis 
(from Tasmania). Proboscis 2 mm. long, with large terminal 
lips. Beard yellowish white. Face and anterior part of 


Tabanide: of the Australian Region. 29 


forehead tawny, with sparse white tomentum ; posterior part 
of forehead black, with brown tomentum ; callus indistinct ; 
ocelli present. Antenne bright tawny. Eyes with white 
pubescence, short and indistinct. Thorax (denuded) shining 
black ; a testaceous stripe above the base of wings, with 
traces of white hairs; sides testaceous, with whitish tomen- 
tum. Abdomen (denuded), first segment testaceous, second 
blackish, with the sides and the posterior border testaceous, 
the others shining black; underside brown, changing to 
white, segmentations white. Tarsi brown. Wings at base 
and on tore border a little reddish ; stigma yellow. From 
the east coast of New Holland. Museum.” 

This must be very nearly related to D. ruficornis, Macq., 
if not the same ; the type of the latter is in the Lille Museum, 
or was some years ago. 

A small reddish-brown species, with yellowish-white tufts 
of hairs at sides of thorax and base of wings. Frontal callus 
small, often very indistinct. Antenne and legs reddish 
yellow. 

Length 9-10 mm. . 

Face reddish yellow, covered with grey tomentum, and 
with short black pubescence, centre convex, divided from 
the cheeks by a deep furrow. Beard yellowish. Palpi 
orange-rufous, wide at base, ending in a long fine point, 
with a few black hairs very similar to those of D. testacea, 
Macq., from which species it may be distinguished by its 
smaller size and darker colouring and tuft-like hairs on 
thorax. Antenne same as those of D. testacea. Forehead 
parallel, about four times as long as it is broad, reddish 
brown, with grey tomentum, which is most noticeable ante- 
riorly ; posteriorly the forehead is darker; frontal callus 
appears as a small round black spot, or, if denuded, as pear- 
shaped. Eyes with distinct dark pubescence. Thorax 
mummy-brown, with yellowish-grey tomentum, often ap- 
pearing as three narrow stripes ; shoulders with dark hairs, 
sides from thence to scutellum with thick yellowish tufts of 
hairs. Scutellum same as thorax, with some short dark 
pubescence. Abdomen same colour as thorax, but reddish on 
sides of first two segments and on posterior borders of the 
others, with whitish- or yellowish-haired median spots from 
the first or third segment to apex, and fringes of short 
yellow hairs on the posterior borders of the fifth and sixth 
segments at least; underside covered with yellowish-grey 
tomentum. Legs uniformly reddish yellow. ings clear, 
yellowish at base and on fore border ; veins reddish yellow ; 
no appendix present ; first posterior cell widely open. 


30 Miss G. Ricardo on the 


Diatomineura violacea, Macquart, Dipt. Exot., Suppl. iv 
p- 826, pl. ii. fig. 3 (1849) [ Pangonia}. 


Two females from Kuranda, N. Queensland (Ff. P. Dodd). 
Presented by F. H. Taylor (1914). In Brit. Mus. Coll. 

Three females from Cairns, N. Queensland, 1907. 

One male (type) from Herberton, in German Ent. Museum 
Coll. 

The type was described as from Tasmania. Macquart’s 
description does not altogether suit these specimens, as he 
makes no mention of the lighter colour of legs, only ailuding 
to the knees as a little testaceous, and his figure of the head 
shows the palpi as slender, whereas in these they are very 
broad. However, I have little doubt they are this species. 
It is just possible that the locality specified may be incorrect, 
as Mr. A. White writes to me that in his three years’ col- 
lectimg im Tasmania he has only come across three species 
of Pangonia, and this is not one of them. 

A small metallic-blue species with bright reddish-yellow 
antenne and palpi. 

Length 8 mm. 

2. Face dark, with some grey tomentum and with black ~ 
pubescence. Beard blackish (Macquart speaks of it as 
tawny). Proboscis 2 mm. long. Palpi short, reddish 
yellow, the second joint broad, ending in an obtuse point, 
the upper edge curved. Antenne reddish yellow, the first 
two joints yellowish, with black hairs. yes hairy. Fore- 
head parallel, about five times as long as it is broad, covered 
with grey tomentum and some short dark hairs; frontal 
eallus small, oblong, not reaching eyes, with a lineal exten- 
sion. Ocelli present. Thorax, scutellum, and abdomen blue, 
metallic, shining, some traces of grey tomentum on the 
thorax and also on the underside of abdomen. Legs blackish, 
all the tibize and tarsi a dull yellowish in the specimens 
from Cairns and Herberton. Wings large, extending far 
beyond the abdomen, clear ; stigma yellowish ; veins 
brownish ; first posterior cell open, but slightly narrowed at 
border. 

¢@. Is similar, the black hairs on the face are very long 
and thick, and also numerous on the first two joints of 
antenne. Palpi yellow, with thick black pubescence. Legs 
blackish, the pulvilli very much larger than in female, with 
abnormal bright yellow prolongations four or more in 
number. 


Tabanide of the Australian Region. dl 


Diatomineura testacea, 2 , Macq. Dipt. Exot. i. p. 103 (1838) 
{ Pangonia] ; Ricardo, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) v. 
p- 113 (1900). 


This species and the two following new species, D. mon- 
tana and D. inflata, are all nearly related, with abdomen 
almost wholly reddish yellow ; wings clear, with no appendix. 
Antennz and legs yellow. The species may all be recog- 
nized by the different form of the palpi in each. 

Macquart’s type is probably lost. The following is his 
description :— 

““Testaceous. Antenne red. Eyes hairy. Legs red. 
Wings with no appendix ; the first posterior cell half open. 
Length 12 mm., ¢. Proboscis black, 3 mm. long, a little 
stout, with the terminal lips swollen. Palpi tawny, of the 
usual form. Face not protuberant, yellowish grey. Fore- 
head brownish tawny, with no callus. Antenne bright 
tawny. Ocelli present. Thorax tawny, with brown stripes ; 
sides with yellowish-grey hairs. Abdomen testaceous red, 
unicolorous ; underside a light yellowish grey, a little 
greenish. Legs tawny. Wings greyish, at base yellowish ; 
the second submarginal cell with no appendix; the first 
posterior cell half open.” 

One male and one female in Brit. Mus. Coll. from Ku- 
randa, Queensland (/’. P. Dodd), 1914, 281. Two females 
in German Ent. Museum from Cairns, Queensland, and 
Kuranda, Queensland (/’. P. Dodd), Sept. 1910. 

A male and female in Mr. Wainwright’s Coll. also from 
Kuranda by the same collector. 

The palpi are long and slender, more than half the length 
of the proboscis, wide on the basal half, with the upper 
border curved, but ending in a fairly long fine point, orange- 
rufous in colour, with scattered, black, short pubescence. 
Face covered with yellowish-grey tomentum, in the centre 
raised a little beneath the antennz, on the lower half more 
concave than convex, separated from the cheeks by a deep 
furrow ; some long dark hairs are visible on the sides of the 
centre of face and yellowish hairs on the lower part of 
cheeks ; the beard is also yellowish white. 

Antenne orange-rufous, the first two joints pale yellow, 
with black hairs. Forehead parallel, about five times as long 
as it is broad, with no distinct callus, but owing to denuda- 
tion a central black line is often visible ; colouring is a shade 
darker than the face, with some short black hairs. yes 
hairy. Thorax reddish brown, covered with yellowish-grey 


32 Miss G. Ricardo on the 


tomentum and appressed fulvous hairs; shoulders honey- 
yellow, with long brownish hairs; breast with grey tomentum 
and long whitish hairs. Scutellum same as thorax. <Abdo- 
men amber-brown, paler at the base and darker towards the 
apex, often with indistinct brownish-red markings ; pubes- 
cence on dorsum and at sides not noticeable, being very 
short and black on the dorsum and at the sides, only longer 
towards the apex; underside as described by Macquart. 
Legs uniformly yellowish, with black pubescence. Wings 
clear yellow at base and on fore border ; in most of the 
specimens the first posterior cell is a little narrowed at 
border. 

Length from 12 mm. ; length of proboscis 2 mm. 

¢. Face not raised so much beneath the antenne, hairs 
rather longer and thick; palpi conical, with short black 
pubescence. yes with large facets taking up two-thirds of 
the surface, starting from the base of subcallus and reaching 
the vertex. Wings yellowish on the fore border and at base. 


Diatomineura plana, Waiker, List Dipt. 1. p. 144 (1848) ; 
Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) v. pp. 113, 118 (1900). 
Diatomineura nigricornis, Bigot, Mém. Soc. Zool. de France, v. p. 614 
(1892). 


Type (female) from Australia in Brit. Mus. Coll. 

Bigot’s type, from Australia, in poor preservation. 

A medium-sized blackish species, with ashy-grey tomentum 
on face and forehead. Antenne and palpi reddish yellow. 
Abdomen with all segmentations yellow- or white-haired. 

Length 12 mm. 

Face very protuberant, tomentum on lower part yellowish 
grey ; dark hairs on central protuberant face, cheeks almost 
bare. Beard yellowish white, thick. Pa/pi reddish yellow, 
the second joint broad at base, tapering to a long point. 
Antenne with the first two joints blackish, covered with grey 
tomentum, and with black hairs. J orehead parallel, with 
fairly thick black pubescence ; no callus visible. Eyes with 
pubescence thickest on the lower half, reddish, with some 
white hairs. Thorax blackish, covered with appressed fulvous 
hairs and longer black ones towards the sides, longer white 
hairs on anterior part of dorsum ; two indistinct stripes are 
visible, with grey tomentum; shoulders reddish, with dark 
hairs, sides with tuft-like yellowish-white hairs continued to 
base of scutellum, which has also a fringe of shorter hairs 
on its posterior border. Abdomen blackish brown, the pale- 
coloured hairs on segmentations nearly a third of the width 


Tabanide of the Australian Region. 33 


of the segment, median spots probably well developed in 
fresh specimens ; underside greyish yellow, with short white 
pubescence. Legs blackish, the tibize reddish, pubescence 
black; fore coxe with very thick yellowish-white hairs ; all 
femora with some pale pubescence. Wings clear, the first 
posterior cell slightly narrowed at border ; veins reddish 
yellow at base and on fore border, darker at apex ; stigma 
yellowish ; no appendix. 

Bigot’s type is in such bad condition, it is difficult to 
distinguish any pubescence on the eyes, and the wings have 
an appendix ; the first posterior cell is also rather narrower 
at border. In spite of these differences, it is so like the 
Walker type in shape of forehead and face, and is so exactly 
similar in the abdomen, that there is little doubt of its being 
identical with D. plana, 


Diatomineura crassa, Walker, List Dipt. i. p. 144 (1848) ; 
Ricardo, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) v. pp. 113, 120 
(1900). 

Pangonia aurata, Macq. Dipt. Exot. i. p. 104, pl. xv. fig. 1 (1838). 


Type (2) from ? Australia, and another from between 
Sydney and Moreton Bay (Stuichbury), 56.94; and males 
from New South Wales, South Queensland, in Brit. Mus. 
Coll. 

Two males from Katabomba, Blue Mts., New South 
Wales, 3400 ft. (Dodd), 1912, in German Ent. Museum. 

A small blackish species, with white- or pale yellow-haired 
median spots on the second, third, and fourth abdominal 
segments, the last two or three segments almost wholly 
covered with golden-yellow hairs and a patch of white hairs 
on the sides of the second segments; the males have the 
abdomen largely fulvous in colour. 

Pangonia aurata, Macq., from the description is probably 
identical with this species, but, not having seen the type, 
Walker’s name is retained. 


Diatomineura gagantina, Bigot, Mém. Soc. Zool. Fr. v. p. 620 
(1892). 
Diatomineura minima, Ricardo, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) v. p. 119 
(1900). 


Having seen Bigot’s type, I find my species is the same. 

The types of D. minima in Brit. Mus. Coll. came probably 
from Moreton Bay, Queensland, others from Queensland. 
There are three females from Herberton and Kuranda and 


Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol. xvi. 3 


a Miss G. Ricardo on the 


one male from Herberton, Queensland, in the German Ent. 
Museum. 

This small, narrow-bodied, black species with dark wings 
is not at all a typical species of Diatomineura. 


Diatomineura montanus, 3 , sp. 0. 


Type (female) and another female from Katoomba, Blue 
Mts., New South Wales, 3400 ft. (Dodd), 1912, in German 
Ent. Museum Coll. One female from Dandenong Ranges, 
Victoria, in Mr. French’s Coll. 

This species may be distinguished from D. testacea, Macq., 
by the yellowish tufts of hair on thorax at base of wings, by 
the protuberant face, and by the palpi, which are broader at 
the base and, perhaps, a little shorter, and the first posterior 
cell of wing is widely open. 

Length 3 mm.; length of proboscis 2 mm. 

Face protuberant for its whole length, reddish, covered 
with yellowish-grey tomentum, with short brown hairs. 
Palpi and antenne the same colouring as D. testacea. Fore- 
head very slightly narrower anteriorly ; no callus is apparent ; 
reddish brown, covered with tawny tomentum with short 
black hairs. yes hairy. Thorax much the same colouring 
as D. testacea, but more reddish; shoulders with long 
yellowish-white hairs which reach the base of scutellum. 
Abdomen more reddish-looking, partly by reason of the 
pubescence, which is reddish, short, and rather thick on 
dorsum. Legs a shade darker than D. testacea. Wings 
clear, with yellowish veins and stigma, very slightly yellow 
at base and on fore border. 


Diatomineura inflata, 2, sp. n. 


Type (female) from S. Queensland (Dr. T. L. Bancroft), 
1908, 72, and other females from unknown localities. 

This species may be distinguished from D. testacea, Macq., 
by its larger size, its more protuberant face, and more 
particularly by the shape of the short stout palpi. The 
forehead is also not parallel, but wider anteriorly. 

Length from 15 mm.; length of proboscis 8 mm. 

Face reddish, covered with yellowish-grey tomentum and 
with some black hairs intermixed with a few white ones; 
face protuberant, separated from the cheeks by a deep 
furrow. Palpi orange-rufous, with black hairs on the sides 
and at apex, short, stout, almost conical-shaped. Beard 
pale yellow. Antenne orange-rufous, the first two joints 


ttl Viren ore. tee 


Tabanidee of the Australian Region. 35 


pale yellow with black hairs, rather thick and stout. Fore- 
head nearly half as wide again anteriorly as it is at the 
vertex, reddish brown, covered with tawny tomentum; no 
callus visible, black pubescence visible. Hyeshairy. Thorax 
blackish, covered with grey tomentum and with appressed 
yellow hairs ; shoulders yellowish, with black and yellow 
hairs ; sides with long yellowish hairs reaching the base of 
scutellum, which latter has yellow hairs on its posterior 
border. Abdomen amber-brown, darker at apex, some grey 
tomentum on first segment ; dorsum with short black pubes- 
cence, and some few yellowish hairs on centre of first, 
second, and third segments, but those on the fourth, fifth, 
and sixth segments much more numerous and noticeable; 
underside pale reddish yellow, with short yellow pubescence. 
Legs amber-brown, with chiefly black pubescence. Wings 
large, clear, yellowish on fore border ; veins reddish yellow; 
no appendix ; the first posterior cell narrowed at border. 


Diatomineura pulchra, 2, sp. n. 


Type (female) from Yandina, 8S. Queensland, Feb. 1900 
(H. Tryon), 1907, 285, and another female from Burpengary, 
S. Queensland (Dr. T. L. Bancroft), 1904, in Brit. Mus. 
Coli. 

A species near Diatomineura crassa, W\ik., but distinct, 
being smaller in size; the abdominal spots are not white, 
but a bright golden yellow, with none on the second seg- 
ment, and the apex is not wholly golden-haired. 

A handsome small blackish species, with four golden- 
yellow-haired abdominal spots, and the same-coloured hairs 
on the thorax. 

Length 11 mm. ; proboscis 2 mm. 

Face reddish, covered with yellowish-grey tomentum, very 
convex on the centre, separated by a deep furrow from the 
cheeks ; pubescence brown, but very sparse. Beard yellow. 
Palpi stout, wide at base, ending in a short point, orange- 
rufous in colour, devoid of pubescence. Antenne orange- 
rufous, the first two joints reddish, covered with grey 
tomentum. Forehead paraliel, about three times as long as 
it is broad, dark brown in colour, anteriorly covered with 
yellowish-grey tomentum ; frontal callus indistinct and 
small. Hyes with short dark pubescence. Thorax blackish 
brown, with golden-yellow hairs on its anterior border, at 
sides, and on its posterior border. Scutellum also covered 
with them. Abdomen reddish brown, covered with short 
black pubescence; on the third, fourth, and sixth segments 

2% 


36 Miss G. Ricardo on the 


appears a large golden-yellow-haired, almost square spot, 
forming a continuous stripe; on the seventh segment only 
a small spot is seen; underside covered with grey tomentum. 
Legs uniformly reddish yellow. Wings clear; veins reddish 
yellow; no appendix present; first posterior cell very 
slightly narrower at border. 


Corizoneura chrysophila, Walker, List Dipt. i. p. 155 (1848) 
[Tabanus] ; Ricardo, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) v. 
pp- 118, 120 (1900). 


Pangonia nigrosignata, Thomson, Eugen Resa, Dipt. p. 451 (1868). 


Type (female) and another from Australia, and another 
from between Sydney and Moreton Bay (Stutchbury), 56. 94. 

Type (male) from Burpengary, S. Queensland (Dr. T. L. 
Bancroft), 1904. 

This handsome species has a blackish abdomen, with 
broad bands of reddish-yellow hairs on yellow segmentations 
which are half the width of thesegment. Antenne, palpi, and 
legs reddish yellow. Wings large, yellowish. In the female 
the thorax is covered with yellowish tomentum, through 
which appear four brown stripes. In the male only two 
short ones at base of thorax are visible. Forehead in female 
is yellowish, broader anteriorly, with a spindle-shaped yellow 
stripe. Palpi same shape and colour as those of C. fulva, 
Macq.; the face is much more protuberant in the female ; 
male with palpz the same as those of C. fulva, and altogether 
brighter in colour than the female. 

Length 20 mm.; proboscis 14 mm. 


Corizoneura fulva, ¢, Macquart, Dipt. Exot., Suppl. iv. 
p. 823 (1849) ; Ricardo, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) v. 
pp. 113, 120 (1900). 


Two males from Sydney (Lambert), 47.73, and from 
Hunter River, New South Wales. Presented by the Earl of 
Derby, 44. 105 in Brit. Mus. Coll. 

Type (female) from Herberton, N. Queensland (Dodd), 
xii. 1910, 3700 ft., in German Ent. Museum. 

Only the male was described by Macquart from the east 
coast of New Holland. 

This large fulvous-coloured species and Coryzoneura chryso- 
phila, Walker, from the shape of the palpi and general 
appearance, will probably require in the future to be placed 
in a new genus, 


Tabanidie of the Australian Region. 37 


C. fulva is at once distinguished by its large size and 
uniform colouring. 

2. Almost identical with the male, but the abdomen s 
darker in colouring, more reddish brown, with reddish- 
yellow-haired segmentations. The thorax presents a different 
appearance, being covered with greyish tomentum, through 
which appear three very distinct reddish-brown stripes a 
shade darker than the abdomen; in the middle of the 
median stripe a grey line appears. Scutellum covered with 
greyish tomentum. Palpi are very different from others of 
the genus; the first joint very short, the second long, 
curved, cylindrical, nearly as long as the proboscis, slightly 
stouter on basal half, reddish yellow, with black pubescence. 
Forehead almost parallel, a little wider anteriorly, with two 
round dark spots, and a narrow lineal stripe appears beyond 
them. Eyes quite bare. Ocelli present. Wings with the 
first posterior cell wide cpen and an appendix present. 

Length 18 mm. ; proboscis 1 mm. 

6 has palpi rather long, the first joint very stout, the 
second quite twice its length, cylindrical, with long reddish- 
yellow hairs. Antenne have the first division of the third 
joint broad, cone-like in shape, the others small as usual. 
In the 2? the third joint is wanting. 


Corizoneura neocaledonica, Mégnin, Bull. ‘Soc. Ent. France, 
(5) vill. p. 145 (1878) ; id. ix. p.61 (1879); Bigot, 7. ¢. 
(6) i. p. 188 (1883) [Pangonia]. 
Corizoneura leucopicta, Bigot, Mém. Soc. Zool. de France, y. p. 615 
(1892). 

From Mégnin’s description there is little doubt that Bigot 
described the same species. His type (female) and two 
other females, all from New Caledonia, are in a very dirty 
condition. 

A robust black species. Abdomen with median white 
spots, halfmoon-shaped, on most of the segments, and others 
at the sides. Wings dark brown, with the first posterior 
cell a little narrowed at border. Eyes apparently bare. 
Palpi black, slender. Antenne black. Forehead protube- 
rant, a little wider anteriorly. Legs blackish. 

Length 15 mm. ; proboscis 4 mm. 

The name lewcopicta appears crossed through, and melano- 
leuca? substituted, on the label. 


Corizoneura conspicua, 2, sp. 0. 
Type (female) frem Endeavour River, Queensland, in 


38 Miss G. Ricardo on the 


Mr. French’s Coll., and another female from Northern 
Queensland in Brit. Mus. Coll. 

A reddish-brown species with two brown bands on the 
wings and with bright golden-yellow hairs on sides of thorax, 
the beard of the same colour. Legs black. Antenne red. 
Thorax blackish. Eyes bare. Wings with all posterior 
cells open. 

Length 15 mm. (w ithout proboscis). 

Tt has a general resemblance to Erephopsis quadrimacula, 
Wlk., from which it is distinguished by the bare eyes and 
open cells of wing. Pangonia roei, King, may possibly be 
identical with this species, but the description is too vague 
and insufficient to allow of identification. 

Face reddish brown, with greyish-yellow tomentum. 
Pailpi rather darker, with the base and borders of second 
joint black, chiefly appearing thus by reason of the short 
black pubescence, first joint small, the second large, flat, 
its upper sides straight, the lower one concave, ending in a 
point. Proboscis long. Beard golden-yellow. Antenne: 
the first two joints with black pubescence, the third bright 
red. Forehead reddish brown, the space above the antenne 
wrinkled, the sides with yellowish tomentum ; ocelli distinct 
on vertex; forehead wide, becoming narrower at vertex. 
Hind part of head with short black hairs at vertex, otherwise 
with golden-yellow pubescence. Proboscis long. Thorax 
reddish brown, with some grey tomentum and with golden- 
yellow pubescence anteriorly, and at sides, above and below 
the root of wings as long tufts of hair. Sides and breast 
with golden-yellow pubescence. Scutellum the same, with 
traces of golden-yellow hairs on outer border. Abdomen 
lighter-coloured, with obscure dark brown markings, shining, 
the pubescence spare, black, at sides golden yellow ; under- 
side rather redder, almost bare. Legs black, the anterior and 
middle tibiz reddish brown, pubescence black, traces of 
golden-yellow pubescence on the coxe. Wings hyaline, 
brown at the base and along the fore border, the lower 
brown band crossing the base of the discal cell, reaching to 
the base of the fifth posterior cell, the upper band reaching 
from the fore border just across the apex of the discal cell ; 


veins brown; stigma yellow. Halteres pale yellowish 
brown. 


Corizoneura berylensis, 8 2, sp. n. 


Type (female) from Herberton, Queensland (Dodd), 
11. 1911, 3700 ft. 


Tabanide: of the Australian Region. 39 


Type (male) from Kuranda, Queensland (/. P. Dodd), 
1914, 281. Both in Brit. Mus. Coll. 

Males and females in German Ent. Museum from Her- 
berton, Queensland (Dodd), 11. 1911, 3700 ft. 

Males and females from Kuranda, Queensland (Dodd), 
Sept. 1913. 

A small compact species, with a yellowish thorax and 
reddish-brown abdomen, the latter with yellow-haired 
median spots forming a stripe. Antenne, palpi, and legs 
reddish yellow ; forehead parallel, with no frontal callus. 

Length, 2 8, ¢ 7 mm.; proboscis 1 mm. 

9. Face grey, covered with yellowish tomentum and a 
few short brown hairs in centre, very slightly convex, divided 
from the cheeks by a deep furrow. Beard pale yellow. 
Palpi tawny, with short black pubescence, the second joint 
long and slender, wider at base and a little concave, ending 
in an obtuse point, more than half the length of the proboscis. 
Antenne xauthine-orange, the last three divisions of the 
third joint blackish, the first two joints paler, with black 
hairs ; two or three black hairs are visible on apex of third 
joint. Forehead same colour as face, with short black pubes- 
cence. Thorax buckthorn-brown, covered with short, thick, 
yellow or yellowish-white hairs, some brown hairs are inter- 
mixed with these (in many specimens, owing to denudation, 
the thorax is nearly bare); sides with longer yellow hairs ; 
breast with whiter hairs. Scutellum identical. Abdomen 
raw-umber in colour, with rather thick, short, black pubes- 
cence; the yellow-haired stripe is very distinct in good 
specimens, consisting of a triangular broad spot on the 
second segment and an almost equal-sized one on the third 
segment; on the following segments they are wider ; under- 
side paler, covered with short, dense, white pubescence. 
Legs yellow-ochre ; the cox darker, with long white hairs ; 
the femora with long, fine, black hairs, the posterior pair 
with rather short, thick, yellow hairs ; tibiz and tarsi with 
black pubescence. Wings brown on fore border and at 
apex ; stigma reddish brown; veins yellowish brown ; first 
posterior cell open at border, sometimes a little narrower. 
No appendix. The spurs on the hind tibiz are very stout 
and long. 

g. Very similar. Beard and palpi lighter-coloured, the 
palpi small, the usual shape, with black hairs. Eyes with 
facets all equal. Abdomen lighter in colour, more the colour 
of the antenne, showing a few isolated round black spots on 
the dorsum ; the yellow-haired stripe much less conspicuous, 
or, rather, non-existent ; the dorsum with only black hairs, 


40 Mr. H. A. Baylis on a new 


and a few yellow hairs on the posterior border of the fourth 
segment in the centre, and the fifth and sixth segments with 
their posterior borders wholly yellow-haired ; genital organs 
small but distinct. The tarsi, more especially the anterior 
pair, with their bases very pale, almost white, then becoming 
black; this applies only to the last four joints; the first 
joint is yellow and as long as the four joints together. 


IV.—A new Cestode of the Genus Zschokkeella. 
By H. A. Bay is, B.A. 


(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.) 
[Plate -VI.} 


AMONG a collection of parasitic worms resently presented to 
the British Museum by Mr. C. M. G. Hoyte, from the Gold 
Coast, there occurred several well-preserved specimens of a 
Cestode, stated to have been taken from the intestines of 
arat. ‘The precise determination of the host was, unfortu- 
nately, not given, but in all probability it was the black rat, 
Epimys [Mus] rattus, which, as I am informed by Mr. Old- 
field 'homas, would be the prevailing speciesin that locality. 

When held up to the light and examined with the naked 
eye, or with a lens, the hinder segments of the worms 
appeared to be full of small rounded bodies, which were 
evidently ‘‘egg-capsules.” These gave the worms a peculiar 
“speckled ” appearance, and seemed at once to indicate that 
this was not one of the species of tapeworms commonly 
occurring in rats. Further investigation showed that it was 
probably a new species, and I shall give reasons for believing 
that it belongs to a genus of which only one other species 
was hitherto known to occur in rodents. 


Zschokkeella muricola, sp. n. 


EXTERNAL FEATURES. 


The specimens. measure 9-12 cm. in length, and are of 
typical Cestode shape, being much flattened dorso-ventrally. 
The body is narrowed rather suddenly in front, forming a 
slender neck, but there is a rounded knob-like head. Poste- 
riorly the body is also narrowed, but more gradually. The 
greatest width (about 3°5 mm.) occurs rather behind the 
middle of the strobila. 


Cestode of the Genus Zschokkeella. 41 
The head (PI. VI. fig. 1) is rather wider than the neck, 


its greatest width being 0°55 mm. There is no rostellum, and 
the most minute examination fails to reveal any armature of 
hooks, even on the suckers. The latter measure 0°17 mm. in 
diameter ; they are sunk somewhat deeply in the substances 
of the head, and their orifices are flush with the surface. 

There is a considerable unsegmented neck following the 
head, Its width at first is only 0°43 mm., but on passing 
backwards it becomes rapidly wider. The segments are not 
distinctly marked off from one another until a point is reached 
about 38 mm. behind the head. The earliest segments so 
marked off measure 0°12 mm. in length and 0°8 mm. in 
width. 

Throughout the strobila the segments are considerably 
wider than their length. The sexually mature segments 
(Pl. VI. fig. 2) near the middle measure 0°47 mm. in length 
and 3°5 mm. in width. The measurements become much less 
disproportional, however, in the gravid segments at the 
posterior end, which are considerably narrower and at the 
same time longer. 

The number of segments in an entire worm is about 230. 

The genital pores are unilateral, being situated in front of 
the middle of each segment, near its anterior angle, and on 
what appears to be the left side. 


INTERNAL ANATOMY. 


Parenchyme and Musculature-—The cortical parenchyme 
is about equal in thickness to the medullary. It is denser 
and more closely crowded with large nuclei. The muscles of 
the body are not strongly developed ; there are, apparently, 
no muscle-fibres 1unning transversely or dorso-ventrally, and 
the longitudinal fibres, though fairly numerous, do not form 
a conspicuous layer in transverse section, 

Nervous System.— The usual pair of lateral nerve-stems is 
present ; they are rather stout and situated very near to the 
outer border of the segments. Owing to the imperfect 
preservation of the nervous system, I am unable to give a 
fuller account of it. 

Excretory System.—The water-vascular system is very 
interesting, and in some points seems to be unique. 

A distinct pair of dorsal excretory vessels is present 
throughout the strobila. ‘These vessels are of very equal 
calibre throughout, and do not appear to form any communi- 
cation along their course, either with each other or with the 
rest of the vascular system. They lie close to the dorsal 


42 Mr. H. A. Baylis on a new 


limit of the medullary parenchyme, and more towards the 
middle line of the segments than the lateral nerves; their 
distance from the nerves is about equal to the distance of the 
latter from the edges of the segments. The vessels follow a 
slightly undulating, almost straight course in the mounted 
specimens which I have examined. 

The ventral longitudinal vessels are not present as a 
distinct pair of canals, but are represented by a complicated 
system of ititercommunicating tubes, of small diameter, 
ramifying throughout the medullary parenchyme from side 
to side. This system (PI. VI. fig. 3) may be said to consist 
essentially of four main longitudinal vessels, connected at 
the junction of each segment with its neighbour by a trans- 
verse vessel. The tubes are swollen into “ nodes ” at each of 
the points where they cross each other. Here and there 
irregular anastomoses between the vessels occur, a vessel 
sometimes forking and meeting one of the transverse con- 
necting vessels at two points instead of one. 

Genital Organs.—The female organs are the first to appear 
in the young segments. Rudiments of them are seen very 
far forward in the neck of the worm, at about 1°2 mm. from 
the anterior extremity, and before the boundaries of the 
segments are well marked. ‘The male organs do not make 
their appearance for some distance behind this point. 

The temale glands (fig. 2, Ov.) are situated in a compact 
group somewhat to the left or pore side of the segments. 

The testes (fig. 2, 7.) are numerous, and two unequal 
groups of them can be distinguished, though they form an 
almost continuous series across the segment. One group, the 
smaller of the two, lies between the lateral limit of the 
medullary parenchyme on the left side and the female 
glands. The larger group extends from the right-hand limit 
of the medulla, in a somewhat wedge-shaped form, nearly as 
far as the female glands. ‘The testes in this group are more 
numerous and more closely crowded towards the edge of the 
segment than towards the middle. On either side of the 
segment the testes extend beyond the dorsal excretory vessel. 
They have an average diameter of 0°0375 mm. 

The cirrus-sac (fig. 2, C.S.) is small and thin-walled. 
It measures 0'1 mm. in length and 0°06 mm. in width at the 
widest part, which is near the inner end. ‘Lhe cirrus appears 
to be unarmed. 

The genital ducts pass ventrally to the dorsal excretory 
vessel and dorsally to the nerve. 

The vas deferens is not thrown into any large coils, but 
runs a comparatively straight course, with small undulations, 


Ee a re 


Cestode of the Genus Zschokkeella. 43 


inwards from the cirrus-sac and parallel with the vagina. 
Its outer half only is somewhat closely coiled. Its inner end 
is obscured by the mass of female glands. I have not 
detected a vesicula seminalis, nor any network formed by the 
vasa efferentia, such as is described by Beddard (1912) for 
Inermicapsifer and Hyracotenia. 

The ovary (figs. 2 & 4, Ov.) is a fairly compact, some- 
what lobulated organ of crescentic shape, the convexity 
being anterior. The space between the two backwardly- 
directed horns is occupied by the compact shell-gland and a 
small spherical organ (fig. 4, &.S.), which appears to be at 
the extremity of the vagina, and which I believe to be the 
receptaculum seminis, and is closed in behind by the vitelline 
gland, which lies at a somewhat lower level, towards the 
ventral side. 

The vagina opens at an external pore, quite distinct from 
that of the cirrus-sac, but immediately behind it. Its outer 
half has a narrow lumen, and its course is somewhat undu- 
lating. The inner half, however, becomes straighter and 
widens out into a thin-walled, spindle-shaped expansion. It 
then narrows again before passing over the outer part of the 
ovary to open into the small rounded organ which I have 
called the receptaculum seminis. ‘This organ, as described 
here, appears to be a new structure. If my interpretation of 
it be correct, it may possibly have been overlooked in the 
accounts of related species, and the dilated, fusiform, proximal 
portion of the vagina, which I lave mentioned above, may 
not be, as has been supposed, the true receptaculum seminis *. 

The small “ receptaculum” is connected with the ovary by 
a short oviduct, which opens into it below, and is apparently 
continued immediately, in the same straight line and in a 
backward direction, to the shell-gland. Ventral to, and 
extending behind, the latter organ, and connected with it 
by ashort duct, is the large compact vitelline gland (figs. 
2&4, V.). 

From the shell-gland, on the dorsal side, a duct passes 
upwards and forwards, bending round over the anterior edge 
of the ovary, and then continuing its course below this to 
the right, across the middle of the segment (fig. 4, Ut.). 
This is the beginning of the uterus, which is visible by 
reason of the contained ova in segments which are just 


* See Fuhrmann, 1902, fig. 18, 7s. (“ Zschokkia” linstow?) ; v. Janicki, 
1910, pl. xiii. fig. 17, RS. (“ Inermicapsifer” hyracis). Also Beddard, 
1912, p. 607, in the key to the genera: “ Receptaculum seminis {in 
Zschokkeella and Inermicapsifer | long and forming end of vagina.” 


44 Mr. H. A. Baylis on a new 


becoming gravid (fig. 2, Ut.). It occupies the middle field 
of the segment, extending across it in a transverse direction. 
In its early stages it appears to be an irregularly branched 
tube, but soon becomes more distended and like an oblong 
sac in form. Its boundaries are never very clearly marked, 
the walls being exceedingly delicate. 

The uterus persists through about 28 segments, but after a 
short time appears to break down altogether, and the ova are 
seen to be scattered among the parenchyme. 

Very soon a number of little thickenings appear, evenly 
distributed throughout the medullary parenchyme, each 
being the result of a very active local proliferation of nuclei, 
Into the middle of each of these thickenings several eggs 
find their way, and each clump of eggs thus formed becomes 
surrounded by a more and more definite spherical investment 
of condensed parenchymatous tissue, which is very opaque 
owing to the crowded nuclei. 

The fully developed egg-capsules measure 0°3 mm. in 
diameter, and each contains about 2U eggs. The embryos 
have a diameter of 0°016 mm.; they do not appear to be 
provided with pyriform bodies. In the fully ripe proglottids 
at the posterior end of the worm (fig.5) the egg-capsules 
occupy almost the entire space within the cortical paren- 
chyme. On opening such a segment with needles, the 
capsules come away quite freely, leaving rounded spaces 
separated only by thin walls of tissue, which is all that 
remains of the medullary parenchyme. 

The definitive structure of the egg-capsules (fig. 6) is 
almost identical with that described and figured by Beddard 
(1912) for Inermicapsifer capensis. There is an outer layer 
of large cells, the contents of which appear to be finely 
granular, especially in the outer row of cells. The cells of 
the inner coat are rather smaller and contain many large 

lobules. Possibly these may be of the nature of nutrient 
material for the embryos. ‘The eggs, enclosed in their thin 
membranes, are contained in cavities in the centre of the 
organ, surrounded by a spongy mass of substance in which I 
was unable to distinguish cell-boundaries. It contains many 
globules similar to those seen in the inner cell-layer of the 
capsule. In all probability, therefore, the central substance 
is formed by the breaking-down of the innermost cells of this 
layer. ‘The cavities in which the eggs are lodged become 
conspicuous in mounted preparations, owing to the shrinkage 
of the egg-membranes away from them. They apparently 
have a cellular lining, the nuclei of which can be seen 
flattened against their walls. 


Cestode of the Genus Zschokkeella. 45 


The spherical egg-containing masses thus formed in the 
interior of the segment are, without doubt, the homologues of 
the multiple organs described by various authors in more or 
less nearly related Cestodes, and variously termed “ ege- 
capsules,” ‘ Parenchymkapseln,””? or “ paruterine organs”’ 
(Beddard, 1912). ‘lhe manner of their formation, as seen in 
the present species, appears closely similar to the process 
described by Beddard (1912) for his species Jnermicapsifer 
capensis. ‘There seems to be no ground for supposing that 
the capsules in which the eggs are enclosed, whether they 
are to be regarded as “ paruterine organs ”’ or not, are derived 
in any way from the uterus. The evidence afforded by the 
present species is entirely opposed to such a view. On the 
contrary, it gives some support to the theory put forward by 
Beddard (1912) that these egg-capsules are in reality multiple 
“ paruterine organs,” not derived from the uterus, but from 
the medullary parenchyme. 

In the paper referred to, Dr. Beddard devotes considerable 
attention to these organs in IJnermicapsifer, and seems 
inclined to regard them as homologous with the similar 
organs of Zschokkeella. He quotes v. Janicki (1910), who 
describes the eggs in Zschokkeella as lying ‘ einzeln in einfache 
Bindegewebskapseln 7” (whereas several eggs are said to be 
included in each capsule in Jnermicapsifer), and uses the 
supposed differences between their egg-capsules as a means 
of separating the two genera. ‘This mark of distinction, the 
author states, he formerly believed to hold good; but he 
continues, “1 do not, however, feel confident about this point, 
and in view of other points of likeness between the genera 
am disposed to compare more nearly the paruterine organs in 
the two.” 

While the present species seems to afford evidence in 
support of this part of Dr. Beddard’s views, it may be said, 
at the same time, that it does not favour the theory suggested 
in his paper (1914) on Rhabdometra cylindrica—that the 
paruterine organ is not only not the derivative, but actually 
the forerunner, of the uterus (loc. c¢t. p. 873, and text-fig. 9). 
In the present case the uterus is well developed long before 
there is any indication of the thickenings of the parenchyme 
which are the beginnings of the egg-capsules. When these 
thickenings appear the uterus simultaneously disappears. 
Hence there can be—in this species, at all events—no question 
of its being developed from them. 


Note on the Systematic Position of the Species. 
At first sight I was inclined to place this form in the genus 


46 Mr. H. A. Baylis on a new 


Davainea. Finding that it bore a close general resemblance 
to the two species described as Davatnea polycalceola and 
D. celebensis by v. Janicki (1901)—two forms which also 
inhabit species of Mus,—I was almost led into the somewhat 
natural error of placing my species near to them. A closer 
examination, however, failed to reveal any traces of hooks on 
the suckers ; and since I have carefully examined the scolices 
of five individuals, having in one case teased up the suckers 
in glycerine, and still failed to see any hooks, I think it may 
be assumed that they are normally absent, and that this is 
not merely a case of their accidental loss. ‘This being so, my 
specimens could not be referred to Davainea. 

Having come to this conclusion, and having made reference 
to Dr. Ransom’s very useful key to the genera of Tzenioid 
Cestodes (1909), the only genus there mentioned, I think, to 
which this form can be assigned is Zschokkeella. In some 
points which I shall mention it diverges slightly from this 
genus as diagnosed by Ransom (loc, ett. p. 65), but it is 
questionable whether the differences are large enough to 
warrant the addition of another new genus to the ever- 
growing list. 

The only other genus to which this species makes a near 
approach is one very closely related to Zschokkeella, and 
which has been described since the compilation of the key 
referred to, viz. Inermicapsifer, v. Janicki. It does, indeed, 
bear a very close resemblance, not only in general aspect, 
but in many details, to some of the species described under 
this name by v. Janicki (1910) and by Bischoff (1912, 1913). 
But the form to which it seemed nearest, Inermicapsifer 
hyracis, v. Janicki, has been removed by Beddard into the 
genus Zschokkeella (1912, p. 606). Dr. Beddard has also 
now referred his species Thysanotenia gambiana (19lla 
and b) to Zschokkeella. This form occurred in the Gambian 
Pouched Rat (Cricetomys gambianus), so that, if my species 
belongs to that genus, it will be the second occurring in a 
rodent. 

On referring to Dr. Beddard’s paper on Jnermicapsifer and 
the allied genera (1912), and turning to the useful key given 
at the end of that paper, 1 came to the conclusion that 
my species was considerably nearer to Zschokkeella than to 
Inermicapsifer as there diagnosed, if not actually (as I ven- 
ture to make it provisionally) a member of the former genus. 

The special features which these two genera possess in 
common are :— 

(1) An excretory system which forms a capillary network 
in every segment. 


Cestode of the Genus Zschokkeella. 47 


(2) A fusiform swelling on the inner half of the vagina. 
(This has been interpreted as a receptaculum seminis, but in 
the foregoing account of my species I have suggested that 
there is probably such an organ distinct from this.) 

(3) A small and weak cirrus-sac. 

As far as these features are concerned, my species might 
be referred to either genus. It differs from Inermicapsifer 
in the following points :— 

(1) The genital pores are rather anterior than posterior on 
the edge of the segment. 

(2) There appears to be no vesicula seminalis. 

(3) The uterus is fairly well developed before the appear- 
ance of egg-capsules. 

It may be said to approach Inermicapsifer in one of the 
points mentioned as distinctive (Beddard, 1912), viz., the 
testes are divisible into two groups; but they so nearly form 
a complete series across the segment (except where inter- 
rupted by the female organs) that it is difficult to say whether 
their arrangement is more like that seen in Lnermicapsifer or 
that in Zschokkeella. In this respect the species seems to be 
intermediate between the two genera. 

It resembles the described species of Zschokkeella in the 
following points, besides the general features already 
mentioned :—_ 

(1) The absence of a vesicula seminalis. 

(2) The presence of a fairly well-developed uterus in the 
segments when they are first becoming gravid. 

As already pointed out, the testes are not quite, though 
very nearly, in a continuous row. In this respect the species 
shows a slight divergence from the type of Zschokkeella. It 
also differs from it slightly in the position of the genital 
pores, which are rather anterior to the middle of the edge of 
the segment. The presence of more than one ege in each 
ege-capsule does not seem to forbid the inclusion of the 
species in Zschokkeella: 

The excretory system differs in its arrangement from that 
described for the members of either genus. In both Zschok- 
keella and Inermicapsifer the usual two distinct pairs of 
longitudinal vessels, dorsal and ventral, are stated to be 
present, the ventral vessels being of wider calibre than the 
dorsal and situated almost in the same horizontal plane with 
them, but more towards the middle line of the worm. 
Further, in Zschokkeella “‘a fine capillary network in the 
periphery of the cortical parenchyma connects all four excre- 
tory vessels’? (Ransom, 1909, p.65). In Inermicapsifer the 
main ventral vessels appear to be connected by a capillary 


48 Mr. H. A. Baylis on a new 


network which not only extends throughout the ventral part 
of the medullary parenchyme, but also penetrates on to the 
dorsal side. The dorsal longitudinal vessels are not in direct 
communication, like the ventral vessels, with this system, 
but, if connected with it at all, are only indirectly so connected 
(v. Janicki, 1910, p. 394). In Inermicapsifer hyracis 
(which is removed by Dr. Beddard to Zschokkeella) there is, 
according to v. Janicki’s account (1910, p. 378), an indirect 
connection of this kind between the dorsal vessels and the 
eapillary network, and also a very slender vessel running 
parallel with and external to each main dorsal vessel, and 
connected with it at frequent intervals by little cross-vessels 
like the rungs of a ladder (1910, pl. xiii. fig. 16). 

Von Janicki’s figures of the excretory network in this species 
do not give the impression of a series of almost regular longi- 
tudinal vessels, connected by a single transverse vessel for 
each segment, as observed in the species which forms the 
subject of this paper. On the contrary, the vessels composing 
the network in Z. hyracis seem to be much more numerous 
and irregular. 

In my species there is no distinct pair of ventral longitu- 
dinal vessels of large diameter. The capillary network, 
which appears to take their place, extends into the middle of 
the medullary parenchyme, but the dorsal vessels are situated 
at the extreme dorsal limit of the latter, and are, I believe, 
entirely distinct from the network. I have not observed any 
appearance resembling the ladder-like structure described for 
Z. hyracis, nor even any lateral offshoots whatever from the 
dorsal vessels. 


Taking into Consideration all the above-mentioned morpho- 
logical points, I have decided to place the present species in 
the genus Zschokkeella. It may be defined as follows :— 


Zschokkeella muricola, sp. n. 


Length 9-12 em. Breadth 35 mm. Number of segments 
230. Scolex wider than neck. Segments all broader than 
long. The excretory system consists of a distinct pair of dorsal 
longitudinal vessels and a ventral network arranged on a 
regular plan, with a transverse vessel in each segment. Genital 
organs begin to appear in the neck before the segments become 
clearly defined. Genital pores unilateral, on the left side, near 
the anterior end of the proglottids ; not situated on a promt- 
nent papilla. No genital cloaca, Testes in two unequal 
groups, the larger group on the side remote from the genital 


Cestode of the Genus Zschokkeella. AQ 


pores. Sperm-duct not greatly coiled.  Cirrus-sae smail. 
No vesicula seminalis. A small rounded receptaculum seminis 
present, tn addition to a fusiform expansion of the inner half 
of the vagina. Uterus a branched tube at first, becoming a 
transverse sac ; not persistent. Many egg-capsules developed 
in gravid segments, each containing about 20 eggs. 

fab. Intestines of a rat (probably Epimys rattus), Accra, 
Gold Coast, W. Africa. 

Type-specimens in the British Museum (Natural History). 


LITERATURE CONSULTED. 


Bepparp, F. E. 191lqa@. “On some Mammalian Cestoidea.” P. Z. S. 
pp. 626-660. 

—. 1911). “On Two new Genera of Cestodes from Mammals,” 
P. Z. 8. pp. 994-1018. 

——. 1912. “On a Species of Lnermicapsifer from the Hyrax, &c.” 
P. Z. 8. pp. 576-607. 

—-. 1914. “On a new Species of Rhabdometra, and on the Par- 
uterine Organ in Otiditenia.” P.Z.S. pp. 859-887. 

Biscnorr, C.R. 1912. ‘Cestodenaus Hyrax.” (Preliminary Account.) 
Zool. Anz. xxxix. p. 751. 
—. 1918. “Cestoden aus Hyrax.’ 
pp. 225-284, pls. vii.—ix. 
Fuurmann, O. 1896. ‘ Ueber das Subgenus Davainea.” Rev. Suisse 
Zool. iv. no. 1, pp. 111-133, pl. iv. 

—. 1902. “Die Anoplocephaliden der Végel.” Centrbl. f. Bakt. u. 
Paras, xxxil. pp. 122-147. [“ Zschokkia” (Zschokkeella) linstowi, 

. 138. 

ce C. te 1901. ‘ Ueber zwei neue Arten des Genus Davainea.” 
Arch. Parasitol. vi. p. 257. 

——. 1910. “ Die Cestoden aus Procavia.” Denkschr. med. Ges. Jena, 
Xvi. pp. 373-396, pls. xii.—xiv. 

Ransom, B. H. 1909. “The Tznioid Cestodes of North-American 
Birds.” U.S, Nat. Mus. Bull. 69. 

SHIPLEY, A. E. 1908. ‘“ Rats and their Animal Parasites.” J. Econ. 
Biol. iii. no. 3, p. 61. 


EXPLANATION OF PLATE VI. 
Zschokkeella muricola. 

Fig. 1. The scolex, highly magnified. 

Fig. 2. Three young sexually mature segments, to show the general 
arrangement of the organs. (From a stained preparation.) 

C.S., cirrus-sac; D.V., dorsal excretory vessel; Ov., ovary ; 
S., shell-gland; 7., testes; Ut., uterus; V., vitelline gland ; 
Vag., vagina; V.D., vas deferens. 

Fig. 3. Portion of the ventral network of excretory vessels, in five con- 
secutive segments. (Reconstructed from a series of horizontal 
sections. ) 

L., longitudinal vessel; 7., transverse vessel. 

Fig. 4. Diagram of the arrangement of the female organs in a sexually 
mature segment, as seen from above. 

Ov., ovary; Ovd., oviduct; £#.S., receptaculum seminis ; 
S., shell-gland; Ut., uterus; V., vitelline gland; Vag., vagina. 


Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol. xvi. 4 


b 


Rey. Suisse Zool. xxi. no. 8, 


50 Mr. W. L. Distant on 


Fig. 5, The six hindmost (gravid) segments of an entire specimen, showing 
the manner in which they are filled with the egg-capsules (£.C.). 
Fig. 6. Section through a single egg-capsule, highly magnified. ; 
A., outer cell-layer; #., inner cell-layer; C., C., cavities in 
the central substance, in which the embryos are contained ; 
Emb., one of the contained embryos. 


All the figures were drawn with the aid of a camera lucida. 


V.—On some Australian Cicadidee. 


By W. L. Distant. 


I RECENTLY received from Dr. Hamlyn Harris, Director of 
the Queensland Museum, Brisbane, a collection of Cicadidee 
for identification. Amongst these were some specimens from 
such interesting localities as ‘Toowoomba and Stradbroke 
Island belonging to South Queensland, Four new species 
contained in this consignment I now describe—the types are 
in the British Museum. 


Melampsalta stradbrokensis, sp. n. 


g. Head, pronotum, and mesonotum black; abdomen 
above testaceous, base and transverse segmental fascia, 
lateral angulate segmental spots, and anal segment black ; 
sternum and legs black ; lateral margins of face testaceous ; 
streaks and apices to femora, apices and annulations to tibia, 
and posterior margins to opercula ochraceous; abdomen 
beneath dark ochraceous, basal margin, apex, and lateral 
segmental spots black ; tegmina and wings hyaline, the first 
with the interior of costal membrane castaneous ; pronotum 
centrally longitudinally suleate ; mesonotum with a central 
longitudinal carinated fascia, compressed near middle and 
ampliated posteriorly ; exposed tympana greyish white with 
transverse fuscous lines; face centrally sulcate for about half 
its length, not strongly transversely ridged; opercula small, 
transverse, ochraceous, black at base, not meeting internally, 
posteriorly broadly rounded. 

Long., excl. tegm., 17 mm.; exp. tegm. 42 mm. 

Hab, South Queensland ; Stradbroke Island (4. Hacker). 
Type Brit. Mus. 

To be placed near MV. latorea, Walk. 


Melampsalta geisha, sp. n. 


?. Vertex of head, face, and pronotum castaneous brown, 
area of the ocelli, margin of front, and a sublateral fascia on 


some Australian Cicadide. 41 


each side of face black; clypeus black ; mesonotum casta- 
neous brown, with four anterior black obconical spots, the 
two central spots shortest, a small black spot near each ante- 
rior angle of the basal cruciform elevation; abdomen above 
testaceous, posterior segmental margins flavous, anterior 
segmental margins black, anal segment with two longitudinal 
black fascize ; body beneath and legs testaceous, femora more 
or less spotted with black ; abdomen with a central series of 
somewhat obscure black spots, the posterior segmental mar- 
gins flavous; tegmina and wings hyaline, the first with the 
venation and the costal and postcostal membranes more or 
less testaceous, wings with the venation piceous brown, apex 
of anal area infuscated; vertex longitudinally impressed 
between the ocelli ; pronotum with the central area longi- 
tudinally grooved; face distinetly centrally sulcate and 
strongly transversely carinate. 

Long., excl. tegm., 9, 13 mm.; exp. tegm. 37 mm. 

Hab. South Queensland ; Stradbroke Island (4, Hacker). 
Type Brit. Mus. 

Allied to M. infuscata, God. & Frogg., who described that 
species as the then only one of the genus seen * with apex of 


anal areas of wings infuscated,” 


Melampsalta hackert, sp. n. 


g- Body above and beneath ochraceous, with a more or 
less virescent tint ; vertex of head with the area of the ocelli, 
four prominent spots at anterior margin, the two central spots 
largest, and a transverse spot near anterior margin of each 
eye, pronotum with two central linear fasciz connected ante- 
riorly and posteriorly and the fissures, mesonotum with two 
anterior central obconical spots, a posterior central elongate 
spot and a rounded spot in front of each anterior angle of the 
basal cruciform elevation, and some spots on anterior margin 
of the metanotum black ; on each side of the obconical spots 
to mesonotum isa small angulate spot and a long submarginal 
spot of a pale brownish hue; abdomen above with the ante- 
rior margin of the basal segment, the interior of the tympanal 
cavities, a centrally broken series of segmental, discal, trans- 
verse fascize on the upper surface of abdomen, and a series of 
lateral segmental spots to same black ; face with two central 
longitudinal black fascize and an oblique black spot at base 
of each antenna; coxal spots, streaks to femora, apices of 
tibie, spines to anterior femora, base and apex of rostrum, 
and a basal central marginal spot to abdomen black ; tegmira 
and wings hyaline, the first with the venation ochraceous, 


4* 


52 Mr. W. L. Distant on 


the extreme costal margin, the postcostal membrane, the 
upper margin of basal cell, and basal area of inner margin to 
clavus black ; wings with the venation darker on apical area ; 
body above and beneath more or less greyishly pilose; oper- 
cula transverse, well separated internally, posterior margins 
broadly rounded ; face longer than broad, distinctly centrally 
longitudinally suleate, strongly transversely carinate, the 
lateral areas depressed. 

Long., excl. tegm., ¢, 18 mm. ; exp. tegm. 50 mm. 

Hab. South Queensland ; Stradbroke Island (77. Hacker). 
Type Brit. Mus. 

Allied to M. labyrinthica, Walk. 


Melampsalta toowoombe, sp. n. 


@. Head, pronotum, and mesonotum black, head with the 
ocelli red, the front brownish ochraceous, a spot at base 
between the ocelli, and a smaller spot on the Jateral margins 
ochraceous ; face black, the lateral margins and a central spot 
at base ochraceous; rostrum ochraceous, its apex broadly black; 
pronotum with a central, discal, longitudinal, ochraceous 
fascia, the fissures, and anterior and posterior margins dull 
castaneous ; mesonotum with the basal cruciform elevation 
ochraceous, centrally black; abdomen above ochraceous, a 
broad central longitudinal fascia, margins of the abdominal 
segments, and the apical area black, the last with a long 
angulate ochraceous spot ; head beneath and sternum black, 
abdomen beneath and legs ochraceous; coxe, trochanters, 
and femora black or blackish, base and apical area of abdo- 
men beneath black; tegmina and wings hyaline, venation 
black, costal and postcostal membrane and a basal streak 
before clavus ochraceous ; wings with the base narrowly 
ochraceous ; head foveately impressed between and behind 
the ocelli; face deeply centrally sulcate ; the transverse 
suleations profound; wings with six apical areas. 

Long., excl. tegm., ¢ , 13 mm.; exp. tegm. 42 mm. 

Hab. South Queensland; Toowoomba (f/amlyn-Harris). 
Type Brit. Mus. 


A species to be placed near M. murrayensis, Dist. 


SYNONYMICAL NOTES. 

In the Proc. Roy. Soc. Victoria (n. s.), 1914, pp. 15-18, 
pl. ui., Mr. Howard Ashton has described “ Three new 
African Cicadas,” all of which are unfortunately old and 
long-before described species. It is a very speculative pro- 
ceeding to describe in Australia new species from the Ethio- 
pian Region, especially without the opportunity for comparison 
with properly ideutified specimens from that area. 


some Australian Cicadidee. 53 


Munza basimacula. 


Platypleura basimacula, Walk. List. Hom. 1. p. 10 (i850). 

Platypleura reducta, Walk. ¢. c. p. 11 (1850). 

Munza pygmea, Jacobi, Sjéstedt, Kilimanj. Exped., Hom. t. i, fig. 3 
(1910). 

Platypleura sikumba, Asht. Proc. Roy. Soc. Vict. (n.s.) 1914, p. 16, 
pl. ii. fig. 5 

A very widely distributed species, received from S. and 

Centr. Africa and from the Congo region. 


Platypleura quadraticollis. 
Platyplewa quadraticollis, Buti. Cist. Entom, i. p, 194 (1874); Dist. 
Ins. Transvaal, vol. i. p. 172, t. xvii. fig. 9 a, b, 2 (1906). 
Platypleura nigromaculata, Asht. Proc. Roy. Soc. Vict. (n. s.) 1914, 
p. 16, pl. iii. fig. 3. 

This species is widely distributed. Butler originally 
described it from Lake N’Gami ; I found it in the Transvaal, 
and we have received it from Uganda ; Ashton has redescribed 
it from a specimen received from Entebbe. 


Platypleura divisa. 
Cicada divisa, Germ. in Silb. Rey. Ent. ii. p. 80, t. xxiii. (1834). 
Platypleura longirostris, Asht. Proc. Roy. Soc. Vict. (n. s.) 1914, p. 17, 
pl. iii. fig. 4. 

Mr. Ashton’s figure is quite misleading ; it is unnecessarily 
magnified, 

Although Mr. Ashton describes the wings as “reddish 
yellow,” the absence of any coloration in the figure makes the 
wings appear to be hyaline ; he also correctly describes “a 
white spot on margin just outside anal area” which does not 
appear in the illustration. ‘The length of the rostrum is not 
a constant character. It is a common species throughout 
South and Kast Africa. 


Abricta noctua, Dist. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) xii. p. 487 
Chota). 
Abricta rufonigera, Asht. Trans, Roy. Soc. 5. Austr, XXXvill. p. 549, 
pl. xvii. fig. 6 (1914). 


Kobonga froggatti, Dist. Ann, & Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) xii. 
p- 490 (1913). 
Kobonga castanea, Asht. Trans, Roy. Soe. 8. Austr. xxxvill, p. 351, 
pl. xxviii. fig. 5 (1914). 


54 Mr. G. Lewis on 


VI.— On new Species of Histerides and Notices of others. 
By G. Lewis, F.L.S. 


Ir is only within very recent years that anything has been 
known of the Coleopterous fauna of Formosa. The first 
paper on the Histeridz is in the ‘ Ent. Mitteilungen’ in 1913, 
and enumerates 36 species, Since this a collection has been 
brought to England by Dr. T. Shiraki, bringing the number, 
with a few others, up to 76, of which some are of special 
interest in showing the distribution of several genera and 
species not hitherto included in the Japanese or Chinese 
faunas. From Japan 70 species have been recorded, but 
from China proper searcely more than 20 are known. The 
present paper will serve as a report on Dr. Shiraki’s collec- 
tion. The most remarkable species in it is the Sternaulax, of 
which there is a single example only, and which appears to 
be the New Zealand species ; I should like to see this con- 
firmed by the capture of more specimens. ‘The Teretrtosoma 
is new and described here, and there is also a new species of 
Eptechinus. The last genus requires a very careful study, 
and when made the sterna should be figured, as in them the 
chief specific characters reside. I have four or five unrecorded 
species from the Oriental Region, and I think it will be 
better to treat with them in a separate paper. 


Teretriosoma formosum, sp. Nn. 


Oblongum, cylindricum, breve, robustum, nigrum nitidum, undique 
sat dense punctulatum; pronoto angulis anticis rufis; prosterno 
antice marginato; mesosterno marginato, aliquanto acute pro- 
minulo ; tibiis anticis 6-dentatis. 

L, 22 mill, 

Oblong, cylindrical, robust, black and shining, surface 
somewhat densely and finely punctulate ; the thorax, mar- 
ginal stria complete, anterior angles distinctly reddish, also 
the legs and antenna; the prosternum, anterior edge dis- 
tinctly marginate ; the mesosternum somewhat acute ante- 
riorly and also distinctly marginate ; the anterior tibize are 
6-dentate on the outer edge, with two small teeth at the tarsal 
end; the pygidium is rugose on the posterior portion in the 
inale. 

This species is very similar to T. somerseti, Mars., but it is 
structurally different in the form of the mesosternum and also 


in its margination. In somerset the edges are simply elevated 
and the projection obtuse. 


Hab. Kotosho, Formosa. 


new Species of Histeridie. 


List of Species. 


(The names of the localities are attached to those in Dr. T. 


collection.) 
NIPONIID 2. 


Niponius tmpressicollis, Lew. Horisha. 
canalicollis, Lew. (Kotosho. 


HIsTERID 2. 


Trypeticus venator, Lew. Horisha, 
sautert, Bickh. 

-—— canalifrons, Bickh. 

Teretriosoma formosum, sp. n. WKotosho. 
Hololepta elongata, Ey. Kotosho. 
higonie, laew. Horisha. 
depressa, Lew. Shinten. 
indica, Kr. 

Plesius javanus, Er. WKotosho. 
Sternaulax zealandica, Mars. (Kotosho. 
A pobletes tener, Mars. 

cerylonoides, Bickh. 

schaumt, Mars. Koshun. 
Platylister cambodjensis, Mars. 

—— atratus, Er. Formosa. 
niponensis, Lew. 

horni, Bickh. 

Platysoma schenkling?, Bickh. 

—— lewisi, Mars. Taipin. 

pint, Lew. Kiirun. 

—— unicum, Bickh. 

cribropygum, Mars. (Kotosho. 
confucit, Mars. [Koshun. 
celatum, Lew. Horisha. 
sylvestre, Schm. 

Cylistosoma lineicolle, Mars. Taipin. 
Lblisia sautert, Bickh. 

pyymea, Bickh. 

—-- pagana, Lew. 

Pachylister lutarius, Kx. WKoshun. 
chinensis, Mars. Jorisha. 
congener, Schm. Horisha. 
Merohister jekeli, Mars. Horisha. 
Hister thibetanus, Mars. (WKoshun. 
orientalis, Payk. Horisha. 
punctulatus, Wied. Horisha, 
bolett?, Lew. Shinten. 
nultidens, Schm. 

Peranus depistor, Mars, orisha. 
Atholus pirithous, Mars. Shinten. 
duodecimstriatus, Schr. Taipin. 
celestis, Mars. 

—— philippinensis, Mars. 
Gramiostethus niponensis, Lew. Arisan. 
curvicollis, Bickh. 

Epierus sautert, Bickh. 


Vt 


Shiraki’s 


Mr. O. Thomas on 


or 
for) 


Parepierus lewist, Bickh. “3 
Carcinops quatucrdecimstriata, Steph. Taipin. 
Pachylomalus musculus, Mars. Horisha. 
Paromalus niponicus, Lew. orisha. 
— oceanitis, Mars. Kotosho. 

— mendicus, Lew. Arisan. 

—— viaticus, Lew. Taihoku. 

— vernalis, Lew. Trisha. 

sautert, Bickh. 

Dendrophilus xavierit, Mars. Taipin. 
Tribalus punctillatus, Bickh. 

colombius, Mars. 

Cypturus enescens, Er, Kagi. 
Anaglymma circularis, Mars. Kotosho. 
Notodoma bullatum, Mars. 

formosum, Bickh. 

—— fungorum, Lew. _Taipin. 
Onthophilus ostreatus, Lew. Horisha. 
Epiechinus, sp. u. Koshun. 

Abreus bonzicus, Mars. Ritosan. 

—— indicus, Lew. 

Anapleus stigmaticus, Schm. 

Bacanius niponicus, Lew. 

Saprinus speciosus, Er, Taihoku. 
optabilis, Mars. Koshun. 

—— quadriguttatus, Fabry. Rokkiri. 
— nitidulus, Fabr. Taihoku. 

varians, Schm. Koshun. 

sine, Mars. ‘Taipin. 

Gnathoncus rotundatus, Kugel. Taihoku. 


V1I1.—Notes on the Asiatic Bamboo-Rats (Rhizomys, ete.). 
By OLpFIELD THOMAS. 


(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.) 


In connection with the determination of a bamboo-rat ob- 
tained in Burma during the Bombay Natural History 
Society’s Mammal Survey, I have examined all the speci- 
mens of this interesting group in the Museum, and now 
make some preliminary notes about them, with descriptions 
of new species. 

The genus Rhizomys, as hitherto used, is evidently a 
composite one, and three groups are distinguishable from each 
other, typified respectively by the species sinensis, sumatrensis, 
and baddus, the first being the type of Rhizomys *, the second 


* Although both sinensis and swmatrensis were included in the genus 
Rhizomys, when first formed by Gray, the former is fixed as the genotype 
by the paragraph next before “ Rhizomys” in the description: ‘‘ The 
third genus described was founded on a glirine quadruped nearly allied 

” 


to the Bamboo-Rat { Mus sumatrensis]... 


the Asiatic Bamboo-Rats. aH ¢ 


of Nyctocleptes, and the third of a new genus now described. 
The chief characters of these three genera are as follows :— 


1, NycrocLeptTes, Temm. 


Size very large. Palm and sole-pads low, hardly raised 
above the general surface, granulated, the two posterior sole- 
pads conjoined. Mammze 2—3=10. 

Anteorbital foramina oval or circular. Posterior nares 
well open, often nearly as wide as high. 

Set of incisors intermediate between that found in the other 
two genera. JZ! about the size of m?, not or rarely worn to 
a lower level. 

Range. Burma, Malay Peninsula, and Sumatra. 

Type. Nyctocleptes  sumatrensis (Nyctocleptes  dekan, 
Temm.). Other species cinereus, McCl. (including erythro- 
genys, Anders.), and insularis, sp. n. (énfrd). 


2. Rutzomys, Gray. 


Size rather less than in NVyctocleptes. Palm and sole-pads 
distinct, granulated, the two posterior sole-pads separated, 
though enlarged. Mammee normally 1—3=8, though 
occasionally a minute anterior pectoral pair, not functional 
in any specimen examined, may be present. 

Anteorbital foramina subtriangular. Posterior nares con- 
tracted, much higher than broad. 

Incisors forming a segment of a comparatively small circle, 
their points directed backwards. M* decidedly smaller at all 
ages than m?, and worn in adults much below the level of 
the latter. 

Range. Assam, Burma, and Siam to South China. 

Type. R, sinensis,Gray. Other species, vestitus, M.-Edw., 
davidi, Thos., prudnosus, Blyth, latouched and pannosus, 
spp. nn. (¢nfrd). 


; 3. CANNOMYS *, gen. nov. 


Size comparatively small. Palm and sole-pads normal, 
well defined, not granulated. Mamme 2—2=8, 

Anteorbital foramina and posterior nares much as in 
Rhizomys. 


* From cayvva, cane or bamboo, While searching for a suitable name 
for this animal, | have noticed that the term Myoryctes, given to a fossil 
Madagascan rodent by Dr. Forsyth Major (Geol. Mag. (5) v. p. 97, 1908), 
is preoccupied by berth (Zeitschr. Wiss. Zool. xii, p. 530, 1863) 
(Myoryktes, quoted as Myoryctes by Scudder, ‘ Nomenclator,’ p. 204, 
1882). 1 would suggest renaming the Malagasy genus Majoria, atter its 
distinguished discoverer and describer, 


58 Mr. O. Thomas on 


Incisors forming a segment of a large circle, their points 
thrown strongly forwards. Molars decreasing in size back- 
wards, the first decidedly larger than the second, its grinding- 
surface not worn lower than that of the latter. 

Range. Nepal to Southern Siam, not extending into China. 

Type. Cannomys badius (Rhizomys badius, Hodgs.). 
Other species castaneus, Blyth, and minor, Gray. 


Descriptions of new species :— 


Nyctocleptes insularis, sp. 0. 


General characters as in N. sumatrensis, but size markedly 
smaller; two adult male skulls measure 75 and 76 mm. in 
condylo-basal length, and two females 71 mm., while in the 
Malaccan form these measurements are at least 81 and 78 
respectively, and often much more. Crests less developed 
throughout in specimens of corresponding age, and, as a 
consequence, the occipital plane is distinctly lower. 

Colour very light, though some specimens of the mainland 
form are similar, Flanks and shoulders whitish ; an ill- 
defined darker line down crown and nape, and the posterior 
back darker. One specimen in four with aslight tendency to 
the reddening of the cheeks often found in swmatrensis, and 
still more marked in the more northern cinereus. 

External dimensions of a male in spirit :— 

Head and body 320 mm.; tail 130; hind foot 57:5; 
ear 17. 

Skull-dimensions of male and female, the second the type: 
condylo-basal length 76, 71; condylo-incisive length 77, 
72°5; zygomatic breadth 56, 52; nasals 26°7x 11, 23x11; 
breadth across frontals anteriorly 21:2, 23°5; intertemporal 
breadth 12, 12°5; height of crown from alveolus of m* 27-7, 
27 ; occipital plane, height from basion 25, 24 breadth 33°5, 
33°5 ; palatal foramina 7, 6°6 ; width of posterior nares 5:4, 6 ; 
upper molar series (crowns) 14°2, 13°5. 

flab, Deli, Sumatra. ‘Type from Padang Brahrang. 

Type. Adult female. B.M. no. 99. 8. 21.5. Collected 
and presented by Theo. C. Barclay, Esq. Four specimens 
examined, 

Whatever Hardwicke’s meaning was in attaching the 
name sumatrensts to an animal which he only knew from a 
drawing of a Malaccan specimen, it is quite clear that there 
is no escape from the use of that term for the peninsular 
form, and now that the Sumatran representative of the genus 
proves to be different it must have another name. 

The three forms N. cinereus, sumatrensis, and insularis 


the Asiatic Bamboo-Rats. 59 


form a series decreasing in size southwards with a gradual 
lightening of colour and disappearance of the red on the 
cheeks. Whether they will prove to be sharply separable 
from each other, or intergrade, there is as yet not enough 
material to decide. 


Rhizomys latouchei, sp. n. 


Size slightly greater than in FR. sinens/s and prutnosus. 
Fur soft ; hairs of back about 20 mm. in length. Colour of 
the most pronounced ‘ pruinosus”’ character, dark smoky 
grey profusely grizzled with the white ends to the longer 
hairs. Under surface rather paler. ‘Top of muzzle darker. 
Area round mouth greyish white. Hands and feet brown, 
fingers whiter. Tail blackish, apparently without lighter 
tip. Mamme, functional, 1—3=8, but there isin addition a 
minute anterior pectoral pair which have obviously never 
been used. 

Skull heavily built, more so than in sinensis and pruinosus. 
Nasals evenly narrowing backwards. Anteorbital foramina 
rounded, less triangular than in the other Rhizomys, and 
more resembling those of Nyetocleptes. Interorbital region 
broad, its edges square, slightly converging backwards, con- 
tinuous with the parietal ridges; the latter remain separate 
throughout, at least 5 mm. apart, and do not form a median 
sagittal crest. Occipital plane comparatively low, more 
nearly vertical than in other species. Breadth of posterior 
narial opening about half its height. 

Molars rather light. JZ! distinctly worn down below the 
line of m. 

Dimensions of the type :— 

(No external measurements available.) 

Skull: condylo-basal length 69 mm.; condylo-incisive 
length 67°5; zygomatic breadth 50; mesial height of 
zygoma 9; nasals 26x9; anteorbital foramen 5-1x5; 
greatest breadth on frontals 19°5 ; interorbital breadth 13-2 ; 
height of crown from alveolus of m? 27 ; occipital plane, 
height from basion 21°5, breadth 32; palatal foramina 7:3 ; 
upper molar series (crowns) 13°5. 

Hab. Swatow, Quangtung, China. “ Ju hills.” 

Type. Adult female. B.M. no. 92. 2. 1. 27. Collected 
February 1889, and presented by J. de La Touche, Esq. 

While the skin of this species is indistinguishable from 
that of R. pruinosus, tle skull has some resemblance to that 
of Nyctocleptes by its thick build, rounded anteorbital fora- 
“mina, and broad unconstricted interorbital region. 

From its locality it might have been supposed to be 


60 On the Asiatic Bamboo-Rats. 


R. sinensis, which has not been rediscovered since its capture 
near Canton by Reeves nearly 90 years ago; but the skull 
differs in too many important characters for this to be the 
case. ‘The anteorbital foramina, the non-development of a 
sagittal crest or intertemporal waist, the height of the zygo- 
matic bone, and the slant of the occipital plane are all so 
different that the identity of the two is quite impossible. 

I have named this fine animal in honour of its donor, to 
whom the National Collection is indebted for so many valuable 
Chinese mammals, 


Rhizomys pannosus, sp. 0. 

R. pruinosus group. Mamme 1—3=8. 

Size about as in &. sinensis. Fur thin, poor, and rather 
harsh, General colour near “ Verona brown,” varying to- 
wards greyish brown ; the long hairs, as in pruinosus, brown 
with white ends, but, owing to their lesser number, there is» 
not the strong hoary effect present in that species. Under 
surface sparsely haired, almost naked, its thin covering 
greyish brown. Head rather darker than back. Hands and 
feet nearly naked, greyish brown. ‘Tail naked, blackish. 
Mamme 1—3=8: this number quite clear and definite in 
two adult females. 

Skull short, stout, very heavily built, the crown higher 
and more convex above than in pruinosus. Occipital plane 
not so strongly slanted as in the latter. Sagittal crest 
developed the whole length of the parietals in the male, but 
in the female the muscular ridges do not meet except on the 
posterior third of the parietals, the space between them 
auteriorly about 4 mm. in breadth. Nasals slightly exceeding 
the premaxillary processes behind. Anteorbital foramina 
subtriangular, neither so rounded as in Nyctocleptes nor so 
angular as in vestitus and its allies. Zygomata very high 
mesially. Posterior narial opening medium, neither so open 
as in sumatrensis nor so contracted as in vestitus. Incisors 
not thrown forwards, about as in pruinosus. Molars rather 
narrower and lighter than in pruinosus, the difference 
especially perceptible in youth. First upper molar smaller 
and worn lower than the second. 

Dimensions of the type (measured on the skin) :— 

Head and body 320 mm. ; tail 120; hind foot (wet) 46. 

Skull: condylo-basal length 64°2 ; condylo-incisive length 
64; zygomatic breadth 47; nasals 25x95; anteorbital 
foramen 6°8 x 5; breadth between outer corners of the two 
foramina 23; mesial height of zygoma 9; intertemporal 
breadth 10°35; height of crown from alveolus of m* 28°5 ; 
occipital plane, height from basion 22°5, breadth 30:7; 


On Bats of the Genus Promops. 61 


palatal foramina 7°5; width of posterior nares 4; upper 
molar series (crowns) 12°5. 

Another, older, female skull has an approximate condylo- 
basal length of 69 mm., with intertemporal diameter 12 mm. 

Hab. Chantabun, 8. Siam. 

Type. Adult female. B.M. no. 7.1.1.163. Collected by 
M. Henri Mouhot. Tomes Collection. Three adult and 
two young specimens, all collected by Mouhot. 

This species is distinguishable from its allies, the other 
members of the pruinosus group, by its thin fur, browner 
colour, and the height and convexity of its brain-case. 


VIIL.—On Bats of the Genus Promops. 
By OLpFIeLp THOMAS. 


(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.) 


THE genus Promops, as restricted by Miller *, contained at 
the time the latter wrote only two species—P. nasutus, Spix, 
from the Rio Sao Francisco, Brazil, and P. foster’, Thos., 
from Paraguay. When describing P. fosteri, I took as 
representing P. nasutus the large species so named by 
Dobson, but Mr. Miller has suggested to me that it is the 
Paraguayan bat which is the real nasutus, and that I should 
have described the larger form as new. 

Since that time a certain amount of additional material has 
come into the Museum, and I have now examined it with a 
view to clearing up the confusion on the subject. 

The most important specimen is one collected by A. Robert 
in 1903 at Lamarfo, Bahia, a locality so near the Rio Sao 
Francisco that the specimen, which agrees sufficiently closely 
with Peters’s description and figure of Spix’s type, may be 
taken as representing the real Promops nasutus. 

Peters’s measurements of the skull are a little inconsistent 
inter se, so that some must be erroneous, but the majority of 
them, and the excellent figure, agree nearly with Mr. Robert’s 
specimen, which is, as Mr. Miller suggested, a comparatively 
small form, widely different from the Molossus nasutus of 
Dobson, but yet not quite the same as P. foster? 

A study of the whole series indicates that six forms of 
Promops may be distinguished, two large ones from opposite 
ends of the range of the genus and four small ones from 
Brazil, Paraguay, and Argentina. They are mostly dis- 
tinguished by size, so that, taking an exact measurement 


* “ Families and Genera of Bats,” U.S. Nat. Mus. Bulletin 57, p, 259 
(1907). 


62 Mr. O. Thomas on 


of the two first molars on their outer edge as a gauge, the 
species may be arranged as follows :— 


A. First two molars 4:0 mm. and upwards. 
a. 44-45 mm. (Central America.) .........00 1. centralis. 
b. 40-41 mm. (Paraguay.) ...ceeceeeeeseees . 2. occultus. 
B. First two molars less than 3°9 mm, 
a. Forearm about 46-48 mm. 
«'. Two molars 3°6-3°7 mm. Brain-case swollen. 


(Paraguay.) ....cc ccs e eres ectensonenons 3. foster?. 
2b’. 34-3°5 mm. Brain-case less swollen. 
a. Colour darker and richer. (Brazil.)..... . 4. nasutus. 
b?. Colour pale and dull. (N. Argentina.) .. 5. aneilla. 
b, Forearm 43 mm, (Amazonia.) ..........006. 6. pamana. 


1. Promops centralis, sp. n. 


Size largest of the genus. Colour dark rich blackish 
brown ; bases of hairs more prominently white than in the 
next species, 

Forearm of type 54 mm. ; metacarpal of third finger 
56 mm. 

Skull: greatest length from occiput to base of incisors 
20-2; condyle to front of canine 19°3; maxillary tooth-row 
83; m’ and m? on outer edge 4:5. 

Flab. N. Yucatan, Central America. 

Type. Adult female. B.M. no. 94. 2.5.4. Collected by 
G. F. Gaumer. Presented by Osbert Salvin, Esq. Three 
specimens. 


2. Promops occultus, sp. n. 


Slightly smaller than P. centralis, the skull hardly smaller, 
though there is proportionally more difference in the teeth. 
Colour rather less rich brown, and with less white at the 
bases of the hairs. 

Forearm of type 51 mm. ; third metacarpal 54:5. 

Skull: greatest length 20; condyle to front of canine 
18°8; maxillary tooth-row 7:9; m’ and m? on outer 
edge 4'0. 

Hab. Paraguay. Type from Sapucay. 

Type. Adult female. B.M. no. 2. 4.11.24. | Original 
number 714, Collected 6th March, 1902, by W. Foster. 
‘wo skins and two spirit-specimens. 

The great difference between this and the other Paraguayan 
species, P. fosteri, had not been previously noted owing to the 
fact that, the Museum being well supplied with specimens 
of P. fostert, the skulls were left in the spirit-specimens, and 
the skins were made into duplicates and have only now had 
their skulls cleaned, 


Bats of the Genus Promops. 63 


3. Promops fosteri, Thos, 


Size markedly smaller than in the two previous species. 
Brain-case unusually swollen, much more so than in 
P. nasutus. 

Forearm of type 48°5 mm. ; third metacarpal 50. 

Skull: greatest length 18°5 ; condyle to front of canine 17 ; 
maxillary tooth-row 6°8 ; m’ and m? on outer edge 3°7. 

Hab, Paraguay. Type from Villa Rica. 

type, BM no. 1.8. 1217. 


4. Promops nasutus, Spix. 


Size rather smaller than in P. fosteri, the brain-case much 
less swollen. Colour similarly dark and rich. 

Forearm of type, measured by Peters, 47°5 ; upper tooth- 
row 7°. 

Bahian specimen :—Forearm 48:5, third metacarpal 50. 

Skull: greatest length 17°6 ; condyle to front of canine 
16°2 ; maxillary tooth-row 6°7 ; m* and m? on outer edge 3°5. 

Flab. E. Brazil. Type from Rio Sao Francisco. 

Type in Munich Museum. 


5. Promops ancilla, sp. n. 


Size and cranial characters as in P. nasutus, Hairs of 
body not or scarcely passing on to interfemoral membrane. 
Colour paler and more drabby brown—upper surface rather 
paler than “‘mummy-brown” ; under surface similar, but 
still paler, the white bases to the hairs well marked and 
prominent, the long hairs of the flank and axillary region 
nearly wholly white. 

Dimensions of the type :— 

Forearm 50 mm.; third metacarpal 53°7. 

Skull: greatest length 17°5 ; condyle to front of canine 
16°4; maxillary tooth-row 6°8 ; m* and m? on outer edge 3-4. 

Hab. N. Argentine. Type from Cachi, Salta. Alt. 
2500 m.; a specimen from Tucuman. 

Type. Adult male. B.M. no. 6.5.8.4. Collected 13th 
April, 1905, by J. Steinbach. Three specimens, 

I should have been inclined to call this bat, which was 
first obtained by Sr. Dinelli in 1902, a subspecies of 
P. nasutus, but, as the Paraguayan P. fosteri comes between 
the ranges of the two, we must await further material before 
presuming that intermediate specimens occur, 


G4 Mr. G. A. Boulenger on 


6. Promops pamana, Miller. 


Forearm only 43 mm. in length, Third metacarpal 44°5. 

Hab. Upper Purus River, Amazonia. Type from Hynta- 
naham. 

Type in U.S. National Museum, No. 105528. 

Described on a specimen without skull. 


1X.—Descriptions of Two new Lizards from Australia. 


By G. A. Boutencer, F.R.S. 
(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.) 


Amona the reptiles collected by Dr. R. Scharff on his visit 
to Australia with the British Association and submitted to me 
for identification, I have found examples of two unknown 
Scineid lizards, which are here described. Dr. Scharff has 
kindly allowed me to keep the types for the British Museum. 


Lygosoma schar ff. 


Section Siaphos. Habit lacertiform ; the distance between 
the end of the snout and the fore limb is contained once and 
a half in the distance between axilla and groin; fore limb 
tetradactyle, hind limb pentadactyle. Snout short, rather 
pointed. Lower eyelid with an undivided transparent disk. 
Nostril pierced in the nasal; no supranasal ; frontonasal 
nearly as long as broad, forming a broad suture with the 
rostral; no prefrontals; frontal slightly longer than the 
frontoparietals, in contact with the first and second supra- 
oculars ; four supraoculars, first smallest ; seven supraciliaries ; 
frontoparietals distinct, longer than interparietal ; parietals 
forming a suture behind the interparietal ; a pair of nuchals 
and a pair of temporals border the parietals ; fourth upper 
labial below the centre of the eye. Har-opening minute. 
20 smooth scales round the middle of the body, dorsals 
largest. Preanals feebly enlarged. Fore limb reaching 
between the ear and the eye; fingers short, third slightly 
longer than second; hind limb nearly as long as the distance 
between the end of the snout and the fore limb; toes 
short, third and fourth equal, with 14 or 15 smooth lamellz 
inferiorly. Dark brown above, with lighter dots, brownish 
white beneath; a blackish lateral streak on the posterior 
part of the body and on the tail; brown spots on the lower 


lip. 


new Lizards from Australia. 65 


mm. 
Total length’... cue... cist iestbae ess 57 
Heads ssn kan kin tack ot ee oaeienhen on 7 
Widthiotheads.cici.t= scence ae ae 4 
Body ecm kn ue vee be ehe meee 23 
BOTS Lem Bircy.Fereyctote tote ores Ct 7 
etstrieh Lierahy 2 21-9... >. a tarcte G ore ce 10 
Pail (reproduced) —..:.:..:.:.'<s'0''nta’ata'eviete 27 


A single specimen from One Tree Hill, near Brisbane. 

This very distinct species is easily distinguished by the 
number of digits, all other Australasian and Malayan species 
of the section Siaphos having either five or three digits to 
both limbs. Among the African species * the digits are 
either 5+5 all well developed, 5+5 with the pollex rudi- 
mentary or clawless, 4+4, or 4+3. This is the first- 
discovered species witli digits 4+5, 

Both this and the following lizard are good examples of 
the fallacy, fiom the point of view of natural relationships, 
of basing genera on the number of digits in the family 
Scincide. 


Lyjosoma peronii, var. tridactylum. 


Body much elongate; limbs very weak, tridactyle; the 
distance between the end of the snout and the fore limb is 
contained twice to twice and one-third in the distance between 
axilla and groin. Snout short, obtuse. Lower eyelid with 
an undivided transparent disk. Nostril pierced in the nasal ; 
no supranasal ; frontonasal broader than long, forming a 
suture with the rostral and with the frontal ; latter shield as 
long as the frontoparietals, as large as or a little smaller than 
the interparietal, in contact with the first and second supra- 
oculars ; four supraoculars, second largest; seven supra- 
ciliaries ; parietals forming a suture behind the interparietal ; 
three pairs of nuchals ; fifth upper labial below the centre of 
the eye, from which it is separated by a series of suboculars. 
Ear covered with scales, indicated by a depression. 18 or 20 
smooth scales round the middle of the body, dorsals largest. 
A pair of enlarged preanals. The length of the hind limb 
equals the distance between the centre of the eye and the 
fore limb ; third toe considerably longer than second. ‘Tail 
thick, nearly once and a half the length of head and body. 
Bronzy brown above, most of the scales with a dark brown 
dot; a black dorso- lateral line ; ; sides grey, speckled with 
black; lower parts whitish, spotted with black. 


* Cf. Boulenger, Tr. oe Soe. xix. 1909, p. 243. 
Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol. xvi, 5 


66 Mr. G. Dollman on the African Shrews 


mm, 
Total length ....<4es0is ean nunee eine ‘110 
Head . ook oe oe an CN RR ee 8 
Width of head; <s <s,ca. shack ee tes 5 
Body ys eve vines eybas veers were 102 
Fore mih:;. vssnereene euctere: a ee 8 
Hind limb, 333 sch ieee eke 12 
Tail .. a. sseeeee eee in Tea bo oe - 65 


Three specimens obtained at Yallingup, S.W. Australia. 

The above description is almost an exact reproduction of 
that of ZL. peronti*, except for the absence of the fourth 
digit—a character which is common to the three specimens 
collected at Yallingup. As, however, among a large number 
of typical LZ. peronti from the Coolgardie district, W. Aus- 
tralia, presented by Mr. L. C. Webster, I find one with four 
fingers and three toes, I think it preferable to describe the 
tridactyle form as a variety or subspecies rather than as a 
species. 

This interesting lizard adds a link to the chain of closely 
allied forms of the section Hemiergis :— 


Lygosoma initiale, Werner. Digits 5+5. 


peronii, Fitz. » 4+4 (rarely 443). 
— , var. tridactylum. 93 1rd es j 
decresiense, Fitz. es vi’ Ot ee 


guadrilineatum, D.& B. 4, 242. 


X.—On the African Shrews belonging to the Genus 
Crocidura.—III. By Guy Dotiman. 


(Continued from vol. xv. p. 575.] 


Group 6 (zaphiri and olivieri). 


Size large. Colour above slaty brown or pale umber. Third upper 
unicuspids broader than second, 


(23) Crocidura zaphiri, sp. n. 
A dull, slaty, cinnamon-coloured species, with small upper 
unicuspids and a very bristly tail. 
* Dr. Werner has proposed the name L. quadridigitatum to replace 
that of L. peronii, Fitz., on the assumption that Fitzinger’s name is more 
recent than that of L. peronii, D. & B. But it is the reverse, and the 


latter species should bear the name LZ, blackmanni, De Vis, if both are 
placed in the same genus. 


belonging to the Genus Crocidura. 67 


Size of body rather less than in nyanse, more as in olivieri. 
Fur fairly long, hairs on back 6-6°5 mm. in length, 


Colour above dull cinnamon-brown mixed with dark slate- 


grey, the new pelage about as in “deep mouse-grey ” mixed 
with “ fuscous,” and the worn coat “ Prout’s brown ” washed 
with “ Saccardo’s umber.” Flanks rather more slaty, the 
transition to the slate-grey of the ventral surface gradual 
and indistinct. Belly dark slate washed with greyish buff 
(‘deep neutral grey” washed with “light greyish olive”), 
darker than in nyanse@ or olivieri. Backs of hands and feet 
dirty buff. Tail shorter than in nyanse, brown above, a 
trifle paler below ; bristle-hairs exceptionally numerous and 
long, from 14 to 17 mm. in length, and densely distributed 
throughout nearly the entire length of the tail, greyish in 
colour. , 

Skull with narrow maxillary region; teeth smaller than in 
nyanse, oliviert, or doriana, about as in flavescens. Upper 
unicuspids small, especially the second, which appears con- 
siderably smaller than the third when viewed from above; 
last upper molar broad. 

Dimensions of the type (measured in the flesh) :— 

Head and body 105 mm.; tail 60; hind foot 185; 
ear 11. 

Skull (broken) : length of palate 11:9 ; least interorbital 
breadth 4°6; greatest maxillary breadth 7:7; length of 
upper tooth-row 12:3. 

Hab. Charada Forest, Kaffa, Abyssinia. 

Type. Adult female. B.M. no. 6.11.1.12. Original 
number 100. Collected on June 2nd, 1905, by Mr. Zaphiro, 
and presented to the British Museum by W. N. McMillan, 
Esq. 

The chief diagnostic characters of this species are the dull 
slaty-brown colouring, the great development of the caudal 
bristle-hairs, and the small size of the second upper uni- 
cuspids. Crocidura macrodon, Dobs., which is supposed to 
have come from the Sudan, is a very much smaller animal, 
the hind foot being only 14 mm. in length. 


(24) Crocidura olivieri, Less. 
Sorex oliviert, Lesson, Man. Mamm. p. 121 (1827). 


A pale coffee-brown-coloured species allied to zaphiri. 
About equal in size to flavescens, rather smaller than in 
the nyanse group. Fur of back fairly short, hairs from 5 to 


6 mm. in length. 
he 


68 Mr. G. Dollman on the African Shrews 


General colour of upper parts considerably paler than in 
zaphiri, near “ Saccardo’s umber” mixed with “ Prout’s 
brown,” the brownish tint changing on the lower flanks 
rather abruptly into the greyish white of the belly ; ventral 
surface “ light greyish olive,” paler than in nyanse or zaphiri, 
almost as pale as in doriana, but more silvery. Lateral gland 
white. Backs of hands and feet brownish. Tail dark 
brownish above and below, bristle-hairs long and fairly 
numerous, evenly distributed over the basal two-thirds. 

Skull smaller and narrower than that of nyanse. Teeth 
like those of zaphiri, third upper unicuspid larger in trans- 
verse section than the second. Basal cusp of anterior upper 
incisors quite small, as in zaphiri, doriana, and the nyanse 
group. 

Dimensions of five specimens from Giza, Egvpt (two 
measured in the flesh and the others preserved in spirit) :— 


Head and body. Tail. Hind foot. Ear. 


mm, mm, mm, min, 
SGN ks eee oe 106 69 20 10 
Oy ca) Agel coe 110 65 18 10 
Ho unt Vo tere hes 106 70 19 12 
@ TOP Denies 58 94 64 19 105 
Fo Aen, eae 93 63 175 104 . 


Skulls :— 
d-) 8-\. Qe 2s. eae 


mm. mm. mm, mm, mm mm. 
Condylo-incisive length .... 285 29 28 28 28 273 


Greatest breadth .......... 18 118 2 413 
Least interorbital breadth .. 55 653 6 53 5 5 

Length of palate .......... 127° 127 121 119 Woe 

Postpalatal length ........ 12. 125 117 122@190 (ie 
Greatest maxillary breadth.. 89 92 89 89 89 88 
Median depth of brain-case.. 67 64 63 62 62 63 
Length of upper tooth-row.. 13:71 12:9 12:'7 125 12:1* 125 


Hab. Egypt. 

The much paler and yellower colour and less hairy tail 
immediately distinguish this Egyptian shrew from the 
Abyssinian zaphiri. 


* Tips of incisors worn off. 


belonging to the Genus Crocidura. 69 


Group 7 (beire and hirta). 


Size medium to fairly small. Colour above dull coffee-brown, bright 
reddish buff, greyish buff, or dull chocolate; ventral surface light 
grey, rather distinctly marked off from the brownish flanks, Second 
and third upper unicuspids about equal in size. 


(25) Crocidura beire, sp. un. 

Intermediate in size between flavescens and hirta. 

Colour rather duller than in jlavescens, above dark coffee- 
brown (‘“sepia” mottled with “neutral grey”), a shade 
darker than in the new unbleached coat of flavescens ; the 
worn pelage is not markedly different, rather longer and 
paler in colour (near “raw umber ”’), not nearly so bright in 
tint as in hirta or flavescens. Flanks rather greyer than 
back, the brown colour passing fairly abruptly into the pale 
grey of the ventral surface. Belly darker than in flavescens, 
in the new pelage ‘“smoke-grey,” more buffy in the older 
phase, near “ buffy brown.” Backs of hands and feet dirty 
white or brownish. ‘Tail long, rather more finely haired 
than in either flavescens or hirta, dark blackish brown above, 
brownish buff below ; bristle-hairs fairly numerous, white in 
colour. 

Skull markedly smaller than that of flavescens, but larger 
than in firta. Interorbital region rather narrow and more 
parallel-sided. Teeth like those of /lavescens in general 
shape, but much smaller. 

Dimensions of the type and three topotypes (measured 
in the flesh) :— 


Head and body. Tail, Hind foot. Ear. 


mm. mm. mm. mm. 
¢ (type). Beira... 103 55 16 10°5 
3. We fae HOG. 62 15 11 
d. gi miure "| WHO 55 16 11 
d. ees ialy Oh 50 155 10 

Skulls of type and three topotypes :— 

d(type) od. | GC. 3. 

me) En"? ana, “ta 

Condylo-incisive length.......... 25°3 24:5 25°38 25 
(rontest Dreadtlt <3 cn. cos ca 10:7 10°6 10°7 10°6 
Least interorbital breadth ........ 4:6 4:8 4:6 4°8 
Length of palate......2..0.05 10% Lora LO 106 105 
Postpalatal length ............4 11:2 10°9 11 ll 
Greatest maxillary breadth ...... 78 79 79 79 
Median depth of brain-case ...... 6°8 6:7 6°7 6°8 
Length of upper tooth-row ...... 10:9 10°6 A 10°9 


70 Mr. G. Dollman on the African Shrews 


Hab. Beira, Portuguese East Africa. 

Type. Adult male. B.M. no. 7. 6. 2.28. Original num- 
ber 1747. Collected on December 19th, 1906, by Mr.C. H.B. 
Grant, and presented to the British Museum by C. D. Rudd, 
Esq. 

lis smaller size and duller colouring distinguish this Beira 
species from the South-African flavescens ; the Tette form, 
hirta, is considerably brighter and lighter in colour and 
smaller in size. 


(26) Crocidura beire nyike, subsp. n. 


Related to the Beira species, darker in colour and with a 
rather longer brain-case, 

Size of body about as in deire. 

Colour of dorsal surface dark brown (“blackish brown (1) ” 
mixed with “ mummy-brown”), about as in the fumosa 
group, considerably darker than in bere. Flanks similar in 
colour to back, the tint fading rather gradually into the 
dark brownish grey of the belly ; underparts much darker 
and browner. Backs of hands and feet dark brown. Tail. 
dark brown above and below, not lighter on the lower side ; 
bristle-hairs fairly numerous, greyish brown in colour. 

Skull like that of deire, but with a rather longer and more 
flattened brain-case ; tooth-row a trifle shorter. 

Dimensions of type (taken from dry skin) and two topo- 
types (in spirit) :— 


Head and body. Tail. Hind foot. Ear. 


nm. mm, mm. mn. 
Q (type) ......6- 891 * 4. BO 16 9 
cee eee Ee & 93 52 16 11 
eee by ee 95 47 145 11 


Skulls of type and two topotypes :— 
2 (type). d- d. 


mm. mm, mm. 
Condylo-incisive length.......... 24:3 249 251 
Greatest breadth . .4.cij5.0c ox 10:3 10°7 10°5 
Least interorbital breadth ...... 49 47 4:8 
Lenpth of palate. o5..6 sees» 9:9 9:9 10-1 
Postpalatal lerigth 5 0.gp% 52 @s © 10:9 11:3 11:2 
Greatest maxillary breadth ...... Gai 8:2 7:8 
Median depth of brain-case ...... 58 6:2 6 
Length of upper tooth-row ...... 10°6 10°6 10:7 


Hab. Nyika Plateau, North Nyasaland. Altitude 6000- 
7000 feet. 


belonging to the Genus Crocidura. 71 


Type. Adult female. B.M. no. 97.10. 1.50. Collected 
in July 1896 by Mr. A. Whyte, and presented to the National 
Collection by Sir Harry Johnston. 

The much darker colour of the back, belly, and extre- 
mities, and dark ventral surface of the tail, and longer brain- 
case distinguish this Nyika form from the Beira shrew. 


(27) Crocidura hirta, Pet. 


Crocidura hirta, Peters, Reis. Mossainb., Siug. p. 78, pl. xviii. fig. 2 
(1852). 

Crocidura canescens, Peters, Reis. Mossamb., Siug. p. 83, pl. xviii. 
fic. 4 (1852). 

Crocidwra annellata, Peters, Reis. Mossamb., Saéug. p. 85, pl. xviii. 
fig. 5 (1852). 


A medium-sized cinnamon-brown species. 

Size smaller than in jflavescens or beire. 

Colour, in unbleached state, pale slaty grey overlaid with 
wavy rufous markings (‘‘ mouse-grey’’ washed with “ snuff- 
brown” and ‘“‘drab”’). In the worn pelage the colour is 
much redder, the grey of the hair-bases being completely 
hidden and the general colour bright yellowish brown 
(“russet’’). The tint changes on the flanks rather abruptly 
into the greyish white of the ventral surface. In the 
unbleached and immature pelage the transition is much more 
gradual, the ventral surface being considerably darker and 
more slaty, the creamy-white hair-tips not so dominant as in 
the worn coat. Lateral gland white. Backs of hands and 
feet dirty white or brownish. Tail of medium length and 
rather coarsely haired, brown above, paler below; bristle- 
hairs fairly numerous, evenly distributed over basal two- 
thirds, whitish in colour. 

Skull smaller than that of deire, with flatter and narrower 
brain-case and smaller teeth; second and third upper 
unicuspids about equal in size. 

Dimensions (as given by Peters) :— 


Head and Tail Hind foot. Length of Greatest 


body. : skull. breadth. 

mm. mm. mm. mm. mm. 
Geen ah OF 55 15 22'5 10 
Are) 50 14 21 9:25 
ie 2 eee, LO 45 14 21°75 95 


Hab. Tette, Portuguese East Africa. 
In the British Museum there is a very large series of 


72 Mr. G. Dollman on the African Shrews 


specimens from various localities which would appear to 
represent this species. The colour-change exhibited by these 
specimens is very remarkable, and for the present I am 
forced to conclude that hirta, canescens, and annellata are 
simply colour-phases of a single form. The immature grey 
coat, in which no rufous tint is present, is that described 
and figured for canescens. The gradual appearance of the 
rufous colouring, due to the bleaching of the hair-tips, gives 
the coat the same general appearance as is described and 
figured for annellata. Further bleaching results in the 
lengthening of the reddish hair-tips and complete conceal- 
ment of the slaty colour of the hair-bases, combined with a 
gradual lightening of the underparts, contrasting more 
strongly with the rufous-tinted flanks than in either the 
grey phase or the condition described as “ annellata.’ The 
dimensions given by Peters for canescens and annellata are 
as follows :— 


Head and £ ; Length of Greatest 
body. AS ETN us alfall, breadth. 
mm, mm. mm, mm. mm. 
canescens.... 80 46 13°5 7A 9 
annellata B.. 83 52 15 23 9:5 
” Gide 90 55 14 29 9-5 
= Q.. 72 45 14 22 9:5 


The following are the flesh-dimensions of seven specimens 
in the Museum Collection :— 


Head and body. Tail. Hind foot. 


mm, mm. mm, 
SC A ey ee 87 48 15 
3. Salisbury Eile isiipast dei 90 49 14 
ae pe Fees sieeve » 80 43 13 
Dy OT er suse tate 82 47 14 
©. E. Loangwa......,. 75 46 13°5 
dp Watenga. 2256) 0 a 90 53 15 
Si. AMVOIN | 5 xno. sates 90 44 16 


Tette. Mazoe. Loangwa. Angola. 


mm. mm. mm. mm, 
Condylo-incisive length...., , B17 -, OBS .2B 23°7 
Greatest breadth.......... ee oa) 9°8 9°5 10 

Least interorbital breadth.... 4°5 4:3 4:3 45 
Length of palate............ 88 96 94 98 
Postpalatal length .......... 9°3 9°9 10 10°2 
Greatest maxillary breadth .. 67 75 7:2 75 
Median depth of brain-case ., 53 53 5 ms) 
Length of upper tooth-row .. 93 10 96 10°3 


belonging to the Genus Crocidura. 73 


This species would appear to have a very wide distribu- 
tion; in the Museum Collection are specimens from the 
following localities :—Tette, Salisbury, Mazoe, 8. Nyasa, 
Loangwa, Katanga, and Angola. 


(28) Crocidura hirta flavidula, Thos. & Schw. 


Crocidura flavescens flavidula, Thomas & Schwann, P. Z. 8. p. 264 
(1905). 


In dimensions agreeing closely with hirta. 

Colour above (in worn pelage) more uniform than in the 
Tette species, the grey speckling not so dominant, general 
colour of back “ Prout’s brown” mixed with “ cinnamon- 
brown.” Flanks, ventral surface, extremities, and tail as in 
hirta. 

Skull rather larger than in the specimens described by 
Peters. 

Dimensions of the type and four topotypes (measured in 
the flesh) :— 


Head and Tail. Hind foot. Ear. 


body. 
mm, mm. mm. mm. 
3 (type). Umvolosi.... 102 51 14:5 10 
dé. 9 Lae ha Oa 48 13 9 
Oo FA otensty OF 49 13 9 
2 5 Be les) 50 12:5 9-7 
?, . 93 48 14 8 
Skull of type and two topotypes :— 
d (type). 9. 
mm. mm. mm. 
Condylo-incisive length,......... 23°5 23 23 
Greatest breadth ......se0-s00- 10 9°8 9°6 
Least interorbital breadth ...... 46 4-6 4:7 
ongily of palate =. sic cc cee ss 9°8 9:4 9°7 
Postpalatal length .............. 10°6 10°1 10 
Greatest maxillary breadth ...... 74 73 72 
Length of upper tooth-row ,..... 9°8 10°1 10 


Hab. Umvolosi, Zululand. 

Type. Adult male, B.M. no. 4. 12. 3. 29. 

This Zululand shrew would appear to be very closely 
related to the Tette species, and it seems best to regard it as 
a race of that form rather than of the much larger and very 
much more distinct flavescens. 


74 Mr. G. Dollman on the African Shrews 


(29) Crocidura hirta pondoensis, Roberts. 


Crocidura pondoensis, Roberts, Ann, Trans. Mus. vol. iv. pt. 2, p. 71 
(1913). 

Closely allied to h. flavidula. 

Size about as in hirta; tail a little longer than in A. fla- 
vidula. 

Colour described as the same as in flavescens (=cinna- 
momea). 

Dimensions of the type (as given by Roberts) :— 

Head and body 78 mm. ; tail 59; hind foot 13; ear 10. 

Skull: condylo-incisive length 22; basal length 19; 
greatest breadth 9°5 ; length of upper tooth-row 9°3. 

The range of variation in size is given as follows :— 

Head and body 68-84 mm. ; tail 51-59; hind foot 13-14; 
condylo-incisive length 20 6-22'1; greatest breadth 8-9-9°6 ; 
upper tooth-row 9-9°6. 

Hab, Ngqueleni District, Pondoland. 

Type. Male. Transvaal Mus. no. M. 901. 


(30) Crocidura sacralis, Pet. 
Dia re sacralis, Peters, Reis. Mossamb., Saug. p. 82, pl. xviii. fig. 3 
(1852). 

A rather small species, with short, fairly thick tail. 

Size of body about as in buéleri. 

Colour of upper parts pale brownish buff, rather paler on 
the flanks, the tint gradually passing inte the greyish white 
of the ventral surface. Backs of hands and feet whitish. 
Tail short, thick at base, dirty brown above, greyish white 
below. 

Skull smaller than that of Airta, about as in smithi. 
Teeth much as in Airta, but third upper unicuspid rather 
smaller than second. 

Dimensions of the type (as given by Peters) :— 

Head and body 70 mm. ; tail 37; hind foot 13; ear 7. 

Skull: length 21; greatest breadth 8°5. 

Hab. Cabaceira Peninsula, Mozambique. 

Type. In Berlin Museum. 


(31) Crocidura mariquensis, Smith. 
Sorex marrquensis, Smith, Il. Zool. §. Afr. i. pl. xliv. fig. 1 (1849). 


Size about as in hirta, but with smaller skull and teeth. 
Colour described as “ brownish red, the head and tail 


belonging to the Genus Crocidura. 75 


lightest, the throat, breast, and belly the same colour, only 
lighter and with a distinct tint of pearly grey.’ Smith’s 
co-types, which are preserved in the British Museum, are so 
faded as to make it impossible to add to this brief descrip- 
tion to any extent. The ventral surface appears to have 
been darker than in hirta, and merges very imperceptibly 
into the brownish tint of the flanks. Backs of hands and 
feet brownish. ‘Tail brownish above, paler below; bristle- 
hairs apparently about as in hirta. The coloured figure 
given by Smith is quite unlike either his description or the 
co-types now before me; it is evident that either some 
radical change has taken place in the pigment used or else 
the artist has painted some entirely different animal ; the 
dimensions are those of mariquensis, but the colouring is 
more like what is found in the genus Neomys. 

Skull smaller than that of hirta, with narrower muzzle 
and smaller teeth; small upper unicuspids about equal in 
size. 

Dimensions of adult co-type (45. 7. 3. 37) :— 

Head and body 84°6 mm.; tail 48; hind foot 15. 

Skull (occipital region broken): length from front of 
upper incisors to junction of sagittal and lambdoidal sutures 
19°2; greatest breadth 9:4; least interorbital 4; length of 
palate 8; greatest- maxillary breadth 6-1 ; median depth of 
brain-case 5°5 ; length of upper tooth-row 8°6. 

Hab. “Wood near the Tropic of Capricorn,” South 
Africa. 

Co-types. B.M. nos. 45. 7. 3. 37 and 45. 7. 3. 60. 

The affinities of this species are extremely difficult to 
decide, the co-types being in such a bad state of preserva- 
tion that it is almost impossible to come to any conclusion 
regarding the general colour or exact dimensions. For the 
present it seems most convenient to regard it as related to 
the Airta group. 


(82) Crocidura hindei, Thos. 


Croeidura hindei, Thomas, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) vol. xiv. p. 237 
(1904), 


Allied to hirta, but distinguished by its larger skull and 
teeth. 

Size of body much as in hirta. 

Colour of dorsal surface bright reddish fawn (near 
“russet””? mixed with “ Prout’s brown”), the fawn tint 


76 Mr. G. Dollman on the African Shrews 


passing rather abruptly into the light greyish white of the 
underparts. Backs of handsand feet white. ‘Tail brownish 
above, white below; bristle-hairs numerous. The immature 
pelage of this species would appear to be considerably 
greyer than in the adult stage, as is the case in hirta, the 
reddish tint only appearing as the hair-tips become bleached. 

Skull rather larger than that of Airta, with larger teeth ; 
upper unicuspids broad, with well-developed cingula, which 
project beyond the external alveolar border, second and 
third upper unicuspids about equal in size, 

Dimensions of the type (from dry skin) :— 

Head and body (stretched) 95 mm.; tail 50; hind foot 14. 

Skull: condylo-incisive length 24°5; greatest breadth 24:3 ; 
least interorbital breadth 4°4; length of palate 10 ; post- 
palatal length 11 ; greatest maxillary breadth 7°8 ; depth of 
brain-case 5°8 ; length of upper tooth-row 10°6. 

Hab. Machakos, British Kast Africa. 

Type. Adult female. B.M. no. 1. 8. 7. 2. 

This species is undoubtedly closely related to the hirta 
group, agreeing with it in general colouring, but possessing 
a larger and heavier skull. 


(33) Crocidura hindei diana, subsp. n. 


A pale brownish-buff form related to hindei, but with 
narrower unicuspids, 

Size about as in hindet. 

Colour of upper parts (in worn pelage) very pale brownish 
buff (near “ wood-brown ”), the grey hair-bases not nearly 
so dominant as in hindei. Underparts rather whiter. Ex- 
tremities and tail quite as in the East-African species. 

Skull similar in shape; upper unicuspids narrower, the 
cingula not projecting out beyond the external alveolar 
border. 

Dimensions of the type (measured in the flesh) :— 

Head and body 86 mm.; tail 48; hind foot 14; 
ear 7. 

Skull (occipital region broken): length from front of 
incisors to junction of sagittal and lambdoidal sutures 22°3 ; 
greatest breadth 10°3 ; least interorbital breadth 4°5 ; length 
of palate 10 ; greatest maxillary breadth 7:3 ; median depth 
of brain-case 4°9 ; length of upper tooth-row 10°4, 

Hab. Lake Chad. 


belonging to the Genus Crocidura. 77 


Type. Adult female. B.M. no. 7. 7.8.50. Original 
number 11. Collected by the late Captain Boyd Alexander 
during the Alexander-Gosling Expedition. 

The narrower unicuspids and paler colour separate this 
form from hindei, hirta, and the allied races. 


}(384) Crocidura sericea, Sund. . 
Sorex sericeus, Sundevall, Vet.-Ak. Handl. Stock. pp. 173 & 177 
(1842). 
Crocidura strauchii, Dobson, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. p. 225 (1890). 


Allied to the hirta and hindet groups, general dimensions 
rather larger. 

Colour very variable, the usual bleached pelage grey 
washed with cinnamon-brown, the general effect as in 
‘“‘snuff-brown ” speckled with “neutral grey.” In some 
cases where the bleaching process has been carried still 
further the grey tint is much less conspicuous, the colour 
between “snuff-brown” and “cinnamon-brown.” Under- 
parts pale greyish white, the transition from the reddish 
brown to the light grey rather sudden. Backs of hands and 
feet dirty white or buff. Lateral gland white-haired. Tail 
brownish above, white below; bristle-hairs very long and 
conspicuous, evenly distributed over nearly the entire length 
of the tail. 

Skull with a rather larger brain-case than in hindei ; teeth 
about equal in size, small upper unicuspids narrower, more 
oval in transverse section, and of equal size. 

Dimensions of the type (as given by Sundeyall) :— 

Head and body 90 mm.; tail 49; hind foot 14. 

Skull: length 22; interorbital breadth 45. 

The following are the dimensions of a series in the 
Museum Cvliection (measured in the flesh) :— 


Head and body. = Tail. Hind foot. 


mm. mm. mm, 
6. Bahr-el-Ghazal .... 94 55 15 
dé. Pe AeA bate Le 60 15 
2. 4 te ee OU 60 15 
—. Fashoda .......... 105 65 15 
o. Lake No, Sudan.... 87 62 15 
oe + BAS Pit ot) we 53 15 


78 Mr. G. Dollman on the African Shrews 


Skull-dimensions :— 


9. 


d: é. 2. 
Lake No. Bahr-el- Bahr-el- — Bahr-el- 


Ghazal. Ghazal. Ghazal. 


mm. mim. mm, mm. 
Condylo-incisive length .. 25 25 24:5 24:8 
Greatest breadth ........ 10-7 10°6 10°7 10°4 
Least interorbital breadth. 45 45 5 4:8 
Length of palate ........ 10°3 10°4 98 10 
Postpalatal length ...... ll 11 10°9 ll 
Greatest maxillary breadth. 7:5 78 78 (kil 
Median depth of brain-case. 55 55 55 55 
Lengthof upper tooth-row. 10:8 108 105 10-7 


Hab. Near Bahr-el-Abiad. 


(35) Crocidura beta, sp. n. 


Darker than hindei, with a considerably smaller and 
narrower skull. . 

Size of body given as about in the Machakos form, hind 
foot smaller. 

Colour of upper parts dull chocolate-brown (near “ sepia ”’) 
mottled with greyish buff, the brownish tint gradually fading 
on the flanks and passing rather imperceptibly into the 
greyish white of the ventral surface. Belly rather strongly 
tinged with yellow, a condition probably due to some 
secretion of the lateral glands, which are marked by a streak 
of short white hairs. Backs of hands and feet dirty buff. 
Tail darker above than in hindei, as dark as the general 
colour of the back, below white ; bristle-hairs numerous, 
white in colour. 

Skull considerably smaller, with narrower and_ rather 
flatter brain-case. Teeth all a little smaller, second and 
third unicuspids less circular in trausverse section, more 
triangular, and crushed closely together. 

Dimensions of the type (measured in the flesh) :— 

Head and body 85 mm.; tail 45; hind- foot 12°5; 
ear 12°5. 

Skull: condylo-iucisive length 22°8; greatest breadth 9:7 ; 
least interorbital breadth 4:3 ; length of palate 9:5 ; post- 
palatal length 10; greatest maxillary breadth 7°5 ; median 
depth of brain-case 5:1 ; length of upper tooth-row 10. 

Hab. Charnia River, British East Africa. 

Type. Adult male. B.M. no. 12. 7.1.67. Original 
number 10. Collected on December 23rd, 1910, by 


belonging to the Genus Crocidura, 79 


A. Blayney Percival, Esq., and presented by him to the 
British Museum. 

~ The much darker and duller colouring and smaller-sized 
skull separate this shrew from the Machakos hindev. 


(36) Crocidura velutina, Thos. 


Croctdura velutina, Thomas, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) vol. xiv. p. 287 
(1904). 


Size rather smaller than in hindei, but considerably larger 
than hildegardee. Fur quite short, the hairs on the back 
2-5-3°5 mm. in length. Colour above dull coffee-brown 
(between “mummy-brown” and “Prout’s brown”’), the 
hairs almost entirely brown, only the extreme basal portions 
slate-coloured. Brown tint on flanks passing fairly abruptly 
into the silver-grey of the ventral surface, but line of demar- 
cation less marked than in Aindei; belly rather greyer, less 
white. Backs of hands and feet dirty white. ‘Tail brown 
above, a trifle paler below, not sharply as bicoloured as in - 
hindei ; bristle-bairs short and slender. 

Skull in general shape very like that of hindei. .Teeth 
about equal in size, the second upper unicuspid appearing 
rather smaller in transverse section than the third. 

Dimensions of the type (measured from dry skin) :— 

Head and body 83 mm.; tail 47 ; hind foot 14. 

Skull (occipital region broken): length of palate 9:8 ; 
greatest breadth 9; greatest maxillary breadth 7° 4 ; length 
of upper tooth-row 10:1. 

’ Hab. Usambara, German East Africa. 

Type. Adult. B.M. no. 99.6. 25.1. 

The chief characters which serve to distinguish this shrew 
from hindei are its duller colour, darker extremities and tail, 
and the rather smaller size of the second upper unicuspids. 


(37) Crocidura lutrella, Hell. 


Crocidura lutrella, Heller, Smith. Mise, Coll. vol. lvi. no. 15, p. 4 
(1910). 


Smaller than velutina, with dorsal and ventral surfaces 
sharply contrasted. 

Colour of upper parts described as “light broccoli-brown, 
this colour descending on the sides unchanged. 43 Unaaee 
parts ‘from level of mouth and iuderside of tail light 
greyish buff,’ in marked contrast to the darker dorsil 


80 Dr. W. A. Cunnington on the 


surface. Feet whitish. Lateral glands white. Tail covered 
by scattered long white hairs throughout its whole length. 

Skull about equal in length to that of jacksoni. 

Dimensions of the type (as given by Heller) :— 

Head and body 80 mm. ; tail 40; hind foot 12. 

Skull: condylo-incisive length 21; greatest breadth 9°83 ; 
length of upper tooth-row 9. 

Hab. Rhino Camp, Lado Enclave. 

Type. Adult male. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 164640. 

The smaller dimensions at once distinguish this shrew 
from hindei and its allies, while its light underparts, distinetly 
marked off from the darker dorsal colouring, render it quite 
distinct from the jacksoni group. 


[To be continued. ] 


X1.—On the Entomostraca of the Albert Nyanza, 
By WixuiaM A. Cunnineron, M.A., Ph.D. 


THE scientific exploration of the great lakes of Central Africa 
has never been undertaken systematically ; therefore it is 
hardly a matter for surprise that in some cases we still know 
relatively little of the smaller and more obscure forms of life 
which no doubt exist in them. In consequence of the very 
exceptional nature of the fauna of Tanganyika, no less than 
three British Expeditions (the most recent of which I had 
the honour to conduct) have been sent to investigate that 
lake. ‘Though Tanganyika was, of course, the first con- 
sideration, a good deal of attention was paid to other lakes, 
particularly Nyasa and Victoria Nyanza, while Prof. Moore, 
on his second expedition, visited Kivu, Edward Nyanza, and 
Albert Nyanza in addition. It is, however, the fact that 
Albert Nyanza has received comparatively little attention, 
and it therefore becomes the more desirable to place on 
record any additional information concerning it. 

In order to get a knowledge of the plankton organisms, it 
is clearly necessary to secure a series of tow-nettings, and, as 
far as 1 am aware, this had never been attempted for Lake 
Albert until the summer of 1907. In July of that year 
a small quantity of material was obtained by my friend 
Dr. R. T. Leiper, Helminthologist to the London School of 
Tropical Medicine, who was accompanying an expedition 
despatched to Uganda by the Egyptian Survey Department. 
After collecting two samples, one from the surface and the 
other from near the bottom in about 30 feet of water, 


Entomostraca of the Albert Nyanza. 81 


Dr. Leiper was unfortunate enough to lose his nets, and 
thereby his opportunity for further work in this direction. 
These tow-nettings were taken at the north end of Lake 
Albert opposite Magungo. On his retern home, Dr. Leiper 
kindly handed over to me his two tubes of plankton, with a 
view to their examination. 

Certain of the groups of organisms thus collected have 
already been reported on by experts, notably the Algz by 
Prof. G. 8S. West (Journ, Bot. vol. xlvii. 1909, p. 244) and 
the Rotifera by Mr. C. F., Rousselet (Proc. Zool. Soc. 1910, 
p. 797), but no account has been given as yet of the Entomo- 
straca. 

In March 1908 the German Central Africa Expedition, 
under the leadership of the Duke of Mecklenburg, visited 
Lake Albert and made considerable collections, including, of 
course, samples of the plankton. Although the scientific 
results of this expedition are still in course of publication, 
the sections dealing with the Cladocera and Copepoda have 
already appeared, and naturally treat of forms taken for the 
most part by the tow-net. 

The collections of Ostracoda and Copepoda which I made 
in Tanganyika, Nyasa, and Victoria Nyanza were very fully 
reported on by Prof. G. O. Sars; therefore it was to him 
that I sent Dr. Leiper’s Albert Nyanza material, and I am 
very grateful for the trouble he has taken in examining it. 
On comparing the list of forms identified by Prof. Sars with 
that given by van Douwe in his report on the Copepoda of 
the German Expedition (Wiss. Ergebnisse d. D. Zentral- 
Afrika Exp. 1907-1908, Bd. iii. 1912, p. 492), I was 
surprised to find that the former contained twice as many 
species of Copepoda, in spite of the paucity of material. 
Prof. Sars’s list also records the occurrence in the lake of a 
species of Qstracod, which thus renders its publication 
additionally important. 

Jt will, perhaps, be worth while to examine the few 
records of Kntomostraca from the Jake, and then to give a 
complete list of the forms which are at present known to 
occur. The three species of Copepods described by van Douwe. 
(op. eit.) are as follows :— 


Cyclops leuckarti, Claus *, 
oithonoides, Sars. 
Ergasilus kandti, sp. n. 


* Van Douwe cites this species on p. 489 as C. leuckarti, Sars, which 
is obviously an oversight. He refers to it quite correctly in a more 
recent paper on the Copepoda of the deccad German Central Africa 
Expedition. 


Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol. xvi. 6 


82 Dr. W. A. Cunnington on the 


It is necessary to explain that the form referred to as 
Cyclops oithonotdes, Sars, is in all probability not that species, 
which was originally described from Europe, but another 
which is widely distributed in Africa. On this point I have 
consulted Prof. Sars, than whom there could be no more 
competent authority, and { must express my indebtedness 
to him for writing to me about the matter at some length. 
As important questions of synonymy are involved, perhaps I 
may be permitted to quote from his letter. He says :-—“ The 
occurrence in Africa of the true C. otthonoides, G. O. Sars, 
has not yet been ascertained. What is so named by van 
Douwe and other authors is not that species, but either 
C. hyalinus, Rehberg (= C. crassus, Fischer), or C. nealectus, 
G. UO. Sars, probably the latter species. The only place in 
Africa where I have noted the former species is from the 
neighbourhood of Cape Town. These two species are very 
similar as to the outward appearance, though easily distin- 
guishable by the relative length of the innermost caudal seta, 
which in C. hyalines is about as long as the outer medial 
one, whereas in C. neglectus it is scarcely more than half its 
length. Both these species are quite certainly specifically 
distinct from C. oithonoides, which is of a much more slender 
form of body.”” (Compare also Sars, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1909, 
p- 51.) 

In one of the tow-nettings collected by Dr. Leiper I found 
very unexpectedly a young Argulid, so that a representative 
of this quite distinct group of parasitic Copepoda is to be 
included among the Entomostraca of the lake. The specimen 
is probably a male larval form of Argulus africanus, Thiele. 
It has already been referred to in my report on the Branchiura 
of the Third Tanganyika Expedition (Proc. Zool. Soc. 1913, 
p- 279). 

The only record of Cladocera, so far as I am aware, is that 
given by Brehm in his account of the Cladocera of the Duke 
ot Mecklenburg’s first expedition (Wiss. Ergebnisse d. D. 
Zentral-Atrika Exp. 1907-1908, Bd. iii. 1912, p. 167). 
From the tow-nettings taken in Lake Albert he obtained a 
single species of Daphnid, which he has described (p. 169) 
under the name of Daphne* monacha, sp.n. It is a form 
belonging to the magna group. The Cladocera contained in 
Dr. Leiper’s material I had intended to work out myself, but, 


* I cannot agree that it is necessary to reject the name Daphnia, 
which is almost universally applied to this genus. In a later paper on 
the Cladocera of the Second German Central Africa Expedition, Brehm 
himself refers to the genus as Daphnia. 


Hntomostraca of the Albert Nyanza. 83 


as I have not been able to do so yet, the species just noticed 
must remain as the only representative of the group now 
known from the lake. 

Proceeding now to combine these records with the list of 
forms identified by Prof. Sars from Dr. Leiper’s material, a 
complete list of the Hntomostraca which are at present known 
to occur in the Albert Nyanza will be obtained. 


Complete List of Entomostraca known from Albert Nyanza. 


(The letters in brackets which follow the author citation refer to the 
collections from which the forms in question have been obtained, 
namely :—L.=material collected by Dr. Leiper; S.=material collected 
by Dr. Schubotz during the German Central Africa Expedition, 1907- 
1908.) 


CLADOCERA. 


Daphnia monacha, Brehm (5.). 


OSTRACODA. 


Puracypria obtusa, G. O. Sars (L.). 


COPEPODA. 
IUCOPEPODA. 


Diaptomus galeboides, G, O. Sars (L.). 
Cyclops leuckarti, Claus (S., L.). 
neglectus, G. O, Sars (8., L.). 
agiloides, G. O. Sars (L.), 
angustus, G. O. Sars (L.), 

—— varicans, (+. O. Sars (L.). 
Ergasilus kandti, van Douwe (S.). 


BRANCHIURA, 


Argulus africanus, Thiele (L.). 


It will be seen that in all only ten species have hitherto 
been taken in Lake Albert. This is a smail number whien it 
is remembered that the lake in question has a superticial 
area of some 2000 square miles, and there is every reason to 
believe that it will be greatly increased when the lake has 
been adequately explored from the biological standpoint. 


St On a new Modiola and a new Tellina. 


XI1.—Descriptions of a new Modiola from Ceylon and of a 
new Tellina from New Caledonia. By H. B. Presron, 
F.Z.S. 


Modiola taprobanensis, sp. n. 


Shell inflated, irregularly trapezoidal, somewhat curved, 
polished, shining,covered with a dark olive-green periostracum, 
which becomes paler posteriorly and is rather wrinkled towards 
the anterior ventral region; both valves marked with irre- 
gular concentric growth-lines, angularly swollen anteriorly ; 
umbones much eroded; dorsal margin straight; ventral 
margin curved, slightly gaping in the middle; anterior side 
sharply rounded ; posterior side sloping, obliquely rounded 
below ; interior of shell nacreous, polished, bluish grey ante- 
riorly, brownish bronze posteriorly. 

Long. 875, lat. 18 mm, 

Hab, Ceylon. 


Modiola taprobanensis, Tellina viator. 


Tellina viator, sp. n. 


Shell thin, elongately ovate, bright pink, concentrically 
striate, the striz becoming much coarser anteriorly ; dorsal 
margin almost straight ; ventral margin scarcely rounded ; 
anterior side abruptly rounded ; posterior side sloping above, 
somewhat rostrate below. 

Long. 8, lat. 15 mm. 

Hab. Noumea, New Caledonia. 


THE ANNALS 


MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY. 
[EIGHTH SERIES.] 


No. 92. AUGUST 1915. 


XIIT.—A Trematode from Protopterus. 
By H. A. Bayuis, B.A. 


(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.) 
TuHrRouGH the kindness of Mr. G. A. K. Marshall, of the 


Imperial Bureau of Kntomology, an opportunity has recently 
been afforded me of studying a very interesting little Trema- 
tode parasite from the intestines of an African mud-fish 
'(Protopterus ethiopicus). A considerable number of specimens 
of the worm were obtained by Dr. G. D. H. Carpenter at 
Lake Victoria, Uganda. 

The species, which I believe to be new to science, possesses 
not only a borrowed interest on account of the much-discussed 
position of its host in the animal kingdom, and the fact that 
its parasites have not (so far as I am aware) hitherto been 
explored, but also considerable intrinsic interest on account of 
certain structural peculiarities and its probable systematic 
relationships. 

It is much to be regretted that the material was imperfectly 
fixed and rather macerated, rendering the cutting of satis- 
factory sections difficult, so that some of the details of the 
anatomy must remain for the present doubtful. The main 
features, however, have not been difficult to make out, and in 
collecting the data for the following description I have relied 
as far as possible upon specimens either temporarily cleared 
and mounted in creosote or stained and mounted whole in 


Ann. & May. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol. xvi. 7 


86 Mr. H. A. Baylis ona 


balsam. The various series of sections that have been cut 
have proved useful mainly in confirming conclusions at 


which I had previously arrived from the examination of the 
whole preparations. 


[Teterorchis crumenifer, gen. et sp. n.* 


EXTERNAL FEATURES. 


The contour of the animal, as seen from above or below, is 
oval, tapering slightly towards either end. Anteriorly the 
body i is flattened, but posteriorly the ventral side is much 
swollen by the development of the uterus, so that the body 
is more cylindrical in this region. The total length of the 
animal (without pressure) is about 3 mm., and its maximum 
width, under the same conditions, 1 mm. 

The exterior of the body is armed with small, flattened 
scales, semicircular in outline; they occur on the oral and 
ventral suckers and on the anterior part of the body, both 
dorsally and ventrally, extending backwards for a short 
distance behind the ventral sucker. Somewhat larger scales 
also occur along the sides of the body for about three-quarters 
of its length. The posterior end of the body is without 
scales, and in some of the older individuals many of the 
scales on the more anterior parts appear to have fallen off, 
leaving almost the entire body smooth. 

The oral sucker measures 0°38 to 0°46 mm. in diameter, 
and has a small opening. The ventral sucker is larger, 
having a diameter of 0°55-0°72 mm., and has a wide aperture. 
On an average, obtained from the measurements of nine 
individuals, the ratio of the diameter of the oral to that of the 
ventral sucker is nearly as 2:3. The ventral sucker is 
situated almost entirely within the anterior third of the body, 
its distance from the oral sucker being only about 0-4 mm. 

The genital aperture is situated anteriorly and ventrally, 
almost on the extreme left side of the body ; it is about equi- 
distant from the oral and ventral suckers. The cirrus is 
sometimes seen protruded from the aperture. 

On the dorsal side of the body there is a structure which 
is the most remarkable feature of the species. At a short 
distance from the posterior end there is a very large circular 
or transversely elliptical aperture, extending sometimes 
almost completely across the body from side to side, in speci- 
mens which have not been flattened by pressure. This 
opening leads forward into a spacious sac or pouch, The 


* A generic diagnosis is given on p. 95, 


Trematode from Protopterus. 87 
latter does not interfere at all with the natural contour of the 
body externally, but its aperture is very easily seen, and it is 
not difficult under a dissecting-microscope to insert a fine 
needle into it and to see that it passes forward without 
resistance into the sac. This large opening appears to be 
the aperture of the excretory apparatus, the terminal portion 
of which is probably represented by the sac. 


INTERNAL ANATOMY. 


Alimentary Canal—-The oral sucker leads into a very 
short prepharynx, surrounded by a cluster of “salivary ” 
glands. This is immediately followed by the almost spherical 
muscular pharynx, 0°18 mm. in length, and this again by a 
quite short oesophagus, dividing at once into two widely 
divergent intestinal ceca. The latter are unbranched, and 
extend nearly as far as the posterior end of the body and 
considerably beyond the yolk-glands, maintaining about the 
same width throughout. 

Genital Organs. —As already observed, the genital pore is 
situated very far towards the left side of the body, and at 
some distance Mm front of the ventral sucker. It leads into a 
small common “ atrium,” at the base of which, side by side, 
are the openings of the cirrus-sac and vagina. The cirrus- 
sac is large and muscular, the muscles being arranged 
longitudinally. It takes a dorsal direction at first from its 
. opening, then curves ventrally and over to the left side, 
ending behind or slightly to the left of the posterior edge of 
the ventral sucker. It contains a long eversible penis, which 
is apparently unarmed. The dista! portion of the cirrus-sac 
is lined with large, conspicuous, and deeply staining “ pro- 
static’ cells, which extend back to the level of the ventral 
sucker. The inner end contains a voluminous vesicula 
seminalis, divided by a constriction into a larger proximal 
and a smaller distal portion. The latter has a well-developed 
coat of circular muscle-bands. Immediately in front of it 
there is a small oval “ pars prostatica.” 

The two testes are unequal in size and asymmetrical in 
position. Both are elongate and sausage-shaped, with entire 
margins, but the right testis is almost “twice as long as the > 
left, the measurements being about 0°85 mm. and 0°5 mm. 
respectively. ‘lhe anterior end of the right testis is in close 
_ contact with the ovary, and it extends backwards nearly as 

far as the posterior limit of the vitelline glands on that side. 


The left testis is situated somewhat further forward, beginning 
rk 
( 


88 Mr. H. A. Baylis on a 


nearly at the same level as the ovary and close to the inner 
end of the cirrus-sac. 

The ovary is somewhat lobate and lies on the right side, 
close to and just behind the ventral sucker. It measures 


Heterorchis crumentfer. 


Ventral view of the entire animal, x 34. C.,, intestinal cecum; C.S., 
cirrus-sac; G., salivary glands; O.S., oral sucker; Ov., 
ovary; P., cirrus; Ph., pharynx; #.S., receptaculum seminis; 
T., left testis; 7.*, right testis; Ut., uterus; V., vitelline 
glands; Vag., vagina; V.S., ventral sucker; V.Sem., vesicula 
seminalis, 


about 0°35 mm, antero-posteriorly and 0°2 mm. transversely. 
Just behind the ovary there is a transversely elongated 
receptaculum seminis, lying somewhat obliquely and below 


Trematode from Protopterus. 89 


the anterior end of the right testis. Lying to the inner side 
of the ovary, and partly surrounding the receptaculum seminis, 
is the cluster of cells composing the shell-gland. 


Fig. 2. 


Heterorchis crumenifer. 


Dorsal view of the entire animal (diagrammatic), to show the dorsal 
excretory sac, etc. B., “bladder” of excretory vessel of left 
side (the dotted portions of the corresponding vessel and 
bladder on the right side are partly conjectural); C., intestinal 
cecum ; C.S., cirrus-sac; C.V., collecting excretory vessel of 
left side; E.Ap., aperture of excretory sac; E.S., excretory 
sac; O.S., oral sucker; Ov., ovary; P., cirrus ; Ph., pharynx ; 
Ut., uterus; V., vitelline glands; Vag., vagina. 


The vitelline glands consist of somewhat large and irre- 
gular lobes, arranged along the sides of the animal from 
about the level of the hinder edge of the ventral sucker 


90 Mr. H. A. Baylis on a 
. Fig. 3. 


Heterorchis erumenifer. 


Fig. 8.—Sagittal section, slightly to the right of the middle line (partly 
diagrammatic). B., “ bladder” of excretory vessel ; C.S., cirrus- 
sac; C.V., collecting excretory vessel; D., diverticulum of 
excretory sac; E.Ap., aperture of exeretory sac; E.S., cavity 
of excretory sac (on the ventral side of the sac part of its 
epithelium has become separated from the basement-membrane) ; 
O.S., oral sucker; R.S., receptaculum seniinis ; S., shell-gland ; 


Ut., uterus; Vag., vagina; V.S., ventral sueker; V.Sem., 
vesicula seminalis. 


Fig. 4,--Outline drawing of three eggs, highly magnified. In two of 


them the operculum is partly separated from the rest of the 
shell. 


" Trematode from Protopterus. 91 


backwards for about a third of the length of the body. They 
are situated almost entirely externally to the gut-branch on 
either side. The two vitelline ducts cross the body just 
behind the ovary, on the dorsal side, forming a straight line 
_ with one another. Owing to the obscurity caused by the 
excessive development of the uterus at this level, the precise 
relationships of the complex of organs and ducts belonging 
to the female apparatus have not been worked out, and the 
presence of Laurer’s canal remains uncertain. 

The uterus is very well developed and voluminous in most 
of the specimens. Passing backwards from its origin behind 
the ventral sucker, it forms a double sinuous loop in the 
hinder end of the body. It then turns forward and runs, 
still with a very sinuous course, up the middle of the body. 
In this region it becomes much swollen, giving the animal a 
very prominent contour on the ventral side, and is densely 
packed with eggs. Finally, it opens into a thick-walled 
vagina, which begins at the level of the hinder edge of the 
ventral sucker, and runs forward with a curve almost parallel 
to the cirrus-sac, with which it is about equalin length. The 
vagina has a strong coat of circular muscles. The fully formed 
eggs contained in the uterus are oval, and have a moderately 
thick brownish shell, with a distinct cap at one end, which 
is easily separated by slight pressure on the cover-glass, 
The eggs measure 0°04 mm. in length and 0:02 mm. in 
breadth. In a very young specimen, in which there were as 
yet few eggs in the uterus, they were found to have precisely 
the same dimensions as in the mature individuals. 

Excretory Organs.—The excretory system presents in this 
species an apparently unique condition. The presence of a 
very large and peculiar sac, with a comparatively enormous 
aperture, on the dorsal side, has already been mentioned. 
This sac appears to be lined with a special epithelium, con- 
sisting of a single layer of rather tall cells. Unfortunately, 
owing to the poor fixation of the material, I am unable to 
describe the nature of this epithelium more precisely, or to 
decide whether it is ciliated or not. At all events, it is clear 
that the sac is not merely lined with a continuation of the 
external cuticle of the animal. The cavity of the sac is 
usually filled with a mass of loose matter, which may be a 
product of excretion or may be of mucous nature. 

At its anterior end the sac gives off a small ventral diver- 
ticulum, into which, apparently (though not directly), the two 
main collecting vessels of the excretory system empty their 
contents. Ihave experienced great difficulty in seeing clearly 
the termination of both of these tubes in the same preparation 


92 Mr. H. A. Baylis on a 


owing to the manner in which they are obseured by the other 
organs. The diagram (fig. 2) shows in a schematic manner 
their probable relation to each other and to the dorsal sac. 
The proximal end of each tube appears to open into a small, 
elongate, bladder-like organ, which communicates with the 
diverticulum of the sac. Each tube runs forward to about 
the level of the hinder end of the pharynx, then doubles 
immediately backwards to run down the side of the body with 
a sinuous course, giving off frequent fine branches which end 
in flame-cells scattered among the parenchyme. The tubes 
are finally lost among the vitelline glands on either side. 
The “bladder” and collecting vessel of the left side lie: 
dorsally to the cirrus-sac, vagina, and intestinal cecum, 
while the apparatus of the right side appears to pass ven- 
trally below these structures. 


Note ON THE AFFINITIES OF THE SPECIES. 


On a general consideration of its structural characters this 
form seems to approach most closely to the Trematodes of 
the family Lepodermatide. Among the important features 
of this family (Odhner, 1911, p. 22) are the following :— 

‘The skin is armed with scales or spines, which generally 
oceur all over the body. The oral and ventral suckers are 
moderately close together. ‘The alimentary canal consists of 
prepharynx, pharynx, cesophagus, and two simple intestinal 
branches. ‘The excretory vesicle is Y-shaped, the division 
into the two arms of the Y occurring just behind the shell- 
gland and associated organs. ‘The genital pore is situated 
typically at a short distance in front of the ventral sucker, 
but more or less to the left of the middle line. [In Renifer 
and Ochetosoma this displacement is very marked, and the 
pore is nearly at the edge of the body; it is also situated far 
to the left in Lechritorchis.| The cirrus-sac is usually curved 
in a crescentic manner from its opening to its inner end, is 
provided with conspicuous longitudinal muscles, and has an 
internal seminal vesicle, a pars prostatica, and an eversible 
cirrus. ‘The ovary is on the right side, behind the ventral 
sucker. The left testis is usually somewhat in front of the 
right. A receptaculum seminis may or may not be present. 
The vitelline glands are at the sides of the body in the middle 
region, The eggs are from 0°02 to 0°05 mm. in length. 

In almost all the particulars enumerated above-the present 
species agrees, as will be seen from the foregoing description. 
The only points in which it is exceptional are the unequal 
size of the testes and the condition of the excretory system, 


Trematode from Protopterus. 93 


with the peculiar dorsal sac and wide aperture. In these 
respects, however, it appears to differ from any other known 
group of Trematodes as much as from the Lepodermatide. 
Taking into consideration, therefore, its general agreement 
with the members of this family, I am inclined to the view 
that it should be included here and regarded as a specialized 
form, whose peculiarities seem to require the creation of a 
new genus. The genera to which it appears to be most 
closely allied are Ochetosoma, Braun (1901, 1902), Renifer, 
Pratt (1903), and Lechriorchis, Stattord (1905; redefined by 
Nicoll, 1911). To all of these genera it bears a very close 
resemblance in most of its morphological features, among 
which the displacement of the genital pore towards the left 
side is especially important ; but it differs from all of them 
alike in the shape and unequal size of the testes, in the 
presence of a well-developed receptaculum seminis, and in 
the unique condition of the excretory apparatus. In all the 
three genera mentioned the testes are equal in size, more or 
less lobate, and not elongate, while the excretory vesicle has 
the usual shape of a Y, already mentioned as characteristic of 
the Lepodermatidee. In Renifer ellipticus and R. elongatus, 
Pratt (1903), the stem of the vesicle widens considerably in 
the middle, and the same seems to be the casein Lechriorchis 
validus, Nicoll (1911); but in all these cases the external 
pore is small and situated at the posterior end of the body. 

To what extent the specialization of this parasite may 
have been brought about by the fact of its inhabiting a host 
so specialized in structure and mode of life as Protopterus is 
a question of great interest, but one to which it is scarcely 
possible to attempt an answer. One is tempted to speculate 
on the possible function of the dorsal sac with its enormous 
aperture, and to question whether it is in any way an adapta- 
tion to the circumstances which arise owing to the eestivation 
of the host during the dry season—whetlher, for example, it 
is a reservoir for the excretory products during this period, 
or whether it may have an additional function, e. g., in sub- 
serving respiration. 

Quite apart from this question of function, the homologies 
of the various parts of the excretory system are by no means 
clear. It would be of great interest to decide whether the 
dorsal sac really represents the usual excretory vesicle of the 
digenetic Trematodes, or whether it is a new structure 
specially developed, possibly as an invagination of the 
external skin. ‘The latter view has a serious drawback in the 
existence of a special lining epithelium in the sac, which 
differs totally in character from the outer covering of the body. 


94 Mr. H. A. Baylis on a 


On the other hand, if the sac is homologous with the usual 
vesicle, the enormous size of its aperture and its dorsal position 
have to be accounted for, and there remain also as problems 
the terminal bladders of the two collecting vessels and the 
small diverticulum of the sac into which they apparently 
open. The histology of the walls of these various parts 
might be expected to throw some light on the question, and 
the evidence of my material, so far as it goes, seems to be 
that the thick epithelium of the sac is not continued into the 
diverticulum and the two ‘ bladders,” but that the latter have 
thin walls consisting of comparatively flattened cells, while 
the diverticulum has a considerably thinner epithelium than 
the large sac. Owing, however, to the imperfect preserva- 
tion for histological details, it is impossible to lay much stress 
on such a point. 

On the whole, I am inclined to the view that the sae and 
its diverticulum together probably represent the stem of the 
Y-shaped excretory vesicle of the Lepodermatidz, the two 
terminal bladders of the collecting-tubes being the homologues 
of the divergent anterior branches. Upon this view, the 
dorsal sac is not a new invagination from the exterior, but a 
modification of the terminal portion of the vesicle. How it 
has been developed to this extraordinary extent, and what 
may. be the advantage gained by having the aperture en- 
larged from a minute pore toa gaping opening nearly as wide 
as the whole animal, and, instead of being situated, as usual, 
at the posterior end of the body, moved forward to a position 
considerably anterior to this on the dorsal side, are at present 
unanswerable questions, 

I am not aware of any case among Trematodes in which 
the excretory pore has a similar size and position. In certain 
forms (e. g., Urogonimus) in which the genital pore is situated 
at the hinder end of the body, the excretory pore is displaced 
somewhat to the dorsal side. But in other Digenea, I 
believe, where the excretory pore or pores are not terminal, 
they open on the ventral side. In all cases the pores are 
minute, and closed either by a special sphincter muscle or by 
the ordinary musculature of the body-wall (Braun, 1893, 
p- 641). 

It is an interesting and somewhat remarkable fact that the 
members of the three genera (Ochetosoma, Lenifer, and 
Lechriorchis) which have already been mentioned as, appa- 
rently, the nearest relatives of the present species are, with 
very few exceptions, parasiticin snakes, Odhner has pointed 
out (1911, p. 55) that these genera, together with Pneumato- 
philus, Odh., and Leptophallus, Lithe, form within the family 


Trematode from Protopterus. 95 


Leptodermatide a well-marked group of parasites inhabiting 
the mouth, lungs, cesophagus, and stomach of snakes. It 
would seem that most of them havea preference for situations 
more or less accessible to the outer air. It is not a little 
striking, therefore, though probably a pure coincidence, that 
an allied form is now found inhabiting a fish which is 
specially adapted for breathing air. In this case, however, 
the parasite lives in the intestine, and I have no information 
to show that it could obtain access to the air. The relation- 
ship, moreover, if any, between the Dipnoi and the Reptilia 
is of the remotest character, and the presence of related para- 
sites in both groups probably has no special significance. 


The following is a provisional diagnosis of the new 
genus :— 


TIETERORCHIS, gen. nov. 


Lepodermatide ; with body flattened anteriorly, but much 
swollen posteriorly, covered at the anterior end and on the sides 
to near the posterior end with small scales. Csophagus very 
short ; intestinal ceca extending nearly to thé posterior end of 
the body. A very large excretory sac ts present on the dorsal 
side, with a very wide aperture situated dorsally at some dis- 
tance from the posterior end. Two main excretory vessels 
present. Crenital aperture situated midway between the oral 
and ventral suckers, almost at the extreme left side of the body. 
Cirrus-sac long and curved, containing a large vesicula 
seminalis (divided into a non-muscular proximal portion and 
a muscular distal portion), a small bulbous pars prostatica, 
numerous large prostatic cells, and a long eversible cirrus. 
Testes elongate, with entire margins ; unequal in size, the right 
testis being considerably longer and situated farther back than 
the left. Ovary lobate, on the right side, behind the ventral 
sucker. A receptaculum seminis present, behind the ovary. 
Yolk-glands occupying about the middle third of the body, 
arranged in irregular masses along the sides. Uterus forming 
a double sinuous loop at the posterior end of the body, and 
having a very wide, sinuous ascending limb. Vagina running 
nearly parallel to the cirrus-sac, long and provided with strong 
circular muscles. Eggs 0'04 mm. in length. 

Type, H. crumenifer, sp. n.—with the characters of the 

renus. 

Hab. Intestine of Protopterus ethiopicus: Lake Victoria, 
Uganda. 

Syntypes in the British Museum (Natural History). 


96 Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell—Deseriptions and 


LITERATURE CONSULTED. 


Braun, M. 1893. “Trematodes” in Bronn’s ‘ Klassen und Ordnungen 
des Thier-reichs.’ 

——. 1901. “Zur Revision der Trematoden der Vogel.—IIL.” Centrbl. 

f. Bakt. Abth. 1, xxix. p. 941. 

1902. “ Fascioliden der Vogel.” Zool. Jahrb. (Syst.) xvi. p. 1. 

Lesour, M. V. 1913. “A new Trematode of the Genus Lechriorchis.” 
P. Z. 8. p. 938. 

Looss, A. 1899. “ Weitere Beitrag zur Kenntniss der Trematoden- 
Fauna Aegyptens.” Zool. Jahrb. (Syst.) xii. p. 521. 

—. 1902. ‘Ueber neue und bekannte Trematoden aus Seeschild- 
kroten.” Zool. Jahrb. (Syst.) xvi. p. 411. 

Nicott, W. 1911. “On Three new Trematodes from Reptiles.” 
P. Z. 5. p. 677. 

Opuner,T. 191]. “ Nordostafrikanische Trematoden.” Res, Swedish 
Zool. Exp. Egypt and White Nile, 1901. Part iv. p. 1. 

Pratt, H.S8. 1903. “ Descriptions of Four Distomes.” Mark Anni- 
versary Volume (New York), p. 28. 

Srarrorp, J. 1905. ‘ Trematodes from Canadian Vertebrates.” Zool. 
Anz. xxviii. p. 691. 


XIV.—Descriptions and Records of Bees —UXIX. 
By T. D. A. Cockrere tt, University of Colorado. 


Parasphecodes cervicalis, sp. u. 


2? .—Length 10-11 mm. 

Black, robust; closely allied to P. dissimulator, Ckll., 
differing thus :—F ace narrower, eyes more converging below ; 
flagellum only very faintly reddish at end; stigma dark 
ruto-fuscous ; nervures more slender, fuscous ; wings variable 
in tint, but not so red; dark hair on outer side of hind 
tibiz dark sooty; brush at apex of hind basitarsus not 
brilliantly coloured; tubercle on second ventral segment 
hairy, but without a well-defined tuft. It is easily known 
from P. noachinus, Ckll., by the much more densely punc- 
tured mesothorax andthe more finely and closely punctured 
first abdominal segment. 

Hab. Eaglehawk Neck, Tasmania, Feb. 12—Mar. 3, 1913 
(R. E. Turner). British Museum. 

At Mt. Wellington, Tasmania, Jan. 15-Feb. 6, 1913, 
Mr. Turner took specimens of P. plorator, Ckl. 


Parasphecodes latissimus, sp. n. 


9 .—Length about or almost 10 mm., abdomen 3°25 mm. 
broad. 


Records of Bees. 9% 


Head (including antenne), thorax, and legs black ; 
abdomen very broad, dark chestnut-red, first segment black 
except broad hind margin ; second and third segments each 
with dark spots at extreme sides, that on third much larger 
than that on second ; hair of pleura and sides of metathorax 
rather abundant, dull white, that of front, vertex, meso- 
thorax, and scutellum thin, dark fuscous, of postscutellum 
ferruginous; head broad ; mandibles dark red at extreme 
tip; clypeus shining, sparsely punctured ; front dull, meso- 
thorax moderately shining, with very small punctures, well 
separated in central region, longitudinal groove distinct ; 
scutellum sculptured like mesothorax, but punctures a little 
smalier ; area of metathorax with close wrinkled rug, not 
confined to the basal half; posterior truncation sharply 
defined, the upper lateral corners prominent ; tegulz piceous 
with a large rufous spot. Wings strongly dusky, stigma 
and nervures dark rufo-fuscous, outer r. n. and t.-e. thin, but 
dark and distinct; first r. n. meeting second t.-c. ; second 
s.m. broad. Hair of legs largely pale, but black on outer 
side of middle and hind tibie, shining creamy-white on 
inner side of hind tibiz, orange on inner side of tarsi ; hind 
spur simple. Abdomen with excessively fine punctures on 
first two segments ; no hair-bands or patches, hair at apex 
dark fuscous. 

Hab. Bridport, Tasmania, 26-30 Oct., 1913 (Littler, 
2557). 

Closely allied to P. recessus, Ckll., but rather larger, with 
dark fuscous hair on mesothorax, ’ strongly dusky wings, 
punctures of mesothorax ordinary, tegule not black, hair 
on outer side of middle tibize black. 


Halictus cyclognathus, Cockerell, var. a. 


6 .—Middle and hind tarsi dark, the basitarsi black. 

Three from Eaglehawk Neck, Tasmania, Feb. 12—Mar. 3 
1913 (R. L. Turner). British Museum. 

At the same locality and time Mr. Turner took a male of 
Al. niveifrons, Ckll. 


) 


Halictus isthmalis, Cockerell. 


? .—Length about or a little over 6 mm. 

Black, including legs, antenne, and mandibles; head 
broad, clypeus shining, black, with strong scattered punc- 
tures ; front dull, somewhat glistening at sides ; mesothorax 
shining, with strong punctures, well separated on disc ; 


98 Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell— Descriptions and 


scutellum with minute punctures; area of metathorax 
finely, regularly plicatulate, the plice more or less joined 
by little transverse ridges ; tegule black. Wings strongly 
greyish ; hair on inner side of tarsi light fulvous. Abdomen 
very broad, shining, finely but not closely punctured ; 
lateral bases of second and third segments with small 
triangular patches of white tomentum ; caudal rima pale 
brownish ; hind margins of segments wholly dark ; veuter 
with white hair. 

Hab. Eaglehawk Neck, Tasmania, Feb. 12—March 3, 1913 
(Turner). British Museum. 

This was taken at the same time and place as numerous 
male H. isthmalis, and, in spite of the dusky wings, I feel 
assured that it is the female of that species. The general 
characters, sculpture, &c., are quite the same. 


Halictus pulvitectus, sp. u. 


2? —Length 6°5-7 mm. 

Black, robust, hind margins of abdominal segments testa- 
ceous, the first very narrowly, the others successively more 
broadly, the fourth having a broad whitish margin ; pubes- 
cence rather dull white above and below, giving the insect a 
dusty appearance, especially on the fourth abdominal seg- 
ment, which is conspicuously though thinly hairy ; head 
broad ; mandibles black, at most slightly marked with dark 
red; clypeus shining, very sparsely punctured ; front dull 
in middle, shining at sides; flagellum short, with only a 
slight reddish tinge ; mesothorax and scutellum shining, 
closely and finely punctured ; area of metathorax glistening, 
very delicately plicatulate, but irregularly, the effect bemg 
that of an indistinct network rather than well-defined striz ; 
tegulz rufo-piceous. Wings brownish, stigma and nervures 
rather dilute reddish brown; second s.m. broad, but third 
much broader; outer r. n. and t.-c. much weakened; first 
r. n. meeting second t.-c. Legs black, with white hair ; 
brush at end of hind basitarsus bright red. Abdomen broad, 
shining, with extremely fine punctures. Microscopical 
characters : front densely and minutely punctured; meso- 
thorax not sculptured between the punctures; hind spur 
with numerous very small stout teeth. 

g .—Length about 6 mm. 

Similar in general characters, including a swelling on each 
side of first and second abdominal segments ; head broad ; 
labrum and mandibles (except base) ferruginous; clypeus 
with an apical cream-coloured band ; flagellum long, monili- 


Records of Bees. 99 


form, with a hardly noticeable brownish tint beneath ; 
tegule ferruginous. Wings dilute brownish, first r. n. 
reaching second s.m. before end. Legs black, with white 
hair, anterior knees and small joints of anterior tarsi red. 
Abdomen shining, the segments more narrowly margined ; 
lateral bases of second and third segments with incon- 
spicuous transversely elongated patches of pale hair. 
Stipites with a large, dark, shining base and long, pale, briefly 
hairy, finger-like apical part ; on the inner side of the basal 
part. near the apex, is a tubercle bearing a dense tuft of 
light ferruginous bristles ; sagitte strongly curved down- 
ward. 

Hab. Type (2) and cotype ¢ and 2, Eaglehawk Neck, 
Tasmania, Feb. 12—March 3, 1913 (R. H. Turner). British 
Museum. Also a 2 from Launceston, Tasmania, Nov. 1, 
1914 (F. M. Littler, 2568). 

Resembles H. orbatus, Sm., but distinct by characters of 
mesothorax, tegule, &c. H. victoriellus, Ckll., is smaller, 
with a much more finely punctured mesothorax. 


Halictus cyclurus, sp. n. 


? —Length about 5°5 mm. 

Head and thorax black, with thin hair, which is faintly 
ochraceous-tinted above, dull white beneath; abdomen very 
broad and short, subcircular (but capable ‘of being more 
extended), rather dark chestnut-red, the first segment black, 
except a broad marginal red band, which has a deep rounded 
incision on each side anteriorly ; second segment with a 
transverse blackish band, which is broadly arched, but on 
each side bends obliquely forward; third segment clouded 
with dusky at sides ; remaining segments fuscous ; venter 
bright clear ferruginous, blackened toward apex, especially 

at sides; head, thorax, and abdomen shining, the clypeus 
and supracly peal area brilliantly polished; area of meta- 
thorax with more than basal half dull and very delicately 
plicatulate ; head broad ; flagellum rather dark castaneous 
beneath; mandibles (except basally) and labrum dark red ; 
tegule rufo-testaceous. Wings hyaline, nervures and stigma 
pale yellowish brown; outer r.n. and t.-c. thin, but quite 
distinct ; first r. n. meeting second t.-c.; third sm. much 
broader than second. Legs black, with pale hair, the 
anterior knees red, the tarsi obscurely gubrufous ; hind spur 
with several teeth. The front is minutely roughened ; the 
mesothorax microscopically lineolate, with scattered ex- 
tremely minute punctures. The whole area of metathorax 


100 Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell—Descriptions and 


is microscopically tessellate, and the plice on basal half are 
irregular, many of them imperfect. 

Hab. Tambourine Mountain, Queensland, Oct. 27, 1912 
(H. Hacker). Queensland Museum, 95. 

Allied to H. hedleyi, Ckll.,of which only the male is 
known; the venation differs conspicuously from that of 
hedleyi, and 1 do not believe H. cyclurus can be its female. 


The following five species of black Halictus from Tasmania 
constitute a puzzling series, shown by their microscopical 
characters to be distinct from one another and from pre- 
viously described forms. I have named them in memory of 
men connected with the history of Tasmania. The following 
key separates them on the microscopical characters :— 


Front finely striate. (Scape miuutely punc- 
tured; mesothorax tessellate, with fine, rather 
close punctures; area of metathorax with 
minute wary plice, from which arise many 
short projections; abdomen distinctly punc- 
[ii ay BAe aoe aer SAP rds ws hie a shag eee 

Front with irregular minute labryinthiform 
wrinkles. (Mesothorax tessellate, with very 
minute sparse punctures; area of metathorax 
very finely plicatulate, the ridges partly 
anastomosing, reaching fully three-quarters 
distance to margin, the surface between the 
plice minutely tessellate; abdomen finely 
lineolate, with only very minute piliferous 
punctures; hind spur of 2 with a few stout, 


A, baudini, Ckll. 


Mog very Loni teeth); gen oslo s see's «et HZ, furneauzt, Cll, 
Front densely punctate, so densely as to 
appear minutely cancellate ............6. a: 


1, Area of metathorax with strong irregular 
plice, confined to basal half, but the surface 
minutely lineolate-reticulate, the more di- 
rectly continuous lines running transversely. 
(Mesothorax rough with a minute tessella- 
tion, and finely but rather closely punctured.). H. bowent, Ckll. 
Area of metathorax plicate or reticulate over 
most of the surface..... eVeicss eho agit aves 
2. Mesothorax dull, the dise minutely regularly 
tessellate, with widely separated minute 
punctures; at sides the punctures are rela- 
tively large and dense, with the intervals 
finely striate-wavy. (Areaofmetathorax with 
coarse, irregular, labyrinthiform wrinkles, 
more transverse than longitudinal ; abdomen 
distinctly punctured.) ........ as Saco . A. blight, Ck. 
Mesothorax shining, the disc with the surface- 
markings irregular and the punctures, espe- 
cially posteriorly, rather large and tending 
to be bordered by plice, or the punctures 
may be more or less confluent. (Area of 
metathorax coarsely irregularly reticulate; 
abdomen well punctured.) ........ i Ome IE 


2 


Records of Bees. 101 


The following table will further facilitate identification :— 


MeMA ER he wn chet c anand ie Scan eee 1 
IMEELIGSS: '.y3 2s. crates. abd ad AAG bolgtt ree LAs 4 
1. Hind margins of abdominal segments pallid 
GE TEBLACCOUIS! (ras yes chsh © ore elena cite Nal sabe Hf, pulvitectus, Ckll. 


Hind margins of abdominal segments dark . 2. 
2. Mesothorax (seen under a lens) distinctly 


RSA GAT ep iets coed A ekey als 6 fale) os aul « oe Aare 
Mesothorax feebly or very minutely punc- 
REE Wer exo ooh tenn utas ah ela) Saree ies 0) 5° ia as FT, furneauat, Ck. 
Peale WINTS PTCYISH:.. 2... 00 aeons eens HT, isthmalis, Cll. 
Maver, wings brownish’ .........0%.0.6. HT, littleri, Ck. 
Meneuypous)allidarkayer. 1 bias: (ose oe eee et ‘ 
Clypeus with a light marginal band ...... 6. 
5. Antenne rather short, face very hairy .... H. nivetfrons, Ckll. 
MTOM NCO VOLY: LOAD) oo 'e Mas cena ee says to HH, blight, Ckll., and 
| H. bassi, Ckll. 
6. Very minute, mesothorax very shiny ...... H. cyclognathus, CK, 
PRPC UMUPIE SIZON 3 cc aie ov he: oa oS ook Pea eDIa ahah fi 
7. Tegulz amber, tibize red... 2......50200. HH. hematopus, Cxll. 
Not thus brightly coloured on tegule and 
Rem erate Pe Mey ay ties Tonchey oat Pear suo lat a) Scale 8. 
8. Smaller, tarsi red or reddish ............ HT, isthmalis, Ckll. 
Ee t UATOIPO AT ray sheet ae ers are eae a vals ete H, baudini, Ckll., and 


[| H. bowen, Ckll, 


Halictus furneauxi, sp. n. 


? .—Length about 7 mm., anterior wing 5 mm. 

Black, robust, with thin dull white hair, very pale yellowish 
on inner side of tarsi; head broad; mandibles strongly 
bidentate, deep chestnut-red apically ; clypeus shining, with 
large irregular punctures, more or less in longitudinal rows; 
supraclypeal area dullish, with very minute punctures ; 
antennee black ; mesothorax dullish, with extremely minute 
punctures ; area of metathorax weakly and finely plicatulate ; 
tegule rufo-piceous. Wings grey; stigma large, dilute 
reddish brown ; outer r.n. and t.-c. extremely weak ; second 
s.m. very broad, but third broader; first r.n. meeting 
second t.-c. Legs black, hind legs obscurely brownish. 
Abdomen shining, without evident punctures ; basal corners 
of third and fourth segments with white hair, the fourth 
with quite dense patches ; venter with straight (not curled) 
white hair. 

Hab. Kaglehawk Neck, Tasmania, Feb. 12—March 3, 1913 
(Turner). British Museum. 

Superficially like H. sturti, Ckll., but easily separated by 
the less shining mesothorax and more delicately sculptured 
area of metathorax. 


Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol. xvi. 8 


102 Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell—Descriptions and 


Halictus blighi, sp. n. 


¢ .—Length about 6 mm. 

Slender, ‘black, with thin but rather long white hair ; 
head very broad, eyes strongly converging below ; clypeus 
shining, wholly black ; antenne extremely long (reaching 
metathorax), black, flagellar joints moniliform ; mesothorax 
dull, finely punctured area of aioe large, well 
defined, appearing under a lens finely irregularly cancellate ; 4 
tegule rufo-piceous. Wings greyish hyaline, stigma and 
nervures piceous ; first r. n. joining the rather narrow second 
s.m. before end ; third s.m. very broad; outer r.n. and t.-ce. 
thin, but distinct. Legs black, with pale hair; anterior tibize 
partly dark reddish. Abdomen shining, with thin white hair 
at sides and apex; apical plate broadly rounded. 

Hab. Mt. Wellington, Tasmania, Jan. 15-Feb. 6, 1913 
(Turner). British Museum. 

Looks like H. plebeius, Ckll., but separated by the quite 
different antennz, dark clypeus, duilish and sculptured 
scutellum, &c. 


Halictus bassi, sp. n. 


3g —Length about 5°5 mm. 

Much like H. blight, but with the following special cha- 
racters :—Mandibles broadly red apically ; disc of mesothorax 
shining between the punctures. 

Variety a.—Ouly two submarginal cells,- the first t.-c. 
absent. 

Hab. Mt. Wellington, Tasmania, Jan. 15-Feb. 6, 1913 
(Turner). British Museum. 

Possibly a variety of H. blight, which it resembles in 
everything of importance except the sculpture of the meso- 
thorax, which is quite distinctive. 


Halictus baudini, sp. n. 


¢.—Length about 7 mm. 

Black, rather robust, with long thin white hair, that on 
front of head and head and thorax above tinged with reddish 
brown; head very broad ; mandibles black or reddish 
apically ; clypeus shining, sparsely punctured, with a broad 
cream-coloured band; supraclypeal area dull, abruptly 
contrasting with clypeus ; anteunz extremely long, flagellum 
moniliform, faintly brownish beneath ; mesothorax mode- 
rately shining in middle, otherwise quite dull; scutellum 
shining; area of metathorax appearing coarsely granular 


Records of Bees. 103 


under a lens; tegule piceous, with a brown spot. Wings 
greyish, stigma and nervures dilute red-brown; second s.m. 
very broad ; first r. n. meeting second t.-c. ; outer r.n. and 
t.-c. distinct. Legs black. Abdomen broad, shining black, 
te hair-bands or patches; a broad dark red apical 
plate. 

Hab. Mt. Wellington, Tasmania, Jan.—March, 1913,3 ¢ 
(Turner). British Museum. 

Larger than H. repertus, Ckll., with quite different area 
of metathorax, &e. 


Halictus boweni, sp. n. 


3g .—Length a little over 6 mm. 

Superficially hike H. baudini, but differing thus :—A little 
smaller ; head smaller, eyes more converging below; anterior 
and middle tibiz light red in front; area of metathorax 
concave, with plice not covering surface; scutellum finely 
punctured all over, without any median depression; abdo- 
men much narrower; stigma darker; second s.m. much 
narrowed above. 

Hab. Eaglehawk Neck, Tasmania, Feb. 12—March 3, 1913 
(Turner). British Museum. 


Paracolletes subviridis, sp. nu. 


2 .—Length 9°5 mm. 

Rather slender, apparently black, but on close inspection 
it is seen that the front, mesothorax (except a large central 
area), and abdomen are faintly greenish, the colour extremely 
obscure ; hair of head and thorax dull white, partly black on 
clypeus and extreme sides of face, black on vertex (but white 
on occiput), largely black or fuscous on mesothorax, 
scutellum, and postscutellum ; head very broad ; mandibles 
entirely black ; clypeus shining, with strong, not very dense 
punctures ; supraclypeal area polished, punctured at sides ; 
front dull, moderately shining at sides; antenne black ; 
mesothorax dull, moderately shining on disc, with only 
minute piliferous punctures ; scutellum shining anteriorly ; 
postscutellum dull, a little produced and tufted in middle ; 
area of metathorax shining, without evident sculpture; 
tegule dark reddish. Wings hyaline, not at all reddish, 
nervures and stigma dark rufo-fuscous; b. n. meeting t.-m. ; 
first r.n. reaching second s.m. at middle ; second r. n. joining 
third s.m. a moderate distance from end. Legs black, with 
dull whitish hair, fulyous on inner side of basitarsi, black or 

g* 


104 Descriptions and Records of Bees. 


dark sooty on outer side of middle and hind tibiz ; hind 
spur with long slender spines. Abdomen dullish, with very 
little hair, but third and fourth segments with thin white 
hair-bands, that on third interrupted in middle; hair at 
apex of abdomen black ; hair of venter white. 

Hab. Bridport, Tasmania, Oct. 26-30, 1913 (Littler, 2565). 

Differs from P. obscurus (Sm.) by the black mandibles, 
tibial scopa beneath white (not yellow), dull thorax, &c. 
There is a curious superficial resemblance to P. advena (Sm.), 
but swbviridis is a much narrower insect. 


Other bees recently taken by Mr. Littler in Tasmania 
are :— 


Paracolletes melbournensis, Ckll. Georgetown, 16 and 23 
Noy., 1914. 


Paracolletes leai, Ckll. Georgetown, 17 and 29 Nov., 
1914. 


Binghamiella antipodes (Sm.), 2. Georgetown, 15 Nov., 
1914. 


Exoneura hamulata, Ckll., var., ¢. Bridport, 26-30 Oct., 
1913. 


Euryglossa fasciatella, Ckll., g. Swan Point, R. Tamar, 
14 Oct., 1914. 


Going over my material of Paracolletes melbournensis, I 
observe that certain specimens from Victoria (French) and 
Sydney (Froggatt) are between mimulus and melbournensis, 
being smaller, with the hair of mesothorax very red, without 
conspicuous dark hair. They possibly represent a variety of 
P. mimulus rather than of melbournensis, or a third species, 
very close to the others, may be indicated. Australian 
students will be able to settle the matter by field-studies. 


Paracolletes providus (Smith). 


I refer here a male from Eaglehawk Neck, Tasmania, 
Feb. J2—March 3, 1913 (R. E. Turner). It is about 7 mm. 
long, with shining dark purple abdomen. Is this, perhaps, 
the true P. chalybeus (Erichs.)? It is not chalybeus as: 
understood by F. Smith. 


On anew Dragonfly from Northern Australia. 105 


XV.—A new Agrionine Dragonfly from Northern Australia. 
By Herbert CAMPION (Imperial Bureau of Entomology, 
London). 


A FEW dragonflies have been included from time to time in 
_the collections of insects sent to the Imperial Bureau of 
Entomology, for identification, by Mr. Gerald F. Hill, the 
Government Entomologist of the Northern Territory, 
Australia. Among these I find a small male and female 
evidently belonging to an undescribed species of Austro- 
agrion, Tillyard, an Australian genus containing, so far, two 
species only. ‘The main definition of Auwstroagrion, with 
which the present species agrees, will be found in Proc. Linn. 
Soc. N. S. Wales, xxxvii. 1912, p. 466 (1913). On p. 449 
of the same publication, however, an additional character is 
given, namely, “Superior appendages of male longer than 
inferior,” but in our male the two pairs of appendages are 
about equal in length. 

‘The new species may be immediately distinguished from 
Austroagrion cyane, Selys, to which it appears to come 
nearest, as well as from A. cwruleum, Tillyard, by the form 
of the anal appendages in the male. For the two older 
species these appendages have been figured both by Dr. F. 
Ris (‘ Fauna Siidwest-Australiens,’ ii. 24, figs. 10 & 11, 1910) 
and by Mr. R. J. Tillyard (J. ¢. pl. xlviil. figs. 27-30, 1913), 
and Dr. Ris’s figures are accompanied by a parallel state- 
ment of other differences between the insects compared. 

The following key will separate the males of the three 
species, but I have made no attempt to tabulate the respective 
females :— 


Lower anal appendages, in profile view, con- 
spicuously shorter than the upper appendages, 
and without any central posterior process. 
Segments 8 and 9 entirely blue .............. ceeruleum, Tillyard. 
Segments 8 and 9 blue and bronze-black ...... eyane, Selys. 
Lower anal appendages, in profile view, nearly as 
long as the upper appendages, and with a long 
central posterior process; segments 8 and 9 
blue and bronze-black «wii. sis0. ccece es nees exclamationis, sp. n. 


For the loan of material of A. cyane [ am indebted to the 
kindness of my friends Dr. F. F. Laidlaw (1 @, Illawarra, 
N.S.W.) and Mr. K. J. Morton (1 g, 1 2, Gisborne, 
Victoria). 


106 Mr. H. Campion on a new Agrionine 


Austroagrion exclamationis, sp. n. 


& (holotype). Koolpinyah, Northern Territory, 6, 11. 1913, 
G. F. Hill, numbered by the collector 421. 

Length of abdomen 19°5 mm. ; length of hind wing 12 mm. 

Labium yellowish white. Labrum, anteclypeus, and 
gene light green. Postclypeus shining greenish black, 


Frons light green, with a large lunulate black spot lying a. 


little in advance of the anterior ocellus. A rectangular spot 
of greenish yellow connects each posterior ocellus with the 
anterior ocellus. Head behind the antenne black, with 
ereenish reflections. Postocular band narrow and obscure. 
Basal joint of antenna light green ; second joint blackish ; 
remainder missing. 

Pronotum black, with greenish reflections; anterior mar- 
gin broadly light green; a broad linear spot of light green 
near each external border ; hind margin narrowly lined with 
light green, except where a conspicuous median triangular 
lobe projects backwards. Sides of prothorax light green. 

Thorax proper greenish gold above, with a broad median 
band of bronze-green, and a narrower juxtahumeral band 
of the same colour on each side; sides of thorax pale green, 
with a short black line near the base of the first lateral 
suture, and a still shorter black line, or rather spot, at the 
base of the second lateral suture. 

Legs whitish, with some brownish black on the femora 
externally ; spines of femur and tibia and tips of claws 
black. 

Pterostigma pale greenish yellow. Eight postnodals in 
the fore wings, and six or seven in the hind wings. M, 
originating a little proximal to the fourth postnodal in the 
fore wings and at or a little before the third postnodal in the 
hind wings. M,, arises a little distal to the sixth or seventh 
postnodal in the fore wings and at the sixth postnodal in the 
hind wings. Venation otherwise similar to that of A. cyane, 

Abdomen blue, with bronze-black markings. Segment 1 
with the dorsum almost entirely bronze-black ; 2 with a spot 
extending from base to apex, slightly constricted a little 
beyond the middle; 3 occupied for its entire length, except 
quite near the base, by a spot somewhat resembling the note 
of exclamation (!) in form, the greatest constriction occurring 
at about three-quarters the length of the segment; 4 and 5 
marked much like 3, but with a little more of the blue 
eround-colour exposed basally ; 6 and 7 entirely bronze-black, 
except just near the base; 8 and 9 mostly blue, with a large, 


Dragonfly from Northern Australia. 107 


apical, triangular spot directed towards the base of the seg- 
ment ; LO wholly bronze-black; sides of abdomen blue; 
abdomen beneath very pale, slightly bluish. 

Anal appendages, viewed in profile, well separated, nearly 
equal in length, and not quite as long as segment 10 ; the 
upper appendage subovate, pale, giving rise to a strong 
black basal spur below, directed slightly backwards and 
towards the lower appendage ; the lower appendage black, 
simple, almost straight, subcylindical, and resting upon a pale 
bulbous base. In dorsal view the superior appendages are 
subconical and slightly divergent ; the inferior appendages 
are curved inwards, and a conspicuous pale tooth projects 
inwards and backwards from the base of each. 


Austroagrion exclamationis, sp, n., type d. Left profile-view of 
anal appendages.—H. Knight del. 


2 (allotype). 30 miles E. of Darwin, Northern Territory, 
10. xi. 1914, .G. Ff. Aull, 

Length of abdomen 17°5 mm,; length of hind wing 12 mm. 

Labium yellowish white. Labrum and gene yellowish. 
Anteclypeus pale green. Postclypeus dark green. Frons 
yellowish, marked with a lunulate black spot, as in male. 
Head behind the antennz dull black, with a pair of rect- 
angular yellow spots connecting the ocelli, as in male. 
Postocular band narrow, greenish yellow. Basal joint of 
antenna yellowish ; second joint blackish ; remainder 
missing. 

Pronotum glossy black, bordered as in male, excepting 
that the hind margin appears to be lined with light green 
uninterruptedly ; the hind margin more distinctly trilobed 
than in male. Sides of prothorax pale green. 

Thorax proper as in male. 

Legs asin male, but with the dark markings on femora 
externally reduced and less intense. 

Pterostigma pale greenish yellow. Eight postnodals in 
the fore wings and six or seven in the hind wings. M, 
separating at the fourth postnodal in the fore wings, and 
between the third and fourth postnodals in the hind wings. 


108 Mr. P. Schmidt on a new 


M,, at the level of the seventh postnodal in the fore wings, 
and the last postnodal in the hind wings. Venation other- 
wise like that of A. cyane. 

Abdomen: ground-colour of proximal half greenish blue, 
of distal half greenish brown; bronze-black markings on 
dorsum ; segments 1 to 4 marked as in male ; markings on 
5 to 7 also as in.male, but somewhat larger, and exposing less 
of the ground-colour ; 8, 9, and 10 mostly, but not entirely, 
covered with bronze-black ; 10 with the hind margin con- 
spicuously notched in the mid-dorsal line. Anal appendages 
short, subconical, blackish. Ovipositor greenish brown, 
reaching to end of abdomen; palps projecting beyond end of 
abdomen, blackish, slightly recurved. 

The types have been deposited in the British Museum 
(Natural History). 


XVI.—On a new Flat-fish of the Genus Arnoglossus from 
the Black Sea. By Peter Scumipt, Curator of the 
Ichthyological Department of the Zoological Museum of 
the Imperial Academy of Sciences in Petrograd. 


IF we omit doubtful species, there are only three flat-fishes 
(Heterosomata) known from the Black Sea :— 


(1) Rhombus meoticus, Pall. 
(2) Pleuronectes flesus, L. 
(3) Solea nasuta, Pall. 


It is therefore, perhaps, of some general interest that in 
the collections of the Zoological Museum of the Imperial 
Academy of Sciences in Petrograd I found a fourth and very 
interesting new species belonging to the genus Arnoglossus. 
In memory of the late eminent Russian ichthyologist 
Prof. K. F. Kessler, I have named this species Arnoglossus 
kessleri. 


Arnoglossus kesslert, sp. n. 


D. 74-76.. A. 53-57. P. 9301) V6 
L. 1.38. Vert. 33. 


Eyes on the left side. Body oval, with very short caudal 
peduncle. The height of the body is 38 °/, of the total 
length, the length of the head 21°/,. The length of the 
caudal peduncle (without the part of the caudal fin covered 
with scales) is 4 of its least height. The mouth is very 


Flat-fish from the Black Sea. 109 


small and obliquely directed upwards. The posterior end of 
the maxilla is on a line through the anterior edges of the 
eyes. The body is covered with very large, ctenoid, deciduous 
scales. The lateral line has 88-40 scales with pores ; above 
the Jateral liné are 8, below 10 rows of scales; the ante- 
rior pait of the lateral line forms a distinct arch. The 
dorsal fin has 74-76 rays, and commences before the eye on 
the right (eyeless) side; the two first rays are not prolonged, 
but their ends are free. The greatest height of the dorsal 
fin is behind its middle and equal to 10 °/, of the total length 
of the body. The anal fin has 53-57 rays; its height is the 
same as that of the dorsal. The caudal fin has 17 rays, is 
rounded, and has the base covered with scales. The pectoral 
fins are not of the same size: the length of the left is 12 °/,, 
the length of the right 7°6 °/, of the total length of the body. 
The ventrals also are different—the left is twice as long 
as the right. Between the ventral fins near the anus is a 
projecting spine, formed apparently by the postclavicle 
and directed backward (the same spine is present in Arno- 
glossus grohmanni, Bon., but it seems to have been un- 
described). The colour of the upper side is brownish, covered 
with black spots and points; the eyeless side is yellowish. 
The small specimens of the south coasts of Crimea are very 
transparent, so that one can count the vertebree (their num- 
ber is 33), and one can see along the bases of the dorsal and 
anal fins two dark stripes extending from the body-cavity to 
the caudal peduncle. With the microscope one can detect 
that these stripes are ovaries with ripe eggs. 

The length of the body is 46 to 66 mm., and specimens of 
47 mm. are already full-grown and ripe. 

This new species of the Black Sea is near to Arnoglossus 
grohmanni, Bon., of the Mediterranean, but differs in the 
smaller mouth, larger scales, fewer vertebree (A. grohmanni, 
Bon., has 38 vertebie), different number of rays in dorsal 
and anal fins, and absence of prolongations of the first two 
dorsal rays. The small size is very characteristice—it seems 
to me that this is the smallest flat-fish in the world. 

Arnoglossus kesslert was found at two localities in the 
Black Sea: one specimen by Mr. Jagodovsky near Sukhum 
(on the east coast of the Black Sea), at a depth of 3-4 metres, 
and six specimens by Mr. Sernoff near Sudak (on the south 
coast of the Crimean peninsula), at a depth of 3-7 fathoms. 
It appears, therefore, that it has a wide distribution in the 
Black Sea. Probably it can be found there everywhere near 
the coasts. 


110 Mr. W. E. Collinge on an Abnormality 


XVIL.— Note on an Interesting Abnormality in the Mandibular 
Arch of Chimera monstrosa, Z. By WALTER KE. 
CoLLinGe, M.Sze., F.L.58., &e., Research Fellow of the 
University of St. Andrews, The Gatty Marine Laboratory, 
St. Andrews. : 


Some little time ago, whilst examining the visceral arches in 
a specimen of Chimera monstrosa, I met with an interesting 
abnormality in the form of a small bony substance situated 
immediately posterior to the mandibular symphysis. More 
recently, in examining further examples of this Chimeeroid, 
I had the good fortune to meet with a further but somewhat 
similar abnormality. Having failed to find any mention of 
a like occurrence in any of the accounts of the cranial anatomy 
of this fish, a note upon the same may not be without interest. 

In the first specimen the abnormality consists of the 
presence of a small plate-like bone, not unlike in general 


Bie. 1, 


Outline figure of the mandible of Chimera monstrosa, showing the 
position of the abnormal bone. 


ab.b., abnormal bone ; g.p., grinding-plate ; J.a., points of attachment 
of ligaments; m., mandible. 


shape the urohyal of some Teleostei. It is situated imme- 
diately behind the lower posterior border of the mandibular 
symphysis, being attached to each ramus by a short strong 
ligament (fig. 2, lig.), which latter is inserted at the two 
points marked Ja, in fig. 1. The bone is about 5 mm. long, 
and seadily stained with a special stain for osseous tissues. 
Looked at from the ventral side, it is seen to consist of an 
auterior triangular plate with a somewhat longer tail-like 
portion posteriorly (fig. 2), the whole being confluent with a 
dorsal expanded plate. In transverse section through the 
wmterior portion (fig. 2a) the bone has the shape of a collar- 
stud (fig. 3a), whilst a section through the posterior part 


. 


in the Mandibular Arch of Chimera monstrosa. 111 


shows the body of the narrow tail-like portion and the 
termination of the dorsal plate (fig. 3 4). 


Abnormal bone, first case. 


a, triangular anterior portion ; 4, tail-like posterior portion ; 
d.pl., dorsal plate ; lzg., ligament. 


Fig. 4. 


Fig. 3. 


Fig. 3.—Sections, (a) through the triangular anterior portion, (6) through 
the re posterior portion. Marked @ and 6 respectively 
in fig. 2. 

Fig. 4.—Abnormal bone, second case. ab.b., abnormal bone; Jig., liga- 
ment. 


_ In the second specimen the bone consists of a thin plate- 
like structure, having the appearance, when looked at from 


112 On an Abnormality tr Chimeera monstrosa. 


the ventral side, of a median, flat, wedge-shaped body, with 
a similar but smaller body on each side and ventral to the 
median one, although the whole of the plate is one (fig. 4). 
The ligament is rather shorter than in the previous case. The 
structure of the bone agrees with the dorsal plate of that 
shown in fig. 2, and I am inclined to regard it as representing 
that portion only, the ventral portion being absent. 

So far as I am aware, there is no corresponding median 
bone in this region in any recent fish, the nearest, perhaps, 
being the jugular plate of Amza, which these certainly do not 
represent. As remarked, the bone, in the first case, is 
strikingly like the urohyal of some Teleostei, but, apart from 
other considerations, its situation in close proximity to the 
mandibular symphysis at once shows that this is nothing 
more than an external likeness. 

Jaekel * and Bashford Dean Tt have both shown that the 
structure of the jaws in the Holocephali have undergone 
considerable moditication in connection with the development 
of the paired grinding-plates. On the lower jaw, which 
consists of two rami fused in front, there are present in 
Chimera only two of these plates, but in the Jurassic Chime- 
roid, Myriacanthus, in the region of the mandibular symphysis 
there ‘occurs an azygous chisel-shaped tooth which is 


known only in this genus and in the kindred Chimeropsis” ; ° 


in both of these instances the tooth is presymphysial. 
According to Schauinsland ¢ there is no trace of this median 
unpaired mandibular tooth in the earlier stages of recent 
Chimeeroids. 

‘The question naturally arises, Can these abnormalities in 
any way be regarded as reversions? The difficulty in doing 
so is undoubtedly, on first consideration, their postsymphysial 
position; but if we bear in mind that of the recent forms 
of Holocephali in Chimera there has undoubtedly been a 
shortening of the snout and a more postero-ventral curve of 
the lower jaw, it is not difficult to imagine a form in which 
the presymplhysial mandibular tooth took up a position similar 
to that of the abnormality here described. If, however, it 
does not represent this mandibular tooth, I am unable to 
offer any suggestion as to its probable homology. 

There is, however, one further fact that lends weight to 
this probable homology, and that is the nature of the minute 


* N. Jahrb. f. Min. 1901, Beil. 14. 

+ “Chimeroid Fishes and their Development,” Carnegie Inst., Wash- 
ington, no. 82 (1906). 

] “ Beitrage z. Entwick, und Anatomie der Wirbelthiere,” Zoologica, 
1903, vol, xvi. Heft 39, pp. 1-98, pls. xil.—xxiv. 


: 
. 


On the Masearene Viverrid Galidictis. 113 


structure of these bones. ‘The structure of the grinding- 
plates has been described by Schauinsland, who remarks :— 
“The first deposition of hard material begins at the outer 
surface of the papilla, and takes the form of a thin cap of 
dentine ; soon, however, the tooth-substance appears below 
at the points where the plate is to come in contact with the 
cartilage of the head ; and almost at the same time trabecule 
and lamellae appear between (7. ¢., in the substance of the 
plate), and produce a meshwork of spongy tooth-substance 
(pulp-dentine). The mode of origin of the plate resembles 
closely that of bone when derived from connective tissue 
(e. g., in Sphenodon). The mesenchyme-cells in the papilla 
are collected together closely at certain points, and become 
transformed into odontoblasts, and from these, peripherally, 
the dentine takes its origin. Occasionally trabecules of the 
dental mass, especially in older individuals, show a somewhat 
lamellar structure, and those which are first differentiated— 
that is, those lying innermost—are distinguishable from the 
latter lamelle by their capacity to become stained.” 

In Chimera these two abnormal bones are, histologically, 
quite distinct from the ordinary osseous tissue of fishes. The 
nearest condition I have seen to what obtains here is in the 
development of certain bones in postlarval Pleuronectids * ; 
and whilst [am not suggesting that these abnormal bones 
show the structure of the grinding-plates, as described by 
Schaunisland (op. czt.), they certainly present some features 
in common. ‘Lhe material at my disposal was not in a fit 
condition for any minute histological examination, but the 
series of closely massed strands, forming a meshwork of 
spongy material, strengthens the homology I have suggested. 

I have pleasure in thanking Professor W. CU. M‘Intosh, 
F.R.S., for the wealth of material he has so generously 
placed at my disposal. 


XVIII.—On the Species of the Mascarene Viverrid Galidictis, 
with the Description of a new Genus and a Note on 
‘““Galidia elegans.” By R. I. Pocock, F.R.S., Super- 
intendent of the Zoological Society’s Gardens. 

[Plate VIT.] 


Ur to the present time only two species of this genus have 
been admitted, namely, the broad-banded form commonly 


* [have to thank Dr. H. M. Kyle for drawing my attention to this 
fact, after he had examined the first above-mentioned abnormality. 


114 Mr. R. I. Pocock on the Species of 


cited as Galidict’s striata and the narrow-banded form, 
G. vittata. 

Fischer (Syn. Mamm. p. 171, 1829) long ago pointed out 
that the oldest name for the species described by Desmarest 
as Viverra striata is fusciata, assigned to it by Gmelin; and 


Schwarz (Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) vil. p. 638, 1911) has. 


recently given publicity to the same opinion, without citing 
Fischer, adding that the species described as V. striata by 
Desmarest is the Galidict’s striata of later authors and of the 
present time, ignoring the cireumstance that Galidictis striata 
is—generally, at all events—ascribed to Geoffroy St. Hilaire 
or Cuvier, and not to Desmarest. I have not troubled 
to trace the history of this animal through the voluminous 
bibliography of mammals, but the facts essential to my 
present purpose are as follows :— 

Gmelin (Syst. Nat. i, p. 92, 1788) gave the name Viverra 
fasciata to the animal described and figured by Sonnerat as 
‘“ Te chat sauvage & bandes noires des Indes” (‘ Voyage aux 
Indes,’ etc., ii. p. 163, pl. xc., 1782). This figure, or the 
animal represented by it, if extant, is therefore the type. 

Since Sonnerat described the colour of the iris and the shape 
of the pupil of the eye, it is clear that his description was 
taken from a living specimen in his possession at the time. 
Reliance therefore must be placed upon the characters he 
assigned to it. He described the colour as grey, washed with 
red (“lavé de roux”) on the lower side of the head and neck, 
upon the thighs and feet, the belly being white. There are 
six black bands upon the body, beginning behind the head 
and ending towards the tail, which is covered with a mixture 
of black and reddish hairs (“‘ garnie de poils noirs et de poils 
roussitres”). The tailalso was described as slender (“‘ gréle”’), 
which in this connection meant short-haired. 

The colour of the tail and of the throat and limbs, as well 
as the slenderness of the tail, are to be particularly noted. 

Buffon (Hist. Nat., Suppl. vii. p. 231, 1789) described the 
same species, with a new figure, as “ Le putois rayé de 
Inde”; and Desmarest (‘ Mammalogie,’ p. 210, 1820) 
gave it the technical name Viverra striata, referring to 
Gimelin’s, Sonnerat’s, and Buffon’s descriptions, but ignoring 
Gmelin’s specific name and adopting Buffon’s illustration. 

Now, it may be noted that Buffon’s figure and description, 
although agreeing in the main with Sonnerat’s, differ in 
some significant particulars, especially as regards the colour 
of the tail. Of the tail he says, “‘ la queue... est couverte 
de poils bruns mélés de fauve comme le dessus de l’occiput.” 


—— a «CF ae |! ——— = ie we. 


~— ee SS ee ee ee eee 


the Mascarene Viverrid Galidictis. Ae 


These discrepancies, coupled with Buffon’s statement that the 
animal came from the Coromandel coast, no precise locality 
having been cited by Sonnerat, suggest the possibility of 
Buffon having procured a second specimen. If not, Sonnerat 
must have told him that he picked up the specimen on that 
coast of India. But even if two specimens were concerned, 
it seems obvious that they belonged to the same species, 
though possibly subspecifically distinct. However that may 
be, since Gmelin described Sonnerat’s “Chat sauvage de 
VInde” as Viverra fasciata, aid Desmarest gave the name 
striata to the same animal, Fischer lad no choice but to drop 
striata as a synonym of fasciala. 

Subsequently the species was described by F. Cuvier as 
«La Genette rayé de PIndie,” Viverra fusciata, Gmel. (Dict. 
Sci. Nat. xvi. p. 322, 1820). He quoted at length the 
description given by Buffon in the Supplement, stating that 
he had not himself seen the animal, which was no longer in 
existence—or, at all events, not available for examination. 

So far all seems clear. But in 1826 E. Geoffroy St. Hilaire 
(Dict. Class. Nat. Hist. x. p. 214, and Cat. des Mamm. 
p- 98*) gave the name Mustela striata to a specimen pre- 
sented to the Paris Museum by Sonnerat and stated, no doubt 
rightly and on Sonnerat’s authority, to have come from 
Madagascar. 

The discrepancies in the information as to the locality 
given by Sonnerat presumably to Buffon, and almost cer- 
tainly to Geoffroy St. Hilaire, coupled with F. Cuvier’s 
declaration as to the disappearance of the example described 
by Buffon, have an important bearing on the conclusion, 
supported by other facts, that the types of V. fasctata, Gmel. 
(=striata, Desm.), and of Mustela striata, Geoftr., were 
different individuals. Geoffroy St. Hilaire described the 
colour of M. striata as dark brown with five white longitu- 
dinal lines above, the tail white, and the underside of the 
body greyish white. It is significant that he made no men- 
tion whatever of Desmarest’s Viverra striata, or of Buffon’s 
and Sonnerat’s figures and descriptions, although he must 
have been well acquainted with the works of these three 
compatriot naturalists. Nor did I. Geoffroy St. Hilaire, 
wlien discussing his father’s species, suggest identity between 
the animals in questicn (Mag. de Zool. 2nd ser. i. 1839, 
pp. 32-38, pl. xvii.). The same applies to Cuvier, who 


* The latter worl I have not seen. 


116 Mr. R. I. Pocock on the Species of 


redescribed Geoffroy’s type of Mustela striata as Putorius 
striatus (‘ Régne Animal,’ nouv. ed. i. p. 144, 1829). 

As a matter of fact, the two forms clearly differ in the 
colour of the tail, which is covered with black and red or 
brown and yellowish hairs in Viverra fasciata, Gmelin 
(=striata, Desm.), and with white hairs in Mustela striata, 
I. Geoffr. St. Hilaire. Nor do the descriptions of the latter 
published by Geoffroy and Cuvier justify the belief that the 
throat, thighs, and feet were washed with red *. 

Since the two forms above discussed appear to belong to 
the genus Galidictis, it is clear that strvata cannot stand fora 
white-tailed form, if the whiteness of that organ be regarded 
as of systematic importance. I am not aware that there is 
any evidence or any reason to think that either of the two 
forms described below as (Galidictis eximius and ornatus, 
which have apparently been cited on many occasions as G@. 
striata, are dimorphic in the eclour of the tail t or that the 
Jegs and throat can ever be described as washed with red. 

I propose, therefore, to give new names to two white- 
tailed forms of Galidictis, selecting as types examples from 
known localities in Madagascar, and leaving open the question 
as to their probable specific identity respectively with two 
examples described, one by E. Geoffroy St. Hilaire in 1826, 
the other by his son in 1839, to both of which the inad- 
missible name striata was attached. 


Galidictis ecimius, sp.n. (Pl. VII. fig. 1.) 


Head greyish or yellowish brown, speckled black and 
tawny, the black speckling disappearing on the muzzle, 
cheeks, and round the eyes, but some longer speckled hairs 
lie backwards over the base of the ears and spread on to the 
antero-superior base of the pinna. For the rest the ears are 
covered with short white hairs in front and with yellow- 
brown and black hairs behind. 

From the occipital region between the ears there extend 
backwards four black sinuous stripes, which are compara- 


* In 1829 Buffon (‘(Euvres Complétes,’ viii. p. 43, pl. cexxxvii. fig. 2), 
ignoring these differences, redescribed Viverra striata, giving references 
to Gmelin, Desmarest, and Geoffroy, without adopting the earlier name, 
fasciata, proposed by Gmelin. He reproduced in this work a coloured 
edition of the figure originally issued in his Supplement, and this figure 
clearly shows the tail and legs to be brown. 

+ The dichroism of the tail in the white-tailed mongoose (Ichneumia 
albicauda) is worth bearing in mind in this connection. 


the Mascarene Viverrid Galidictis. 117 


tively narrow and closely approximated over the nape and 
between the shoulders, although the external of the two on 
each side expands on the sides of the neck ; but behind the 
shoulders they gradually broaden, then become narrow again 
towards the root of the tail. Between the two internal 
(admedian) of these stripes on the nape there are traces of a 
median stripe. A third broad stripe on each side runs along 
the lower area of the flank from the thigh to the shoulder, 
where it is interrupted for a short space, and then continued 
forwards across the shoulder on to the sides of the neck 
up to the infero-posterior base of the ear. The hairs of 
these black stripes are sooty-brown at the base and shining 
black distally. 

The stripes are separated throughout their extent by pale 
bands, dirty white, with very small dark tips on the body, 
but on the neck the dark tips are larger, so that the dark and 
light stripes are not so sharply differentiated. The underfur 
of these white stripes, as of the black ones, is olive-brown, 

Thus the body is ornamented with six black stripes, sepa- 
rated by five pale stripes, and the pale stripes on the back 
are not darker than those traversing the sides. 

The admedian black stripes pass on to the base of the tail, 
where they turn brown and coalesce to form large spots on 
the proximal four inches of the upper side of that organ, 
which for the rest of its length and along its whole underside 
is dirty white. 

The outer side of the thighs is dusky blackish brown, and 
is marked above with a black stripe which extends to the 
stifle-joint (knee) beneath the posterior end of the infero- 
lateral body-stripe, from which it is separated by a whitish 
siripe continuous in front with the white of the belly. The 
hind feet are buffy white. The fore legs are the same tint 
approximately, but externally are clouded to a certain extent 
with dusky brown where the dark underfur shows between 
the longer hairs. 

The whole of the underside from the chin to the anus and 
the insides of the limbs are dirty white, tinted with cream or 
buff upon the throat and the inside of the fore and hind limbs. 

Measurements of dried stuffed skin.—Head and body 
950 mm.; tail (without terminal tuft) 750; hind foot 230. 

Loe. Ambinanindrano, KE. Madagascar (Archdeacon Kestell 
Cornish). 

Type, now in Brit. Mus., presented to Zoological Society 
28. 5. 07, died 18. 9. 07, described anatomically by Beddard 
(P. Z. 8. 1907, p. 805) as Galsdietis striata. 

Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol, xvi. 9 


118 Mr. R. I. Pocock on the Species of 


This new form certainly agrees with the specimen named 
Mustela striata by E. Geoffroy St. Hilaire in the whiteness 
of the tail and the presence of five white stripes extending 
down the back. It also agrees in the whiteness of the tail 
with the example which I. Geoffroy St. Hilaire identified as 
striata in 1839, stating that the type of his father’s striata 
was a young individual of a species of which an adult had 
come into his hands from Madagascar, where it was procured 
by Goudot (Mag. de Zool. 2nd ser. 1839, pp. 32-83, pl. xviii.). 
The description he gives is unintelligible. He states that 
the body has five wide black bands and two others (smaller) 
on a greyish ground, making seven black stripes in all. But 
since the dark stripes in Galidictis are almost always sym- 
metrically paired *, there cannot have been an odd number of 
them unless there was a median black stripe down the spine. 
This is not likely, but it is possible. Supposing, however, 
that it was so, his figure clearly shows that there must have 
been four black stripes, one of them short, on each side of 
the middle line, making a total of nine black stripes in all. 
There is clearly some mistake here. 

From an examination of the plate accompanying Geoffroy’s 
memoir it cannot be doubted, I think, that his animal had 
four black stripes (three long and one short) on each side of 
the body, making a total of eight, separated by seven pale 
interspaces. 

To this pattern four specimens in the British Museum 
conform. Since two of these are young and two adult, it 
may be inferred that the difference in the number of stripes 
is not a question of age. Amongst the broad-striped, white- 
tailed forms of Galidictis, therefore, two styles of pattern are 
known, one with six black stripes and five pale interspaces 
exemplified by G. ewimius, the other with eight black stripes 
and seven pale interspaces, exemplified by the species which 
I propose to name and describe as follows :-— 


Galidictis ornatus, sp.n. (PI. VII. fig. 2.) 


Resembling G. eximius in the whiteness of the greater 
part of the tail and other respects, but differing in the 
following particulars :—The head, the pale areas between the 
stripes, the legs, and ventral surface decidedly darker. ‘he 


* The type of G, vittata, described below, has a faint short spinal stripe 
in the middle of the back, and a similar stripe is traceable on the fore 
part of the neck of G. eximius. 


the Mascarene Viverrid Galidictis. 119 


head is more heavily speckled with black, the dorsal inter- 
spaces distinctly speckled with black, the lateral inter- 
spaces washed with yellowish, the outside of the fore limbs 
and the thighs darker ashy grey, owing to the presence in 
the hairs of more black speckling, which is traceable down 
the hind leg almost to the toes ; and there is more red in the 
hairs before the root of the tail and on the basal portion of 
that organ. ‘The underside is washed with pale dirty yellow, 
which is everywhere darker than the throat of G. eximius, 
and nowhere presents the whitish-grey tint seen on the 
ventral surface of that animal. 

The black stripes have very much the same disposition and 
- width as in G. eximius, but by reason of the darker tone 
of the interspaces are not so conspicuous. Moreover, the 
supero-lateral stripe, the uppermost of the series, is partially 
subdivided over the shoulders, and behind the shoulders is 
narrower than the homologous stripe in G. eximius, and 
intercalated between it and the broad lateral stripe there is a 
thinner shorter stripe which joins the supero-lateral stripe 
behind the shoulder, and thence passes backwards parallel to 
it to the root of the tail. In G. eximius this stripe is fused 
with, or not differentiated from, the supero-lateral stripe. 

Loc, Andevoranto, EK, coast of Madagascar, on the same 
latitude as Antananarivo (2. Martin coll.). 

Type, B.M. reg. 76, 1. 31. 22. 

In addition to the specimen above described (a male), there 
is in the British Museum a half-grown example resembling it 
ticketed ‘‘ Madagascar (fev. C. W. Bewsher),? and in the 
gallery are exhibited two stuffed specimens, also like it, except 
that the lateral interspaces are whiter, probably from exposure 


to light. 


The splitting of Galidictis fasciata (striata) of authors 
into three forms necessitates pointing out that the type of the 
genus 1s the species represented by tlie specimen, procured by 
Goudot, which I. Geoffroy St. Hilaire named Galidictis 
striata, and not the species named Mustela striata by 
K. Geoffroy, nor the one named Viverra striata by Des- 
marest ; and since that species is almost certainly identical 
with the one above described as Galidictis ornatus, it is 
highly probable that the type-species will take the latter 
name. 

Now all the specimens of this species in the British Mu- 
seum, as well as the single known example of G. eximius, 


resemble each other not only in the breadth of the stripes, 
g* 


120 Mr. R. I. Pocock on the Species of 


but also in having the heel hairy and the rest of the hind 
foot naked as in Cryptoprocta, Cynogale, and all the typical 
genera of Paradoxurine, such as Paradoxurus, Paguma, and 
Arctogalidia, in which the hairiness of the heel is so constant 
a feature that generic importance is attached to it. 

But in the two species next to be noticed, one of which 
was described long ago as Galidictis vittata, the heel is naked 
to the tip of the caleaneum. These two also resemble one 
another m the narrowness of the stripes. This in itself 
could hardly be regarded as of generic value, but it appears 
to me that that value should be accorded to the nakedness of 
the heel. 


MUNGOTICTIS, gen. nov. 


Allied to Galidictis, but differing in having the heel naked 
and the longitudinal stripes narrow. 
Type, M. vittatus, Gray. 


On Sept. 16, 1886, the Zoological Society received as a 
present trom Mr. B. Muller two so-called mongooses from 
Madagascar, which were identified as Galidia elegans *. 
Fortunately the skin of one of these, which survived its 
arrival only ten days, was preserved. A glance is sufficient 
to show that this specimen is not Galidia elegans, but is 
related to M. vittatus, Gray. Many years ago I put it aside 
as that species; but upon comparing it with Gray’s type of 
M. vittatus, I find sufficient differences to warrant the con- 


clusion that it represents a new form, which may be described 
as follows :— 


* This is the specimen referred to by Beddard in his paper upon Gal- 
dictis striata (=eximius) asa presumably correctly identified example of 
Galidia elegans (P. Z. 8. 1907, p. 804). The point to which he drew 
attention was the presence in this supposed Galidia of pm. 1, tooth 
which, according to Mivart, is absent in that genus, thus constituting one 
of the differences between Galidia and Hemigalidia—or Salanoia, as it 
should be called. This claim, however, was invalid at the time Mivart 
put it forward in 1882, because Geoffr oy’s figure of the skull of Galidia 
elegans published in 1839 shows this tooth in 1 place. Thus Galidia and 
Salanoia may possess this tooth. Galidictis, on the other hand, is said 
to be without 1t—an inference based upon its absence in the skulls of 
examples identified as G. striata by Geoffroy and Mivart. But it was 
present, as Beddard stated, in the skull of Mungotictis substriatus. It 
seems, therefore, that the presence or absence of this tooth is not a 
generic feature in this group. Probably it has no systematic significance. 


the Mascarene Viverrid Galidictis. 121 


Mungotictis substriatus, sp.n. (Pl. VII. fig. 4.) 


General colour of the back and sides dark olive-grey, due 
to the intimate speckling of the coat with black and buff- 
grey, the individual hairs being alternately annulated with 
those colours, the tip being black. Under reflected light the 
pale penultimate annuli of some of the hairs at least shine 
with a whiter lustre. On the back and sides there are ten 
indistinct, faint rusty brown, narrow ‘longitudinal bands, all 
narrower than the interspaces. Of these, the first, the 
second, and the fourth, counting from the back downwards, 
are just traceable forward on to the shoulders, but not 
beyond. Posteriorly they fade away towards the root of the 
tail. The third stripe from the summit is much shorter. It 
extends only from about the middle of the body, where upon 
one side it joins the second stripe immediately above it, and 
vanishes behind on the rump. ‘The fifth and lowest stripe is 
very faint and just traceable forwards on to the side of the 
shoulder. Underfur dusky brown. 

The head is slightly darker than the body and more finely 
speckled. ‘There is a conspicuous dirty white spot over the 
inner angle of each eye. 

The fore legs externally from the elbow are yellowish buff, 
the black speckling of the hairs being hardly in evidence. 
The hind legs are much the same tint as the body as far 
down as the heels, the foot being mostly yellowish buff. 

The tail is much the same tint as the body throughout, the 
hairs alternately banded broadly black and yellowish- or 
buff-grey. Chin, throat, chest, belly, and inside of limbs 
uniformly yellowish buff, paler on the chin and throat, richer 
posteriorly, especially on the anterior edge of the hind limbs. 
A conspicuous whorl of hairs near the middle of the throat 
and a pair of whorls on the fore part of the chest, the Junction 
of the streams of hairs forming a transverse crest behind the 
interramal area, across the clavicular region, and down the 
fore part of the sternal region as in Ga/idia elegans. 

Measurements of dried skin.—Head and body 850 mm.; 
tail 625; hind foot 150. 

Loc. Madagascar. 

‘Type (in Brit. Mus.), the specimen presented by Mr. B. 
Muller to the Zoological Society 16. ix. 86, which died 
26. ix. 86. 


Galidictis vittatus was described by J. E. Gray as 
follows :— Grey, black and white grizzled ; back and sides 


122 Mr. R. I. Pocock on the Species of 


eight nearly equal, parallel, narrow, black-brown streaks ; 
chin and beneath pale brown; hind-feet and outer side of 
fore-legs brown...” (P. Z. 8. 1848, p. 22). 

The type, from Tulyah Bay, Madagascar, and in the 
British Museum, agrees tolerably closely with this descrip- 
tion despite many years’ exposure to light in the exhibition 
gallery. Probably, however, a certain amount of fading has 
taken place. The ground-colour of the back and sides is 
pale grey, approaching Silvery grey, the head being darker ; 
the legs, throat, and belly are yellowish buff, not brown as 
described. The back and sides are marked with eight dark 
rusty-brown stripes standing boldly out against the broader 
pale interspaces. Three of these on each side of the middle 
line pass forwards over the nape up to the occipital region, 
becoming gradually fainter in front of the shoulders, upon 
which they are strongly emphasized. The fourth from above 
on eacly side disappears in front of the base of the fore-leg, 
barely extending on to the side of the neck. . Posteriorly 
towards the root of the tail and the back of the thighs these 
str:pes fade away and become broken up into irregular spots. 
Beueath the fourth stripe from above on each side there is a 
faint fifth stripe which does not reach the elbow of the fore- 
leg ; and in the middle of the back between the two upper- 
most of the paired stripes there is a faint spinal stripe 
stretching nearly from the withers to the croup. Thus there 
are eleven longitudinal dark stripes in all (Pl. VII. fig. 3). 

So far as the stripes are concerned, the type of M. vittatus 
differs trom that of M/. substriatus in the following respects :— 
(1) The intensity of their colour; (2) the extension of three 
of them over the nape to the occiput ; (3) the presence of a 
short faint spinal stripe; (4) the absence of the short stripe 
in the posterior half of the body below the second from the 
top ; (5) the presence of the faint stripe below the fourth 
ong stripe and just above the pale tint of the belly. For 
the rest, the ground-colour was apparently originally much 
paler, since Gray described the hairs as “black and white 
grizzled,” and according to his description, which is borne 
out by the figure, the legs were much browner—at all events, 
externally. 


The genera and species above described and discussed may 
be distinguished as follows :— 


a. Heel of hind foot entirely covered with hair; 
black stripes mostly broader than pale stripes. Gaxtpicris, Geoffr. 
a’. Tail dark, the same tint as the head ...... fasciatus, Gmel. 


the Mascarene Viverrid Galidictis. 133 


b'. Tail mostly white, only dark basally above. 
a’, Six broad black stripes; interspaces, belly, 
and: lpes: pale Pa 2g acre sta, sate ph ern eximius, Noy. 
6°. Hight black stripes, the supero-lateral 
duplicated ; interspaces, belly, and legs 


darkerto~ 22:74 5% oar @ogrner Bee ale Be ornatus, Nov. 
b. Heel naked; dark stripes narrow, much nar- 
Power tian INGErspHCOS; s/s eos ae e's hy Ss MUNGOTICTIS, nov 


e. Eight conspicuous black-brown stripes, six 

extending to head ; interspaces paler .... vittatus, Gray. 
e’. Ten inconspicuous red-brown stripes, none 

passing beyond shoulders, the third from 

above short ; interspaces darker, olive-grey. swbstriatus, nov. 


The synonymy of the species referred to Galidictis is 
probably as follows :— 


1. Galidictis fusciatus, Gmel. 

Viverra fasciata, Gmelin= Viverra striata, Desmarest; nec Galidictis 

striata of recent authors. 

No specimen of this species is known. I have included it 
in Ga/lidictis because of the breadth of the black stripes; but 
the tail is coloured much as in the species of Mungotietis and 
the hind foot may have been naked to the heel as in that 
genus. 


2.- Galidictis eximius, nov. 
? Mustela striata, E. Geoffroy (= Galidictis striata of recent authors, 
in part). 


3. Galidict’s ornatus, nov. 
? Galidictis striata, I. Geoffroy (=Galidictis striata of recent authors, 
in part). 


Note on the Specific Name of the Type-species of Galidia. 


Is. Geoffroy St. Hilaire (Mag. de Zool. 1839, p. 27) identi- 
fied, and apparently with good reason, the “ Vondsire”’ of 
Flacourt (Hist. Madag. 1661, p. 154) with Galidia elegans, 
and incidentally pointed out that the “ Vansire” of Button 
and Daubenton was a different animal, though possibly 
belonging to the same genus. 

The name elegans was accepted as the specific title of the 
type of Galidia until 1908, when Thomas and Wroughton 
(P. Z. 8. 1908, p. 167) proposed to substitute galera for it, 
on the grounds that the Vansire of Buffon and Daubenton, 
the type of Mustela galera, Schreber (Siiug. il. p. 493, 


124 Mr. G. Dollman on the African Shrews 


pl. exxxv., 1776), was subsequently described as G. elegans 
by Geoffroy St. Hilaire. Although this view had been con- 
sidered and rejected by Geoffroy, it was revived interroga- 
tively by Gray and accepted as a certainty by Thomas and — 
Wroughton. I think Geoffroy was right in dismissing the 
Vansire of Buffon as an indeterminable species. Mivart 
(P. Z. S. 1882, p. 189) was probably nearer the truth than 
Gray, Thomas, and Wroughton when he suggested that it 
might be a species of Salanoia (Hemigalidia), adding that 
“had it been Galidia the black-ringed tail would surely 
have been indicated.” . 

The absence of the caudal annuli in Buffon’s figure, as 
well as the description of the general coloration of the 
Vansire, make it impossible to regard this ambiguous animal 
as even probably, much less certainly, identical with 
Geoffroy’s Galidia elegans. The familiar specific name of 
this animal must, therefore, in my opinion, be aliowed to 
stand, and the Vansire of Buffon, with galera attached to it, 
be relegated to the limbo of mammalian species unidentifiable 
at the present time. 


EXPLANATION OF PLATE VII. 


Fig. 1. Galidictis eximius, sp. n. 

Fig. 2. Galidictis ornatus, sp. u. 
Fig. 3. Mungotictis vittatus, Gray. 
Fig. 4. Mungotietis substriatus, sp. n. 


X1X.—On the African Shrews belonging to the Genus 
Crocidura.—IV. By Guy Dotiman. 


[Continued from p. 80. } 


Group 8 (jischer?). 


Size medium. Colour above very pale grey, light cinnamon, or cinna- 
mon-brown, below white or greyish white. Tail incrassated at 
base. Second and third upper unicuspids about equal in size. 


(38) Crocidura deserti, Schwann. 
Crocidura deserti, Schwann, P. Z. 8. p. 103 (1906). 
Size as in hindei, very pale in colour, paler than butleri. 


Colour of dorsal surface pale snuff-grey, general effect 
about as in “light drab,” the ground-colour being “ light 


belonging to the Genus Crocidura. 125 


mouse-grey ’’ sprinkled with “light cinnamon-drab,”’ the 
tint considerably more cimnamon than in smithi, but equally 
pale. Colour on flanks passing fairly abruptly into the 
white of the ventral surface ; hairs of belly with slate-grey 
bases and white or yellowish-white tips. Lateral gland 
small, marked by a patch of short white hairs. Backs of 
hands and feet white. Tail not very long, stoutly built, 
covered above and below with short white hairs ; bristle- 
hairs fairly numerous, but not very conspicuous, evenly 
distributed over basal two-thirds. The skins in the Collec- 
tion show a certain amount of colour-variation, some speci- 
mens being rather more strongly tinged with cinnamon, but 
never as brown as in buéleri. 

Skull about equal in length to that of hindei, with a rather 
larger brain-case. Interorbital region as in hindei, not so 
parallel-sided as in butleri or smithi. Teeth normal, the 
small upper unicuspids about equal in size; anterior cusp 
of large upper premolar not extending past the posterior 
border of third unicuspid. Last upper molar smaller than 
in butleri. 

Dimensions of the type and six adult specimens (mea- 
sured in the flesh) :— 


lead and body. Tail. Hind foot. Ear.” 

mm. mm. mm, mun. 
3 (type). Molopo ....° 92 46 14 12 
or -- waa Oe 54 14 12 
SHOEI Rats oid iS aos « 915 53 15 at 
Cah ge a Ae me 95 53 15 12 
Pe eae? «7852 «his de ¢ 86 50 14 115 
aE bat tele tres soins yore 92 43 14 115 
os i eee nce 3 52 14 11 


Skull of type: condylo-incisive length 249 mm. ; greatest 
breadth 10°3; least interorbital breadth 4°6; length of 
palate 10°2; postpalatal length 11; greatest maxillary 
breadth 7:8; median depth of brain-case 5°8; length of 
upper tooth-row 10:4. 

fTab. Molopo River, west of Morokwen, Bechuanaland. 

Type. Adult male. B.M. no. 4. 10. 1. 62. 

The exceptionally pale colouring immediately distin- 
guishes this Bechuanaland shrew from the allied species. 
The Somali smithi, though equally pale, is more slaty in 
colour and possesses a smaller and flatter skull, with nar- 
rower, more parallel-sided interorbital region, and with the 
second and third upper unicuspids crushed closely together, 
the anterior cusp of the large premolar partially concealing 
the third externally. 


126 Mr. G. Dollman on the African Shrews 


(39) Crocidura butleri, Thos. 


Crocidura butlert, Thomas, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) vol. viii. p. 375 
(1911). 

A medium-sized pale-coloured species, with short, white, 
incrassated tail. 

Fur rather short, hairs of back about 4 mm. in length. 

Colour above grey, washed with pale yellowish cinnamon, 
general effect as in “drab” mixed with ‘ wood-brown,” 
paler than in any other species excepting deserti, fischeri, 
and smithi. Flanks greyish washed with yellow. Lateral 
gland white. Underparts not sharply contrasted with upper, 
the cinnamon tint gradually fading on the flanks and passing 
imperceptibly into the creamy-grey of the ventral surface ; 
hairs of belly grey with creamy-white tips. The yellowish 
tinge on the underparts is possibly due to some secretion 
from the lateral glands, the areas around which are stained 
pale lemon-yellow. Backs of hands and feet white. Tail 
short, very thick and blunt, white above and below ; bristle- 
hairs long and fairly numerous, but rather inconspicuous. 

Skull smaller than in hindei, with narrower, more parallel- 
sided, interorbital region ; brain-case rather flatter. Teeth 
similar in shape but slightly smaller, small upper unicuspids 
about equal in size, cusp of second rather longer than that 
of third. 

Dimensions of the type (measured in the flesh) :— 

Head and body 78 mm.; tail 84; hind foot 13; ear 10. 

Skull: condylo-incisive length 23°9 ; greatest breadth 10; 
least interorbital breadth 4°3; length of palate 9:9; 
postpalatal length 10°9; greatest maxillary breadth 7:5; 
depth of brain-case 5°3 ; length of upper tooth-row 10:4. 

Hab. Between Chakchak and Dem Zubeir, Bahr-el-Ghazal. 

Type. Adult male. B.M. no. 8.4. 2.10. 

This species is at once recognized by its pale colour and 
short incrassated tail. 


(40) Crocidura percivali, sp. n. 


Related to dutleri, but distinguished by its much darker 
colour, longer tail, and smaller teeth. 

Colour above dull cinnamon-brown, between “ Prout’s 
brown’”’ and “ raw umber,” gradually paling on the flanks 
and passing rather imperceptibly into the greyish white of 
the belly ; hairs of underparts with slaty bases and greyish- 
white or buff tips. Lateral gland conspicuously marked by 
a streak of short white hairs. Both above and below this 


belonging to the Genus Crocidura. 127 


shrew is considerably darker than dutleri, resembling more 
the Charnia River species, beta, described above, but with 
less definition between the brown upper parts and greyish- 
white belly. Backs of hands and feet dirty white. Tail 
very thick at base, longer than in buéleri, brownish above, 
white below ; bristle-hairs not numerous, white. 

Skull a little smaller than that of dutleri. Tooth-row 
shorter, teeth rather narrower, the second and third upper 
unicuspids smaller and more oval in transverse section, 
third slightly overlapping second, but not so crushed together 
as in smithi nor hidden externally by the anterior cusp of 
the large premolar. 

Dimensions of the type (measured in the flesh) :— 

Head and body 84 mm.; tail 47; hind foot 12:5; 
ear 1]. 

Skull (brain-case broken): length of palate 9; least inter- 
orbital breadth 4°2 ; greatest maxillary breadth 7-4; length 
of upper tooth-row 9:2. 

Hab. Jombeni Range, Nyeri District, British East Africa. 
Altitude 3500 feet. 

Type. Adult male. B.M. no.12.7.1.61. Original num- 
ber 875. Collected on October 8th, 1911, by A. Blayney 
Percival, Esq., and presented by him to the National 
Collection. 

The longer tail, darker colour, and smaller teeth separate 
this species from the Bahr-el-Ghazal butler. 

It is with pleasure that I name this new form after 
Mr. Blayney Percival, the collector and donor, to whose 
generosity the Museum is greatly indebted. 


(41) Crocidura fischeri, Pag. 


Crocidura fischeri, Pagenstecher, Jahrb. Wiss. Anst. Hamburg. p. 34 
(1885). 


A pale grey-coloured species, with white extremities and 
tail. 

Size medium, tail rather short. 

Colour above slaty grey washed with pale brown, near 
“‘mouse-grey,” rather darker than in smithi. Underparts 
and extremities white. Tail fairly thick, whitish, a trifle 
darker on the dorsal surface. 

Skull much larger than in the allied species, small upper 
unicuspids crushed together almost as much as in smithi, 
the anterior cusp of the large upper premolar partially 
hiding the third upper unicuspid when viewed laterally, 
second and third upper unicuspids about equal in size. 


128 Mr. G. Dollman on the African Shrews 


Dimensions of the type (as given by Pagenstecher) :— 

Head and body 92 mm.; tail 48. 

Skull: length 26 mm. 

Hab. Negurt uman, German East Africa. 

The only specimen of fischer? in the Museum Collection is 
too young to be of any use for systematic work. 

This species is evidently a close ally of smithi, from which 
it may be distinguished by its rather darker colour and 
larger skull. 


(42) Crocidura voi, Osg. 


Crocidura voi, Osgood, Field Mus. Nat, Hist. Publication 143 (Zool. 
Ser.), vol. x. no. 3, p. 18 (1910). 


A pale grey-coloured shrew, with light underparts, closely 
allied to fischeri. 

Size about as in fischeri. 

Colour of dorsal surface described as “‘ slaty ” ; underparts 
“dull yellowish or greyish white below, the light and dark 
areas quite sharply contrasted.” Backs of hands and feet 
white. The colour is therefore very like that of fischeri, the 
underparts not quite so white and the dorsal surface not 
tinted with pale brownish. 

Skull “long and narrow” ; teeth large. 

Dimensions of the type (as given by Osgood) :— 

Head and body 90 mm.; tail 46, hind foot 145. 

Skull: greatest length 24°2; greatest breadth 9:7 ; 
maxillary width 8°2; length of upper tooth-row 11. 

Hab. Voi, British East Africa. 

Type. Adult male. Field Mus. Nat. Hist. no. 16942. 

This species is evidently closely allied to fischeri, from 
which it is distinguished by its rather smaller skull, greyer 
dorsal surface, and duller underparts. 


(43) Crocidura suahele, Hell. 
-Crocidura suahele, Heller, Smith. Misc. Coll. vol. lx. no. 12, p. 6 (1912). 


Allied to voi, but distinguished by its larger size and 
browner colour. 

Size rather larger than in fischeri. 

Colour above “ uniform broccoli-br own, not sharply defined 
against the drab-grey of the underparts ; hair everywhere 
slate-grey at base; lateral glands defined by a conspicuous 
line of white hairs; feet somewhat lighter than body, drab 
in colour; tail uniform in colour with the dorsum = and 
clothed by short brown hair and scattered long white hairs 
on the basal two-thirds.” 


belonging to the Genus Crocidura. LZ 


Dental characters the same as in voi, the unicuspids 
crushed together. 

Dimensions of the type (as given by Heller) :— 

Head and body 110 mm. ; tail 69; hind foot 16. 

Skull: condylo-incisive length 26°5; greatest breadth 
10°5 ; interorbital width 4°8 ; length of upper tooth-row 11°8. 

Hab. Mazeras, British East Africa. 

Type. Adult male. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 181815. 

The larger dimensions and browner colour distingnish this 
shrew from the Voi species. Crocidura fischeri, “although 
possessing a skull nearly equal in length, has a much shorter 

tail and lighter underparts. 


(44) Crocidura smithi, Thos. 


Crocidura smithi, Thomas, Ann, & Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) vol. xvi. p. 51 
(1895). 


This form is distinguished at once by its very pale smcke- 
grey upperparts, white flanks, limbs, belly, and tail, and flat 
skull. 

Size medium, hind foot from 11 to 12°5 mm. in length. 
Fur rather short, hairs of back 3 to 4 mm. in length. 

Colour pale smoke-grey above, faintly tinged with pale 
cinnamon, the general effect about as in “pale neutral 
grey”’ sprinkled with “light drab.” Flanks almost pure 
white, the grey hair-bases considerably less evident than on 
the back. Eelly white, hairs white almost to the roots, 

only the extreme bases pale grey. Lateral gland small, 
marked by a streak of short white hairs. Backs of hands 
and feet white. Tail rather short, covered with short white 
hairs above and below ; bristle- hairs fairly numerous, evenly 
distributed over nearly the whole length of the tail, w vhite in 
colour, but very slender and inconspicuous, 

Skull smaller than in fischeri, brain-case very flat, recalling 
the flattened skulls of the hildegardee group; imterorbital 
region more parallel-sided than in Aindei, the posterior inter- 
orbital breadth rather narrower than usual. ‘Teeth fairly 
large, especially the second upper incisors; small upper 
unicuspids crushed closely together, the third partially 
hidden externally by the small anterior cusp of the large 
premolar, the cusp of the second is slightly longer vertically 
than that of the third, but otherwise the two teeth are 
almost equal in size. Last upper molar small and narrow. 

Dimensions of the type (in spirit) :— 

Head and body 64 mm. ; tail 81 ; hind foot 11 ; ear 7:5. 

Skull: condylo-incisive length 20°8 ; greatest breadth 9 ; 


130 Mr. G. Dollman on the African Shrews 


least interorbital breadth 3°8 ; length of palate 86; post- 
palatal length 9; greatest maxillary breadth 6°7 ; median 
depth of brain-case 4; length of upper tooth-row 9°4. 

Hab. Webi Shebeli, Somaliland. 

Type. Adult male. B.M. no. 96. 8. 1. 1. 

In the Collection is a further specimen of this striking 
species, obtained by Dr. Drake-Brockman at Armaleh, 
Somaliland; from this individual the colour-description 
given above has been taken, the type being preserved in 
spirit. A curious feature in connection with this skin is the 
extensive brownish staining on the flanks just above and 
below the lateral glands. ‘The dimensions are rather greater 
than those of the type: —Head and body 66 mm. ; tail 50; 
hind foot 12°5. 


Group 9 (tuba and poensis). 
Size medium. Colour above blackish brown or dark reddish brown, 
below grey or brownish grey. Second and third upper unicuspids 
about equal in breadth. 


(45) Crocidura turba, Dollm. 
Crocidura turba, Dollman, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) vol. v. p. 176 
(1910). 

A medium-sized, very dark-coloured species, with hairy 
tail. 

Size of hind foot between 14 and 15°5 mm. in length; 
tail about 48 mm. long. 

General colour of dorsal surface dark seal-brown (* fus- 
cous” or ‘“fuscous black” sprinkled with “ mummy- 
brown’’), slightly paler on the flanks; hairs of back slate- 
grey, with long dark brown tips. Ventral surface silvery 
grey ; hairs dark slate-coloured, with greyish-white tips. 
Backs of hands and feet brownish. Tail covered with short 
dark hairs, ventral surface usually rather lighter; caudal 
bristle-hairs grey in colour and fairly numerous. 

Skull in general build less delicate than in the fumosa 
group ; longer than in fumosa or monaz, with narrow, rather 
high brain-case and long muzzle, considerably longer than 
in either fumosa or monaz. Maxillary region, although not 
broad, more expanded than in fumosa. Cranial ridges more 
developed, the lambdoidal and sagittal sutures meeting 
further back than in fumosa, in which species the sutures 
are never raised up into prominent ridges, the skull even in 
old specimens being remarkably smooth, and the lambdoidal 
suture running considerably further forward before meeting 


belonging to the Genus Crocidura. 131 


the sagittal suture. Tooth-row fairly long, second and third 
upper unicuspids narrow, oval in section, about equal in size, 
and the third slightly overlapping the second ; cingula fairly 
well developed. In fumosa these teeth are very different, 
being broader, circular in section, and the third considerably 
larger than the second. Last upper molar smaller than in 
the dolichura or fumosa groups. 

Dimensions of the type and three other specimens from 
the type-locality aud adjacent districts :— 


Headand body. Tail. Hind foot. Ear. 


mm, mm. mm. mn, 
3 (type). Lake Bangweolo .. 96 48 15 10 
: Os i estate ll 47 155 10 
ie Mia lH WISHY voces. sls 6 76 44 14 10 
Chimpili Plateau .......... 87°5 50 14:5 10 


Skull-dimensions of type and another specimen from 
Northern Rhodesia :— 


3 (type). 3. 


mm. mm. 
Condylo-incisive length .......... 24 23°'8 
Greatest: breadth os yx oy. 06s + ave 3. «0 10 97 
Least interorbital breadth ........ 4-9 4°38 
Bonoti of palate: 22. 6.33 <ise- x -/am s 10 96 
Postpaldtal lenpth) >... 2s... = 10°9 10‘4 
Greatest maxillary breadth ...... 7 a 

Length of upper tooth-row........ LO 10:1 


Hab. Chilui Island, Lake Bangweolo. Altitude 3900 fect. 
Type. Adult male. B.M. no. 9. 12. 4. 17. 


(46) Crocidura turba zaodon, Osg. 


Crocidura turba zaodon, Osgood, Field Mus, Nat. Hist. Publication 143 
(Zool. Ser.), vol. x. no. 3, p. 21 (1910). 


In size slightly larger than turda, darker in colour and 
with longer tail. 

Tail about 60 mm. in length. 

Colour of upperparts rich seal-brown (‘‘fuscous”’ mixed 
with ‘‘olive-brown”) ; ventral surface browner, not silvery 
grey. Backs of hands and feet blackish brown. Tail long, 
blackish brown, sometimes rather paler below; caudal 
bristles grey in colour and conspicuous. 

Skull a little larger, with heavier teeth. 

Dimensions of the type (as given by Osgood) :— 

Head and body 98 mm. ; tail 60; hind foot (ec. u.) 18 ; 
ear 9. 


132 Mr. G. Dollman on the African Shrews 


Average measurements of ten topotypes :— 

Head and body 99 (89-110) mm. ; tail 60 (56- -65) ; hind 
foot (c. u.) 17 (16°5-18). 

Skull of type: condylo-incisive length 24°3; greatest 
breadth 10-4; maxillary breadth 7:4; length of upper 
tooth-row 10°65. 

A specimen in the Museum Collection from the Amala 
River has the following cranial dimensions :—Condylo- 
incisive length 24°7 mm.; greatest breadth 10°2; least 
interorbital breadth 5° 1; length of palate 10°3 ; postpalatal 
length 10°9; greatest ‘maxillary breadth 7:5; length of 
upper tooth-row 10:7, 

Hab. Nairobi, British Fast Africa. 

Type. Adult male. Field Mus. Nat. Hist. no. 16929. 

The darker colour and longer tail readily separate this 
East-African form from the Rhodesian turba. 


(47) Crocidura turba lakiunde, Hell. 
Crocidura turba lakiunde, HEIs Smith. Mise. Coll. vol. lx. no. 12, 
p. 6 (1912). 

General proportions as in zaodon, but browner in colour. 

Tail longer than in turba or provocaz, equalling that of 
zaodon. 

General colour of dorsal surface uniform vandyke-brown, 
underparts but slightly lighter, brownish, not grey. Tail 
and feet as in zaodon. 

Skull slightly shorter than that of zaodon, smailer than in 
the average provocax. 

Dimensions of the type (measured in the flesh) :— 

Head and body 95 mm. ; tail 57; hind foot 15:5. 

Skull: condylo-incisive length 22; greatest breadth 10; 
length of upper tooth-row 10° 4. 

Hab. Lakiundu River, near its junction with the Northern 
Guaso Nyiro, British East Africa. 

Type. ‘Adult female. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 181816. 

In the Museum Collection are three specimens which 
probably represent this race, one from the Northern Guaso 
Nyiro in the unbleached pelage and two from the Jombeni 
Range (Nyeri District, B.E.A.) in the old reddish-brown 
coat. The skin- dimensions of these three specimens | are 
recorded as follows :— 


N. Guaso Nyiro. J ombeni. Jombeni. 
mm. mm, mm. 
Head and body ..,. 87 88 86° 
Tail: os asyeperee sy 55 50 65 


Hind foot ..4< ae eee 15°5 14 15 


belonging to the Genus Crocidura. 133 


There seems little doubt that this race is very close to the 
Nairobi one, differing only in the rather browner tint of the 
pelage and slightly smaller skull. 


(48) Crocidura turba provocax, Thos. 


Crocidura turba provocax, Thomas, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) vol. vi. 
p. 112 (1910). 

Allied to zaodon, but with shorter tail, about equal to that 
of turba. 

Size of body and hind foot as in ¢turba. 

Colour of dorsal surface slightly darker than in the 
Rhodesian form, more as in zaodon, dark blackish brown 
(“fuscous”’ mixed with black), finely speckled with silvery 
and yellowish grey; ventral surface considerably browner, 
without the distinct silver-grey wash found in turda. Backs 
of hands and feet dirty brown. Tail as short as in turba, 
dark blackish brown above, a shade lighter below ; caudal 
bristles fairly numerous, light grey in colour. 

Skull rather broader than that of turba, but exactly the 
same in general build, the sagittal and lambdoidal sutures 
meeting in quite the same manner. ‘Teeth slightly heavier, 
the large second incisor not so long horizontally. 

Dimensions of the type and seven other specimens from 
the type-locality (measured in the flesh) :— 

SYP Sa Oa Gs 89 ON. -O. 
hn, mm, mm, mm. nm, mm, mm. mm, 


Head and body .. 96 99 101 8&7 96 85 92 93 


OT Sp eae 51 49 49 45 49 48 Si 49 
mlind foot =... '... Toran 4-6 1d:bs 16:6. 16° 1o5 14-6 15-5 
ON ee eee LO & 8b 8dby -10°6. | 105... 10 95 965 


Skull: dimensions of the type and five other adults :— 
d (type). dS. . o. 2. Por iO 


mm mm. mm mm mm mm. 


Condylo-incisive length ........ 24:2 23:6 24 24:2 24:5 23:8 
Greatest breadth .............. ID 10-25 10:5 10k, 89° “102 
Least interorbital breadth ...... 5 5 5 48 5 4-9 
Tength of palate ........--00 08 TEL BSL 102i 19-2: . 9-6 
Postpalatal length.............. 106 104 105 104 109 108 
Greatest maxillary breadth ...... EO CAAT. Le eel ee 
Length of upper tooth-row...... 104 103 105 105 106 101 


The sexes in provocaz would not appear to differ from 
each other as regards size. 

Hab. Aberdare Mts., British East Africa. Altitude 
11,000 feet. 

Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol. xvi. 10 


134 Mr. G. Dollman on the African Shrews 

Type. Adult male. B.M. no. 10. 5. 3. 25. 

From zaodon this Aberdare race may be distinguished by 
its shorter tail; the rather darker colour, brownish belly, 
and light speckling on the back are the chief colour- 
differences which separate provocaz from true turba. 


(49) Crocidura turba kempi, subsp. nu. 


Closely allied to provocar, paler in colour and with 
smaller teeth. 

General proportions as in provocaz. 

General colour olive-brown (“olive-brown”’), lighter than 
in the Aberdare race and not exhibiting the silvery-grey 
speckling to such a marked extent; ventral surface greyer 
(“neutral grey”), more as in true ¢urba. Extremities and 
tail similar to those of provocaz. 

Skull rather smaller than that of provocar, zaodon, or 
lakiunde ; narrower and with rather smaller teeth, more as 
in turba. 

Dimensions of the type and four other specimens (measured 
in the flesh) :— 


Headand body. Tail. Hind foot. Ear. 
mm. mm. mm. mm. 
ie Fes noe ote 94 50 15 9 
Yen eres 100 55 165 9 
Oe peek eho 89 53 15 105 
D is Sas oe 88 56 15°5 10°5 
Skull: dimensions of type and three adults :— 
S (type) 3. 9. 2. 
mm mm mm mm. 
Condylo-incisive length ...... 221 22°7 23°4 22°3 
Greatest breadth ............ 9°5 95 97 9°6 
Least interorbital breadth .... 49 4-9 4:9 4:7 
Length of palate ............ 95 9°3 9°8 98 
Postpalatal length............ 9°7 10:5 10°5 9°8 
Greatest maxillary breadth.... 7:1 72 74 fia 
Length of upper tooth-row.... 95 9:8 10-2 10-1 
Hab. Kirui, Mt. Elgon. Altitude 6000 feet. 
Type. Adult male. B.M. no. 10.4.1.40. Original 


number 290. Collected on September 17th, 1909, by 
Mr. R. Kemp, and presented by C. D. Rudd, Esq. 

Mr. Kemp collected in all six specimens of this Elgon 
race at altitudes of from 5000 to 6000 feet. 

The rather paler colour, absence of prominent silver-grey 
speckling, and slightly smaller skull seem to indicate that 
this Elgon shrew should be considered as distinct from the 
Aberdare race. 


belonging to the Genus Crocidura. 135 


(50) Crocidura turba tarella, subsp. n. 


Allied to provocaz, rather greyer in colour, with much 
more prominent silver speckling and slightly heavier teeth. 

Proportions of body as in provocaz, tail rather longer. 

General colour dark brownish grey (between ‘ fuscous ” 
and “‘sepia”’); silver-grey or buff speckling very con- 
spicuous both on back and flanks. Underparts more silvery 
than in provocaz. Hands and feet, as in most of the turba 
group, brownish, the outer sides of the extremities darker 
than the inner. Tail rather longer than in provocar, of the 
same colour. 

Skull larger than that of turba, with heavier teeth ; com- 
pared with provocar the skull appears of very much the 
same size, the teeth slightly larger. 

Dimensions of type and seven other adult specimens :— 


Head and body. Tail. Hind foot. —_ Ear. 


mm. mm. mm. mm. 
@ (hype), isa... 91 57 17 9°5 
SS eT pe 95 50 15 10 
Rr iu ineare tires 84 53 15 9 
OF 2a ane ee 100 56 17 10 
OME eps aderetse 94 55 15:5 8 
OME afar. e <i)» 84 54 15°5 9:5 
el Ge ee 89 56 16 9 
be apap erarer TOO" ~* 58 15°5 9°5 


Skull: dimensions of type and three other adult speci- 
mens :— 


d (type. od. g. 2 

mm. nm mm mm 
Condylo-incisive length.....,.... 2450 « «2430 241 24-5 
tempat breadth. 2.2... cove ee 10-4 9°9 10°5 10°3 
Least interorbital breadth ........ 5 4:9 5 4:7 
Length of palate................ 10-1 10-2 9°7 10:1 
Postpalatal length .............. 10:9 10-4 10°8 10:9 
Greatest maxillary breadth ...... 76 75 75 74 
Length of upper tooth-row ...... 10:9 10:35) 102 > 106 


Hab. Chaya, near Ruchuru, Congo Belge. 

Type. Adult male. B.M. no. 11. 12. 3.52. Original 
number 2286. Collected by Mr. R. Kemp on June 19th, 
FORF. 

This race would seem to be fairly well distributed over 
Southern Uganda and the adjoining Congo districts. 
Mr. Kemp obtained it at the following localities :—Kiduha 
(Lake Mutanda), Kagambah, Kigezi, Nalasanji, and Mbarara 
(Uganda), and at the type-locality. 

10* 


136 Mr. G. Dollman on the African Shrews 


The greyer colour and more abundant silver-grey speckling 
and lighter underparts are the chief external characters that 
serve to distinguish this race from the Aberdare provocaz. 
The Rhodesian furéa is still more easily distinguished, as in 
that form there is hardly any light grey speckling and the 
teeth are considerably smaller and tail shorter. 


(51) Crocidura turba angola, subsp. n. 


A very dark shrew, almost black. 

Size rather smaller than in ¢wrba, tail shorter. Fur fairly 
long, hairs on back 6°8 mm. in length. 

General colour very dark, darker than in any other 
African Crocidura, near “fuscous black” mixed with 
“black.” Flanks slightly paler, the colour gradually be- 
coming greyer towards the ventral surface, belly much as in 
turba (“‘ smoke-grey ”), with a silvery streak down the mid- 
line. Backs of hands and feet dark brown. Tail short and 
thickly haired, dark blackish brown above, below slightly 
paler near the base; bristle-hairs dark, with greyish tips, 
very numerous. 

Skull and teeth much as in ¢urba. 

Dimensions of the type (measured from dry skin) :— 

Head and body 80 mm. ; tail 32 ; hind foot 12°5. 

Skull (occipital region broken): least interorbital breadth4, 
greatest maxillary breadth 7; length of palate 9°3; length 
of upper tooth-row 10. 

Hab. Bailundu Country, Angola. 

Type. Adult female. B.M. no. 5.10.1.4. Original 
number 8. Collected by Mr. C. H. Pemberton, and pre- 
sented to the British Museum by the Hon. Walter Rothschild, 
F.R.S. 

The darker colour and shorter tail readily distinguish this 
Angolan shrew from the rest of the turba group. 


(52) Crocidura turba mutese, Hell. 


Crecidura mutese, Heller, Smith. Mise. Coll. vol. lvi. no. 15, p. 3 
(1910). 

Most nearly allied to the foregoing race, rather larger, 
with heavier teeth, and brownish in colour. 

Size of body rather large, tail as long as in zaodon. 

Geueral colour of upper parts ‘‘ mummy-brown,” feet and 
tail darker seal-brown ; ventral surface greyish, with a wash 
of broccoli-brown. Lateral glands rather more distinct than 
in the other races, marked by a narrow streak of short, light 
brownish hairs. 


belonging to the Genus Crocidura. 137 


Dimensions of type (as given by Heller) :— 

Head and body 115 mm. ; tail 64 ; hind foot 16 (measured 
dry). 

Skull: condylo-incisive length 25°5; greatest breadth 11:2; 
length of upper tooth-row 11:3. 

Hab. Kampala, Uganda. 

Type. Adult female. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 174636. 

The larger skull aud teeth, rather longer tail, and more 
brownish coloration distinguish this Kampala race from 
t. tarella. The only specimen in the Museum Collection 
which appears to be mutese comes from Entebbe ; it agrees 
quite closely with Heller’s description of the general colour, 
but is rather smaller. 


(53) Crocidura nilotica, Hell. 


Crocidura nilotica, Heller, Smith. Misc. Coll. vol. lvi. no. 15, p. 3 
(1910), 


A dark clove-brown form with short tail and small 
teeth. 

Size of body about as in ¢. provocaz ; tail as short as in 
turba. Pelage not quite so long as in ¢. provocax. Colour 
of upper parts dark clove-brown, underparts slaty brown, 
but little higher than back. , Feet and tail coloured like rest 
of dorsal surface, caudal bristles hght brown. 

Skull a little smaller than in ¢. provocaz, with smaller 
teeth. 

Dimensions of type (as given by Heller) :— 

Head and body 92 mm.; tail 48; hind foot 145. 

Skull: condylo-incisive length 23; greatest breadth 10; 
length of upper tooth-row 9°5. 

Hab. Lado Enclave. 

Type. Adult female. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 164638. 

In his account of this species Heller mentions that 
further specimens were obtained at Butiaba, Hoima, and 
Kabula Muliro, in Uganda. There seems little doubt but 
that nilotica is a very close ally of the turba group. 


(54) Crocidura zena, sp. n. 


Larger than turba, with much larger hind feet and 
tail. 

General colour rather darker than that of turba (between 
“fuscous black”? and “aniline-black”), ventral surface 
browner, the hair-tips brown or grey. Hands and feet very 
large, strikingly darker on their outer sides and two outer 


138 Mr. G. Dollman on the African Shrews 


digits *. Tail considerably longer than that of ¢urba, dark 
blackish brown above, below a shade lighter ; caudal bristles 
not so numerous. 

The skull is unfortunately badly broken, the brain-case 
being entirely destroyed ; teeth heavier than in turba, third 
upper unicuspid broader and more circular in section, last 
upper molar larger. 

Dimensions of the type (measured in the flesh) :— 

Head and body 94 mm.; tail 63°5; hind foot 17; 
ear 10. 

Skull: least interorbital breadth 5; length of palate 10-1 ; 
greatest maxillary breadth 7°2; length of upper tooth-row 
10°6. 

Hab. Chilui Island, Lake Bangweolo. 

Type. Adult male. B.M.no.9.12.4. 21. Original num- 
ber 142. Collected by S. A. Neave, Esq. 

This shrew was found by Mr. Neave on the same island 
upon which he obtained the type of turba; the great 
difference in the size of the hind feet and the length of the 
tail clearly show that these two specimens cannot represent 
the same species, and it thus becomes necessary to bestow 
a specific name upon the larger specimen. In general pro- 
portions of body and tail this shrew might easily be confused 
with some of the British East African forms of turba. 


(55) Crocidura ansorgei, sp. n. 


Intermediate between the twrba and poensis groups. 

Size slightly larger than in ¢urba, about equal to zena or 
soricoides. Fur as in turba. 

Colour above considerably paler and greyer than in either 
turba or poensis, about like “ olive-brown” mixed with 
“mummy-brown”’; flanks a trifle lighter, the brownish tint 
gradually fading and merging imperceptibly into the dull 
greyish brown (“deep neutral grey” washed with “light 
drab ’’) of the ventral surface ; hairs of belly slate-grey with 
pale brownish tips. Backs of hands and feet brownish 
white. ‘Tail long, more finely haired than in turba, more as 
in soricoides, slate-brown above, paler below; bristle-hairs 
slender and fairly numerous on the basal half, but not nearly 
so conspicuous as in turba. 

Skull a trifle smaller and narrower than that of soricoides, 
shape of brain-case more as in turba, but muzzle rather 
blunter. Teeth like those of the Bangweolo species, second 
and third upper unicuspids a trifle broader and shorter. 


* This feature, although present in some of the races of turba, is never 
16) conspicuous as 1n zend. 


belonging to the Genus Crocidura, 139 


Dimensions of the type (measured in the flesh) :-- 

Head and body 98 mm. ; tail 59; hind foot (measured 
dry) 16; ear 8. 

Skull of type and a male specimen from Benguella: 
condylo-incisive length 23°9, 23:7 ; greatest breadth 10, 10: 
least interorbital breadth 4°9, 4°6 ; length of palate 10, 10; 
postpalatal length 11, 10°6; greatest maxillary breadth 7°3, 
7-5; median depth of brain-case 5°9,6; length of upper 
tooth-row 10°6, 10°5. 

Hab. Duque de Braganca, Angola. 

Type. Adult female. B.M. no. 4.4.9.29. Original 
number 156. Collected by the late Dr. W. J. Ansorge. 

There is a second specimen of this new shrew in the 
collection, the skull-dimensions of which are given above. 
It agrees fairly closely with the type in general body- 
measurements (head and body 85 mm.; tail 65 ; hind foot 
16°5; ear 10). 

The exact affinities of this species are somewhat difficult 
to decide; for the present it seems most convenient to 
regard it as intermediate between the turba and poensis 
groups. From ¢urba it is distinguished by its paler colour, 
longer, less hairy tail, and rather larger hind feet; zena, the 
other Bangweolo species, is very much darker in colour, 
both above and below. Crocidura p. soricoides possesses a 
larger skull, broader and flatter brain-case, and is con- 
siderably browner in colour. Crocidura nigricans, from 
Angola, is a much smaller animal] (head and body 70 mm. ; 
tail 52; hind foot 12). 


(56) Crocidura poensis, Fraser. 
Sorex (Crocidura) poensis, Fraser, P. Z. 8. p. 200 (1842). 


A medium-sized, dark brown-coloured species. 

The upper parts are described as “ of a deep brown colour, 
rather indistinctly variegated with greyish”; the body 
beneath is “ grey, but slightly washed, as it were, with dirty 
yellow.” In the Museum Collection there are four speci- 
mens from Fernando Po which may be accepted as repre- 
senting Fraser’s species; the colour of the new unworn 
pelage is considerably greyer than in the bleached phase, 
about as in “fuscous”; in the bleached state the coat is 
much browner and redder, near ‘‘ Prout’s brown.” Flanks 
rather greyer, the brownish tint gradually passing into the 
grey of the belly. Ventral surface pale slaty grey (‘‘ neutral 
grey’); in the worn coat the colour of the belly is con- 
siderably browner (‘‘ neutral grey ” suffused with “ drab’), 


140 Mr. G. Dollman on the African Shrews 


Backs of hands and feet more markedly bicolour than in | 
any of the East African forms (excepting zena), outer 
sides dark sepia, inner portions reddish brown. Tail fairly 
long and finely haired, dark brown above, a trifle paler 
below; bristle-hairs numerous, but not very conspicuous. 

Skull rather short with blunt muzzle; brain-case broad 
and a little flattened, but not markedly so. Teeth all rather 
heavy, third upper unicuspid slightly larger than and over- 
lapping second. 

Dimensions of the type (as given by Fraser) :— 

Head and body 3 in. 3 lin.; tall 1 in. 10 lin.; hind foot 
6 lin. 

The Museum specimens show rather greater measure- 
ments for the hind feet :— 


Head and body. = Tail. Hind foot. Ear. 

mm, mm. mm, mm, 
She yo ae 39 dos 86 53 15 aul 
DME SSS 76 48 15 10 


Skull of female specimen: condylo-incisive length 22°9 ; 
greadth breadth 9°8 ; least interorbital breadth 4-7; length 
of palate 10; postpalatal length 10°5 ; greatest maxillary 
breadth 7°2; median depth of brain-case 5-4; length of 
upper tooth-row 10. 

In another specimen the tooth-row measures 10°6 mm. in 
length. 

Hab. Clarence, Fernando Po. 


(57) Crocidura poensis soricoides, Murray. 
Rhinomus soricoides, Murray, Proc. Roy, Phys. Soc. Edinb. p. 159 
(1859-60), 

Closely allied to poensis, but distinguished by its larger 
skull. 

Murray’s type, which is preserved in the British Museum, 
is unfortunately in a very faded condition; it is evident, 
however, that the colour was very similar to that of poensis. 
A more recently collected specimen from Agberi, Southern 
Nigeria, may be taken as representing this form ; the colour 
above is dark vandyke-brown (‘ clove-brown” mixed with 
“ mummy-brown’’), profusely sprinkled with golden buff, 
the flanks a trifle greyer and speckled with silver, the colour 
fading gradually into the greyish brown of the belly. Backs 
of hands and feet brown. Tail as in poensis. 

Skull larger, with larger, more parallel-sided brain-case. 
Teeth all larger; third upper unicuspid slightly broader 
than second, and overlapping it, as in poensis. 


belonging to the Genus Crocidura. 141 


Approximate dimensions of the type (taken from dry 
skin) :— 

Head and body 75 mm.; tail 59; hind foot 15. 

Dimensions of three spirit-specimens :— 


Head and body. Tail, Hind foot, 
. mm. mm, mm. 
EAP ORG ve lapigd bide s 80 61 16 
2 OldiCalabar +0... 80 50 14:2 
SR INIBOE ce haves 5208 0's 79 61 15 


Skull of type (broken) and topotype (?): condylo- 
incisive length —, 25; greatest breadth —, 10 ; least inter- 
~ orbital breadth 4°8, 4-3; length of palate 10-4, 10-6; post- 
palatal length —, 11:3; greatest maxillary breadth 7:2, 7:7 ; 
median depth of brain-case —, 5-7 ; length of upper tooth- 
row 11,11. 

Hab. Old Calabar, Southern Nigeria. 

Type. Adult. B.M. no. 63.12. 17. 6. 

The larger size of the skull separates this mainland form 
from Fraser’s poensis. 


(58) Crocidura poensis attila, subsp. n. 


Smaller than soricoides or poensis, with lighter under 
surface more distinctly marked off from dorsum. 

Size rather smaller than the Fernando Po specimens in 
the Collection. 

Colour of new coat dark sepia-brown above, near 
“fuscous”? mixed with ‘clove-brown”; slightly paler on 
the flanks, the colour passing rather abruptly into the pale 
greyish tint of the ventral surface (‘‘ light neutral grey ” 
mixed with “light drab”). In the worn phase the coat is 
rather redder in colour (“ bistre”). Lateral gland silvery 
white. Extremities as in poensis. Tail dark sepia-brown 
above, paler below, clothed in very fine hairs, appearing 
almost naked except for the bristle-hairs which are fairly 
numerous and greyish in colour. 

Skull smaller than that of poensis or soricoides, with 
narrower brain-case and muzzle. Teeth conspicuously 
smaller, third upper unicuspid a little broader than second, 
and slightly overlapping it. 

Dimensions of the type and three topotypes (measured in 
the flesh) :— 

Head and body. Tail. Hind foot. Ear. 


mm, mm, mm. mm. 
os (lypey >: 8d 48 14 10 
5 ape BEEPS 90 55 14 11 
ei eers swe ok 80 50 12 10 


142 Mr. G. Dollman on the African Shrews 


Skull-dimensions of type and paratype (¢): condylo- 
incisive length 21, 21°7; greatest breadth 9, 9°3; least 
interorbital breadth 4°3, 45; length of palate 8:9, 9°2.; 
postpalatal length 9-1, 9°5 ; ereatest maxillary breadth 6°8, 
677; median depth of brain-case 4°9,5; length of upper 
tooth-row 9:1, 9°4. 

Hab. Bitye, South Cameroons. Altitude 2000 feet. 

Type. Adult male. B.M. no. 14. 7.23.9. Original 
number 713. Collected by Mr. G. L. Bates on December 
ord, 1913. 

The smaller-sized skull, smaller teeth, and lighter ventral 
surface distinguish this Cameroon race from both poensis 
and soricoides. 


(59) Crocidura poensis pamela, subsp. n. 


Size about as in poensis, tail shorter, and colour con- 
siderably duller. 

General colour of dorsal surface dull brown (“ olive- 
brown”), very thickly sprinkled with golden buff. Flanks 
a little greyer, the brown colour gradually merging into the 
greyish buff of the ventral surface (“ neutral grey ”’ suffused 
with “ drab”). Extremities as in poensis. ‘Tail short and 
appearing almost naked, sparsely clothed in very fine short 
hairs, blackish above, pale brown below; bristle-hairs very 
few and inconspicuous, not spreading more than halfway 
down the tail. 

Skull about equal to that of poensis; brain-case similar in 
size, but more angular, suggesting the square-angled cranium 
of the /una group. ‘Teeth as in poensis. 

Dimensions of the type (measured in the flesh) :— 

Head and body 83 mm. ; tail 35; hind foot 13; ear 8. 

Skull: condylo-incisive length 22°7; greatest breadth 
1071; least interorbital breadth 4°7; length of palate 9°5 ; 
postpalatal length 9°7; greatest maxillary breadth 7; 
median depth of brain-case 5°6; length of upper tooth- 
row 10. 

Hab. Bibianaha, Gold Coast. 

Type. Adult male. B.M.no.11.-1.11. 3. Original 
number 35. Collected on December 11th, 1910, by Dr. H. 
G. FI. Spurrell and presented by him to the National 
Collection. 

A specimen presented by F. Russell Roberts, Esq., col- 
lected in the French Gambia, appears also to belong to this 
form ; the colour is very like that of the type and the 
general dimensions much the same, the tail- measurement 
being 40 mm. 


belonging to the Genus Crocidura. 143 


The duller colour and shorter tail distinguish this race 
from poensis, soricoides, and attila. 


(60) Crocidura batesi, sp. n. 


In size rather larger than in poensis group, distinguished 
by its very dark colour, large teeth, and almost naked 
tail. 

Fur about as in poensis. 

Colour above dark blackish brown, near “ fuscous” mixed 
with “clove-brown” and “blackish brown (1)” ; a slight 
amount of buff speckling visible im certain lights. Ventral 
surface but very little lighter, “ deep neutral grey ” washed 
with “Saccardo’s umber.” Backs of hands and feet 
brownish. ‘Tail long and appearing almost naked, clothed 
with very short, fine, dark hairs, blackish brown above, a 
shade paler below; bristle-hairs very inconspicuous, a few 
present on the basal portion only, recalling the condition 
found more markedly in the dolichura group. 

Skull larger than in poensis or soricoides, brain-case con- 
siderably higher, but not as large as in occidentalis. 

Dimensions of the type and a female specimen from the 
Ja River :— 

Head and body 105, 95 mm. ; tail 65, 54; hind foot 16, 
Tez ear) 10, 8. 

Skull (badly broken): length of palate 10:2; greatest 
maxillary breadth 8; length of upper tooth-row 12. 

Hab. Como River, Gaboon. Sea-level. 

Type. Adult male. B.M. no. 97.7.1.4. Original num- 
ber 168. Collected on March 26th, 1897, by Mr. G. L. 
Bates. 

In the Museum Collection, besides the type and the Ja 
River specimen mentioned above, there are two subadult 
individuals, preserved in spirit, from the Benito River 
(French Congo) and Efulen (Cameroons). All these speci- 
mens agree in the scarcity of the caudal bristle-hairs and 
the darkness of the general colouring. 


(61) Crocidura foxi, sp. un. 

Paler and greyer than soricoides. 

Size about as in the Calabar species. 

Colour of dorsal surface snuff-brown mixed with grey 
(“ drab” speckled with “neutral grey”), considerably 
greyer and paler than in soricoides. In the worn pelage the 
colour is rather richer (“sepia” speckled with grey and 
buff). Flanks rather greyer, the brownish tint gradually 


144 Mr. G. Dollman on the African Shrews 


passing into the dull slate-grey of the ventral surface, which 
varies in colour from “ pale smoke-grey’’ in the new coat 
to “light greyish olive ” in the worn phase ; hairs of belly 
with slaty bases and greyish-white tips, the general effect 
paler and greyer than in soricoides. Backs of hands and 
feet brownish. Tail rather more coarsely haired than in 
poensis or soricoides, dark brownish black above, rather paler 
below; bristle-hairs greyish, fairly numerous, and con- 
spicuous. 

Skull about equal in size to that of soricoides, muzzle 
rather blunter and brain-case more inflated, shaped more as 
in the Gold Coast race of poensis, described above. Teeth 
about equal in size to those of soricvides, third upper uni- 
cuspid rather broader than second, and slightly over- 
lapping it. 

Dimensions of the type (measured in the flesh) :— 

Head and body 98 mm. ; tail 61 ; hind foot 16; ear 12. 

Skull: condylo-incisive length 24°8; greatest breadth 
10°5 ; least interorbital breadth 4°8 ; length of palate 10°8 ; 
postpalatal Jength 10°6; greatest maxillary breadth 7°6 ; 
median depth of brain-case 6:2; length of upper tooth- 
row ll. 

Hab. Panyam, Northern Nigeria. Altitude 4000 feet. 

Type. Adult male. 3B.M. no. 11. 3. 24. 7. Original 
number 5. Collected and presented by the late Rev. G. T. 
Fox. 

A second specimen, a female from the type-locality, 
agrees very closely with the type in general colour and 
dimensions. 

This shrew is easily distinguished from soricoides and the 
other races of poensis by its much paler and greyer colour. 


Group 10 (arethusa and erica). 


Size medium. Colour above cold grey washed with cinnamon or 
brown. Second and third upper unicuspids about equal in size ; 
last upper molar very small. ‘ 


(62) Crocidura arethusa, sp. un. 


Smaller than fozi and greyer in colour. 

Hind foot only 14 mm. in length. Fur rather short, 
hairs of back 3-4 mm. long. 

Colour of dorsal surface pale cinnamon-brown mixed with 
grey, about as in ‘‘ mouse-grey ” speckled with ‘“‘ mummy- 
brown ; flanks a trifle greyer, the brownish tint passing 
abruptly into the greyish white of the ventral surface, the 
demarcation much sharper than in fowi or any of the 


belonging to the Genus Crocidura. 145 


poensis group. Underparts considerably lighter, almost 
white (“pale neutral grey”). Backs of hands and feet 
dirty white. ‘Tail shorter and more finely haired, drab- 
brown above, whitish below; bristle-hairs greyish white, 
very numerous, and conspicuous. 

Skull rather smaller and narrower, with flatter and 
smaller brain-case. Teeth very similar, excepting the last 
upper molar, which is markedly smaller. 

Dimensions of the type (measured in the flesh) :— 

Head and body 80 mm.; tail 49; hind foot 14; ear 9. 

Skull (occipital region broken): basal length 207; 
greatest breadth 9°9 ; least interorbital breadth 4-1; length 
of palate 10°2; postpalatal length 10°4; greatest maxillary 
breadth 7-4; median depth of brain-case 5°1; length of 
upper tooth-row 10:6. 

Hab. Kabwir, Bauchi Province, Northern Nigeria. Alti- 
tude 2500 feet. 

Type. Adult female. B.M. no. 14. 11.8.2. Original 
number 68. Collected on August 27th, 1914, by Dr. J. C. 
Fox and presented by him to the British Museum. 

The smaller size, paler colour, flatter skull, and smaller 
last upper molar separate this form from the other North 
Nigerian species, fowi. 


(63) Crocidura erica, sp. n. 

Allied to arethusa, but distinguished by its greyer colour, 
longer, less hairy tail, and flatter skull. 

Colour above pale dove-grey faintly washed with brownish 
cinnamon, the general effect “ hair-brown” finely speckled 
with pale “mummy-brown,” greyer and paler than in 
arethusa ; flanks somewhat greyer, the brownish tint 
gradually merging with the dull grey of the underparts ; 
belly duller and greyer than in the Kabwir species, more as 
in fowt (near slate-grey washed with “ mouse-grey”), Backs 
of hands and feet dirty white. Tail long, very finely haired, 
drab-brown above, dirty white below ; bristle-hairs few in 
number, short and greyish white in colour, confined to basal 
half of tail. 

Skull smaller than in soricoides and much flatter, about 
equal to that of arethusa, but with flatter brain-case. Teeth 
fairly heavy, upper unicuspids large, the second not smaller 
than the third. Last upper molar as small and narrow as in 
arethusa. 

Dimensions of the type (measured in the flesh) :— 

Head and body 96 mm. ; tail 54; hind foot 15; ear 8. 

Skull of type and topotype (¢) : condylo-incisive length 


146 Mr. O. Thomas on 


23°3, 224; greatest breadth 10°2, 9°7; least interorbital 
breadth 4°8, 4°5 ; length of palate 10, 10 ; postpalatal length 
10°6, 10; greatest maxillary breadth 7:2, 7; median depth 
of brain-case 4°9, 4°8; length of upper tooth-row 10:3, 
10°2. 

Hab. Pungo Andongo, Angola. Altitude 3600 feet. 

Type. Adult male. B.M. no. 4.4.9.30. Original num- 
ber 30. Collected by the late Dr. W. J. Ansorge. 

This species would appear to be most nearly allied to the 
Nigerian arethusa, agreeing with it in general dental 
characters, but distinguished by its duller upper parts, 
darker belly, longer and less hairy tail, and flatter skull. 
Crocidura luna, which this species somewhat resembles in 
colour, is at once distinguished by its much broader skull, 
with higher and squarer brain-case, and the larger size of 
the last upper molar. 

[To be continued. ] 


XX.— New African Rodents and Insectivores, mostly collected 
by Dr. C. Christy for the Congo Museum. By OLDFIELD 
THOMAS. 

(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.) 


DurinG the absence of Mr. Dollman in the service of his 
country I have been entrusted with the examination of the 
magnificent collection of mammals made by Dr. Cuthbert 
Christy on the upper waters of the Ituri and Welle during 
the past two years for the Congo Museum at Tervueren. 
Although, as might be expected, the majority of the species 
are similar to those of Ruwenzori and Uganda to the east, 
and the Cameroons on the west, a certain number are new, 
and by the kind permission of the Belgian authorities [ am 
authorized to publish short descriptions of them in the 
‘Annals’ A full list of the collection will, it is hoped, be 
issued later in the Congo Museum Journal. 

Notes on the first instalment of the collection were published 


last year by Mr. Dollman *. 


Funisciurus anerythrus bandarum, subsp. n. 


General characters of F. anerythrus, but paler, and more 
such as might be expected in a less heavily forested country. 
Upper colour, as compared with the “dull greyish olive”’ of 


* Rey. Zool. Africaine, iv. p. 75. 


new African Rodents and Insectivores. 147 


anerythrus, more approaching a “ citrine-drab ” hue, the tone 
deader and less glossy than in the typical form. The dull 
rufous suffusion across rump and hips, as found in anerythrus, 
practically absent, the legs only slightly more fulvous than 
the body. Light lateral lines much less conspicuous than in 
anerythrus, tending towards obsolescence. Buffy wash on 


belly-hairs paler, more creamy and less ochraceous than in 
anerythrus. 


Dimensions of type :— 

Head and body 202 mm.; tail 193; hind foot 43. 

Upper molar series, exclusive of p, 7°2. 

Hab. Upper Shari River and adjacent parts of R. Ubangui. 
Type from the Ba-mingui River, Upper Shari. Alt. 2000’. 
Other specimens from Krebidje, R. Tomi, Ubangui, and 
St. Esprit Mission, on Ubangui above Kemmo. 

Type. Adult female. B.M. no. 7. 7.8.89. Original 
number 23. Collected 10th August, 1905, by Capt. Boyd 
Alexander on the Alexander-Gosling Expedition. Presented 
by the Expedition. Six specimens examined. 

A paler, less saturate form of F. anerythrus. The fine 
series of true anerythrus obtained by Dr. Christy on the 
Welle for the Tervueren Museum has enabled me to distin- 
guish this Shari subspecies. 


Tatera dichrura, sp. n. 

T. liodon group. 

Similar in size, proportions, general colour, and cranial 
characters to 7. ruwenzorii, but the tail prominently con- 
trasted white on its sides and below, while in 7. ruwenzorit 
and the allied species 7. dundasi and smithid the underside of 
the tail is soiled drabby white or even pale brown. Teeth 
heavier and bulle rather larger than in J. valida. No 
blackish patch below ear as in the latter. 

Dimensions of no. 1455 (type), measured in skin :— 

Head and body 175 mm.; tail 183; hind foot 35:7. 

Skull: greatest length 43; condylo-incisive length 381 ; 
zygomatic breadth 22; interorbital breadth 7:2; anterior 
palatal foramina 7°8; posterior palatal foramina 1°7 ; upper 
molar series 6°6. 


Hab. Upper Welle R., Congo. Type-locality, Poko. 


Taterillus congicus, sp. n. 

Near 7. emint, but much darker-coloured; the dorsal area 
specially darkened. Size comparatively large, about equalling 
the largest of the known species. General colour dark 
tawny brown, the sides and rump clear tawny, the back 


148 Mr. O. Thomas on 


tawny brown, darkened by the ends of the hairs being black. 
Colour of flanks encroaching on the sides of belly, the lateral 
hairs of the belly being tipped with tawny, and its white 
area consequently narrowed. Top of muzzle black. Crown 
tawny brown like back. Hairy band across sole distinct. 
Tail long, well-tufted, dark brown above, dull drabby or 
buffy below. 

Skull like that of T. emin7, but slightly larger. 

Dimensions of no. 1188 (type), measured in flesh :— 

Head and body 135 mm.; tail 170; hind foot 33; 
ear 20. 

Skull: greatest length 36°5 ; condylo-incisive length 31°2; 
interorbital breadth 6°6; anterior palatal foramina 6°8 ; 
posterior palatal foramina 4°1; upper molar series 5. 

Hab. Upper Welle. Typical locality, Poko. 

This fine Zaterillus is readily distinguishable from T. emint 
and 1. nigeria, its nearest allies, by its much darker and 
more tawny colour, its contrasted dark dorsal area, and the 
encroachment on the pure white of the belly by the tawny 
colour of the flanks. 


Mylomys alberti, sp. n. 

A large species, ochraceous posteriorly, with white under- 
side. 

Size large, the skull as large as in the figure given by 
Heller of his ‘* Pelomys roosevelti”? *. ‘That figure is said to 
be of the natural size, but is larger than the dimensions 
given in the description. General colour above coarsely 
mixed black and buffy, very much as in MV. lutescens, but 
posteriorly the colour becomes ochraceous or rufescent, 
richest at the base of the tail. Sides paler. Under surface 
and inner sides of limbs strongly contrasted pure white, the 
hairs white to their bases. Hands and feet buffy on meta- 
podials, the digits whiter. ‘Tail blackish above, buffy on 
sides, whiter below. 

Skull large and strongly built, with heavy muzzle and 
strongly developed supraorbital ridges. Molars propor- 
tionally rather small, not as large as in the smaller M. 
lutescens. 

Dimensions of no. 1231 (the type), measured on the skin :— 

Head and body (c.) 170 mm.; tail 170 ; hind foot 35°5. 

Skull: greatest length 38°5 ; condylo-incisive lengtlf 35 ; 
zygomatic breadth 18; nasals 15:2; interorbital breadth 5; 
palatilar length 18°2; palatal foramina 7°6x2°6; upper 
molar series 7°6. 

Hab, Poko, Upper Welle. 

* Smiths. Misc. Coll. vol. liv. p. 1, pl. 1. (1910). 


new African Rodents and Insectivores. 149 


Two specimens, collected by Dr. C. Christy. 

This My/omys is readily distinguished by the large size of 
its skull and its white underside, the other species all having 
grey-based belly-hairs. 

I have named this handsome species in honour of King 
Albert I. of Belgium, whose gallant fight against the mis- 
fortunes of his country has been the admiration of all the 
civilized world. 

Mylomys lutescens, sp. n. 

Size slightly larger than in Jd. cuninghamei. General 
colour yellowish buffy, heavily lined with black. Rump not 
prominently more ochraceous or rufous, though there are a 
few ochraceous hairs just round the base of the tail. Sides 
slightly greyer. Under surface dull creamy whitish, the 
basal halves of the hairs slaty. Haris brown, not contrasting 
with the general colour. Hands pale brownish, Feet buffy 
on the metatarsals, whiter along the edges and on the digits. 
Tail blackish above, whitish on sides and below. 

Skull of same size as in M. cuninghamei ; palatal fora- 
mina more widely open ; bull larger. 

Molars distinctly larger than in cuninghamet, the series 
very slightly longer, but the teeth decidedly broader and 
heavier (breadth of m* 2°6 mm. as compared with 2 3). 

Dimensions of the type :— 

Head and body 144 mm. ; tail] 141 ; hind foot 34; ear 19. 

Skull: greatest length 35; condylo-incisive length 31:8 ; 
zygomatic breadth 162; interorbital breadth 4:7 ; palatal 
foramina 7°2 x 3; upper molar series 8, 

Hab. S.W. Uganda. Type from Nalasanji. 5000’. 
Another specimen from Kiduha, Lake Mutanda. 6000’. 

Type. Adult female. B.M. no. 11. 12. 3,353. Original 
number 2339. Collected 8th July, 1911, by Robin Kemp. 

Distinguished from MW. cuninghame? by its more buffy, less 
tawny colour, and by the greater breadth of its molars. ‘he 
difference in tail-length is doubtful, since the tail of the type 
of M. cuninghamei, measured by its discoverer and published 
by me as 102 mm., was probably longer in reality; in its 
present state it is certainly imperfect terminally. 


Epimys longicaudatus tturicus, subsp. n. 


Epimys sebastianus, Dollman, Rev, Zool. Africaine, iv. p. 81 (1914), 
nec de Wint. 


General characters as in the Cameroons L. longicaudatus *, 
* Dasymys longicaudatus, Tullberg. 

Mus sebastianus, de Wint. 

When de Winton described his Mus sebastianus from the Cameroona 


Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8, Vol. xvi. 11 


150 Mr. O. Thomas on + 
hut size, as gauged by skull, averaging slightly larger. 
Colour paler, the flanks especially paler and more lioary grey, 
and the tail generally more or less whitened , beneath in its 
terminal half. In true /ongicaudatus the tail is uniformly 
brown throughont. 

Dimensions of no. 849 (type), measured in the flesh :— 

Head and body 158 mm.; tail 225; hind foot 32; 
ear 20. 

Skull: greatest length 39-2 ; condylo-incisive length 35°4 ; 
zygomatic breadth 18°4; nasals 15; interorbital breadth 5°6 ; 
palatal foramina 7-5 ;-apper molar series 6°5. 

Localities. Medje, Upper Ituri (type) ; Pilipili (Makala), 
Ituri; -Fundi, Ituris; and Poko, Upper Welle. Twelve 


specimens examined. 


GRAMMOMYS, gen. nov. 


Like Thamnomys, but the posterosinternal or “ «” cusp of 

the first and second molars reduced to a mere connecting- 
ridge running from the inner cusp of the median lamina to 
the hinder point of the tooth. 

External characters as in Thamnomys. 

Type. Grammomys dolichurus (Mus dolichurus, Smuts). 

When originally founding the genus Thamnomys, I pointed 
out that it contained two groups of species: (1) the typical 
Thamnomys, with the cusp # strongly developed, and 
(2) those more or less intermediate between Thamnomys and 
Epimys, in which this cusp was reduced to a narrow ridge, 
oiten hardly perceptible. 

With the great increase in the number of known species, IL 
now think it advisable that this intermediate group should 
have a special name. 

To T'hamnomys proper there only belong the following 
forms :—venustus (type), rutilans, kuru, and kempi ; while 
there go into, Grammomys the great mass of the known 
species, including dolichurus, surdaster, ruddi, baliolus, bun- 
tingt, tbeanus, macmillant, cometes, d scolor, gigas, dryas, and 
a few others described as subspecies of these. 


Deomys christy?, sp. n. 


Size about the same as in J). ferrugineuvs. General colour 
above paler and more drabby ; the ground-colour along the 


he naturally considered the name longicaudatus given by Tullberg as ante- 
dated by Bennett’s Mus longicaudatus from 8. Amica. But now that 
these rats are no longer placed in Mus, Tullberg’s uame, given in con- 
junction with the incorrect generic term Dasymys, becomes again avail- 
able for the Cameroons form. 


new African Rodents and Insectivores. Lat 


nape and sides of the back near “ cinnamon-drab”’ instead of 
tawny, the blackish median saddle-mark not so drab or so 
strongly contrasted. Under surface similarly pure sharply 
defined white. Limbs rather more completely whitish. 
Tail equally long and pencilled terminally, but, instead of 
being dark above quite to the tip as in D. ferrugineus, the 
end for from 1 to 3 inches is white above as well as below, 
forming a white terminal pencil. 

Skull generally similar to that of D. ferrugineus, but the 
supraorbital ridges form more distinct postorbital projections, 
overhanging the temporal fosse. In ferrugineus the ridges 
are, asarule, straight, without projections. Palatal foramina 
averaging shorter. Opening of posterior nares narrower, the 
median notch of the palate more sharply pointed. 

Teeth as in D. ferrugineus. 

Dimensions of an adult female from Poko, no. 1134 (type), 
taken on skin :— 

Head and body 148 mm. ; tail 205; hind foot 35°3. 

Skull: greatest length 36°7 ; condylo-incisive length 32°5 ; 
zygomatic breadth 15; nasals 14 ; interorbital breadth 6 ; 
breadth across brain-case 14; palatilar length 16°7; palatal 
foramina 5° ; upper molar series 5:8. 

Hab. Upper Ituri and Upper Welle. 

This Eastern representative of the Deomys ferrugineus of 
the Cameroons and Gaboon is readily distinguishable by its 
duller and paler colour, its white-tipped tail, and the cran‘al 
characters above described. 

Named in honour of its collector Dr. Christy, who informs 
me that it is a water-rat living along the edges of the rivers. 


Sylvisorex gemmeus irene, subsp. n. 

Size, proportions, and cranial characters as in true gemmeus 
of the Lado Enclave, but general colour pale olive-brown. 

Dimensions of type (measured in flesh) :— 

Head and body 60 mm.; tail 68; hind foot 13°5 ; 
ear 9. 

Skull: condylo-incisive length 17:2; breadth of brain- 
case 7°8 ; upper tooth-row 7°4; p'—n? 3°83. 

fab. Southern. Uganda and Upper Ituri. Type from 
Kaganbah, Uganda. Alt. 1600 m. ‘I'wo other specimens 
obtained by Dr. Christy at Poko, on the Welle, and Medje, 
on the Upper Ituri. 

Type. Adult male. B.M. no. 11. 12. 3.56. Original 
number 2344. Collected 10th July, 1911, by Robin Kemp. 

The general colour of true gemmeus is said to be “ seal- 
brown,” a very different colour from the pale olive-brown of 
this form. 


152 On new African Rodents and Insectivores. 


Sylvisoree gemmeus infuscus, subsp. n. 


.General characters as in true gemmeus, but colour of body 
much darker, near “ fuscous ” of Ridgway. 

Dimensions of type (measured in flesh) :— 

Head and body 65 mm.; tail 73; hind foot 13°5; 
ear 8. * 
Skull: condylo-incisive length 17°5 ; breadth of brain- 
case 7°7 ; upper tooth-series 7°6 ; p*~m? 3°8. 

Hab. Bitye, Ja River, S. Cameroons, 

Type. Adult male. B.M. no. 13. 9. 12. 4. Original 
number 642. Collected 17th December, 1912, by G. L. 
Bates, 


Erinaceus algirus caniculus, subsp. n. 


Similar in essential characters to true algirus, but while 
FI. a. algirus of Morocco and Algeria is comparatively dark 
above and partly or wholly dark below, and E. a. vagans of 
the Balearic Islands (and Spain?) is light above and wholly 
white below, the present form is even lighter than vagans 
above, but its face and lower surface are partially brown, as 
in algirus. 

Spiny area white or cream-white, the dark rings to the 
spines scarcely showing, their light tips from 5-7 mm. in 
length. Furry area with the edge bordering the spines 
. brown all along, from the crown backwards along the flanks 
to the hind Jimbs. A broad band across the muzzle from 
cheek to cheek brown. Hands, hinder portion of belly, and 
whole of hind limbs also brown. 

Dimensions of the type, measured in flesh (immature) :— 

Head and body 190 mm.; tail 27; hind foot 35; 
ear 30. 

Skull: greatest length 51. 

Skull of an old female: condylo-basal length 56°5 ;— 
zygomatic breadth 37; intertemporal constriction 13°8 ; 
palatal length 34 ; upper tooth-series 27°8. 

Hab, Eastern Canary Islands. Type from Toston, Fuerte- 
ventura. 

Type. Immature male. B.M. no. 13.7. 26.11. Original 
number 1. Collected 9th May, 1913, by Mr. D. A. 
Bannerman, 

It is not improbable that hedgehogs from the desert regions 
of Africa opposite the Canaries will also prove to be this 
pale form of E. algirus. 


nn 


-§€9 


THE ANNALS 


MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY, 
[EIGHTH SERIES.) 


No. 938. SEPTEMBER 1915. 


XXL—On some of the External Characters of the Palm- 
Civet (Hemigalus derbyanus, Gray) and its Allies. By 
R. I. Pocock, F.R.S., Superintendent of the Zoological 
Society’s Gardens. 


[Plate VIII. | 


Tne facts recorded in this paper are based upon an examina- 
tion of specimens in the British Museum, more particularly 
upon one of Hemigalus derbyanus, a young male preserved 
in alcohol and collected by C. Hose at Baram, N. Borneo; 
also upon a skin of that species obtained on Lawes Mt., 
N. Borneo, by A. Everett, and one of Diplogale hoset from 
Mt. Dulit, collected by C. Hose, both of which were kindly 
lent to me by Mr. Edward Gerrard. 

Coloration.—The peculiar and, in some respects, curiously 
variable pattern of Hemigalus is well known. On the head 
there is a narrow median dark streak stretching from the 
rhinarium to the fore part of the nape of the neck, and on 
each side of this there is a broader dark stripe which encircles 
the eye and passes backwards over the base of the ear. On 
the upper side of the neck there are two very broad stripes, 
sometimes more or less broken up into shorter stripes or spots, 
which run backwards and curve downwards to the elbow. 
Behind these and adjacent to the whorl, whence the hairs 
radiate, are two shorter oblique stripes, also sometimes repre- 
sented by spots. Behind the shoulders the back is marked 


Ann, & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol. xvi. 12 


dt 


154 Mr. R. I. Pocock on some of the 


by five or four broad transverse stripes separated by pale, 
usually narrower interspaces. The tail has two inferiorly 
imperfect stripes at its base, the posterior of these being 
indistinctly separated from the dark tint which pervades the 
rest of the organ. 

Examination of the pattern in genets and linsangs leaves 
little doubt as to the mode of origin of this pattern. Jarge 
laterally placed spots, originally arranged in longitudinal 
lines, have coalesced transversely with each other and with 
the adjacent portion of the spinal stripe, and become isolated 
into transverse bands by the suppression of the intervening 
areas of the spinal stripe. This stripe is merely represented 
by the median portion of the transverse stripes. On the 
neck it has wholly disappeared, and the two large stripes of 
this region correspond with the two similar stripes observable 
in many Viverride, especially in some species of Genetta. 
This is the most specialized type of pattern met with in the 
Viverride ; and it is interesting to note that it is more 
easily derivable from the heavily blotched genettine pattern 
than from that exhibited by any of the Paradoxurine, in 
which the pattern is for the most part partially or wholly 
suppressed. 

Vibrisse and Rhinarium.—The facial vibrisse are normal 
in number of tufts. The mystacials are long, rigid, and 
numerous ; the superciliaries and the two genal tufts on 
each side consist of a few finer and shorter bristles, those of 
the interramal tuft being still shorter and finer. 

The rhinarium (PI. VIII. figs. 1, 2,3) is large and projecting, 
deeply grooved in front and above, its upper edge, viewed 
from the front, being bicouvex, and viewed from above bian- 
gular, the two angular prominences being separated by a wide 
angular emargination. The infranarial portion, seen from 
the front, is deep from above downwards, and overlaps the 
nostrils laterally to a considerable extent, its inferior edge 
on each side of the middle line being transverse, with 
rounded lateral angles. A groove extends obliquely down- 
wards and inwards beneath the nostril towards the middle 
line, and a deep transverse groove cuts off the wide supero- 
Jateral area which stretches backwards below the narial slits. 
on the upper surface of the rhinarium. ‘These slits converge 
somewhat posteriorly, and the posterior border of the rhina- 
rium is lightly emarginate. 

In its general features the rhinarium resembles that of 
the Paradoxurine genera, Paradoaurus and Arctoyalidia. 
From its anterior aspect it is hardly distinguishable from 
that of P. /arvatus, but the groove defining the portion of it 


External Characters of the Palm-Civet. 155 


that extends laterally backwards beneath the narial slit on 
each side above is deeper than in any genus of this family I 
have seen, and the portion defined by the groove is wider. 
The angular emargination of its anterior border when seen 
from above resembles in width and depth that of Arcto- 
galidia. 

Ear (Pl. VIII. fig. 4).—The cartilaginous ridges strength- 
ening the lower portion of the pinna generally resemble those 
of the Viverride. The outer of the two anterior ridges (ae.) 
runuing upwards from the lower orifice of the meatus (0.) 
has a strongly sinuous edge and carries two promineuces, the 
lower of which is the tragus. The inner of these two ridges 
(ai.) also carries two prominences, the lower being angular 
in profile view and the upper semicircular and turned 
forwards away from the cavity of the ear. This process 
clearly corresponds to the angular process which, in other 
genera of this family hitherto examined by me, projects 
backwards towards the hollow of the pinna over the anterior 
end of the supratragus. The supratragus (antihelix) (s.) 
carries the normal lobate thickening. ‘The two posterior 
ridges (pe., pi.) of the cavity of the pinna are developed as in 
other genera, but there is a very distinct ridge or crest (e.) on 
the outer side of the prominence, called by Mivart the anti- 
tragus, asin Viverricula. The ‘bursa (6.) has its anterior flap 
dceply and concavely emarginate, the inferior angle of the 
emargination being prominent and subacute as in Para- 
doxurus hermaphroditus. 'The posterior flap is semicircular, 
and its upper margin is attached behind the edge of the 
pinna as in Paradoxurus, Nandinia, etc., and is not con- 
tinuous with it as in Arctogalidia, Civettictis * , and Viver- 
ricula, 

The Scent-pouch (Pl. VIII. fig. 5).—So far as I am aware, 
the only description of the scent-gland in this genus is that 
published in 1882 by Mivart, who examined a female given 
to him by Mr. A. D, Bartlett. He “found superficial folds 
something as in Genetta—two oblique shallow folds extending 
obliquely upwards and outwards from near the anus to the 
Vicinity of the vagina. The secretion could be squeezed into 
these folds, just as in the specimen I examined of Genetta 
tigrina”’ (P. Z. 8. 1882, p. 167). 

In the young male example in the British Museum the 
gland appears to resemble that of the female, but the precise 
details of its structure could not be determined, without 


* Observed in an adult example of this genus (P. Z. S. 1915, p. 399, 
fig. 5, F). But in a young example with milk-dentition, since examined, 


this flap of the Lursa arose behind the edge of the pinna. 
12* 


156 Mr. R. I. Pocock on some of the 


dissection, from the material available. The following 
points, however, may be noticed. The glandular area (g/.) 
cousists of a pair of longitudinal thickenings or ridges of 
integument extending from the scrotum towards the penis. 
They are entirely covered with and partially concealed by 
silky hair. Between them lies in the middle line an 
elongated suboval depression, shallow behind and gradually 
deepening in front to form presumably a receptacle for the: 
secretion. This depression does not reach posteriorly as 
far back as the scrotum (sc.), which is quite normal in being 
undivided—z. e., not like that of Cynogale nor so far anteriorly 
as the base of the penis visible externally. The latter runs 
forwards quite an appreciable distance in front of the 
glandular lobes before terminating in the prepuce (p.), which 
is free and pendulous, almost as in Cynogale. The prepuce 
itself is naked, but the skin of the penis posteriorly is 
covered with hair. The naked anal area (a.) is quite normal. 

The gland above described is simple in type, and resembles 
that of Genetta and the Viverrine generally in being covered 
with hair, in having the labia juxtaposed, and in being 
altogether posterior to the prepuce. It differs from that of 
Genetta and other Viverrines in that the labia do not extend 
so far forwards towards the prepuce. 

The feet are small, rounded, and compact, the short toes 
being tied together by comparatively narrow webs, which 
extend up to the proximal ends of the digital pads and 
prevent the digits from being widely separated, the third and 
fourth toes of both front and hind foot being more closely — 
united than either is to the adjacent digits. There is no 
trace of skin-lobes protecting the claws, and the area 
between the digital pads 2 to 5 and the plantar pads is 
covered with hair as in Genetia and Viverra zibetha; buta 
naked strip of skin connects the digital pads of the pollex 
and hallux with the corresponding lobes of the plantar pad, 
as in Nandinia. ‘The pollex and hallux are moderately well 
developed, and their digital pads are separated from that of 
the second digit by a space about equalling that which sepa- 
rates the second from the third digit. 

In the fore foot (PJ. VIII. fig. 6) the plantar pad is of nor- 
mal size, and its three main elements are defined by compara- 
tively deep grooves, and there is a large pollical lobe, broad in 
frout and narrow behind, in contact with the internal lateral 
lobe. Its narrow posterior portion is in contact with the 
radial or internal carpal pad, which is long and narrow, and is 
in contact throughout the greater part of its length with the 
uluar or external carpal pad, which is a little lenger and 


External Characters of the Palm-Civet. 157 


considerably thicker than the internal; its anterior end is 
connected with the posterior end of the external lateral lobe 
of the plantar pad by a narrow pad-like ridge of integument, 
stretching obliquely forwards and outwards to reach the 
plantar pad. The carpal and plantar pads in their entirety 
resemble tolerably closely those of Genetta, the carpal pads 
taken together being narrower than the plantar pads, The 
chief differences are these:—The carpal pads both indi- 
vidually and collectively are longer than in that genus, the 
pollical lobe is a little larger and, in conformity with the 
longer pollex, is separated by a wider space, covered with 
hair from the digital lobe of the pollex, and, lastly, the space 
circumscribed by the plantar and carpal ‘pads, instead of 
being covered with hair as in Genefta and all Viverrines, is 
ade as in all Paradoxurines. 

The hind foot (Pl. VIII. fig. 7) agrees in the main with the 
fore foot. The three main lobes of the plantar pad are simi- 
larly well defined, the hallucal lobe is large and somewhat 
widely separated bya hairless space from the digital pad of the 
hallux. From its posterior end there extends backwards (or 
upwards) and inwards an elongated pad, which is, however, as 
broad distally as the area of the hallucal lobe it abuts against, 
but it narrows proximally and ceases near the middle of the 
underside of the metatarsus’a considerable distance below 
the heel. A corresponding par tially divided external meta- 
tarsal pad, or thickened ridge of integument, runs backwards 
from the posterior end of the eral lateral lobe of the 
plantar pad, narrowing as it goes, to meet the internal meta- 
tarsal pad below its superior apex ; and, as in the fore foot, 
the relatively depressed space between the carpal and plantar 
pads is naked. Above the apex of the metatarsal pads there 
is a long area of the metatarsus completely covered with 
hair. In connection with the digital pads, a small difference 
between the fore and hind feet may be noted ; those of the 
third and fourth digits in the hind foot are a little closer 
together than in the fore foot., They are not united at the 
base ; but in their juxtaposition, these pads show a condition 
intermediate between that scen in the Viverrines and in the 
typical Paradoxurines. 

Mivart’s figures of the pads of the specimen he examined, 
probably a fresh example, agree in the main, so far as the 
features above described are ‘illustrated, with those obseryed 
in the specimen in the British Museum, but in the latter the 
carpal and metatarsal pads are a litile narrow er, perhaps 
owing to shrinkage in alcohol, 

From the description here given of the feet of Hemiyalus 


158 Mr. R. I. Pocock on some of the 


it is obvious that Mivart’s classification of the genus in the 
same category of Viverride as Paradowurus and Arctogalidia, 
a category characterised by having the “ tarsus half bald,” 
is quite indefensible, since it is not true in fact, and ignores 
the very considerable differences in the matter of hairiness 
between the soles of the hind feet in Hemigalus, on the one 
hand, and in Paradoxurus and Arctogalidia on the other. 

The points to be noticed about the feet are these. The 
nakedness of the area between the plantar pad and the 
carpal or metatarsal pads is a Paradoxurine feature. On the 
other hand, the narrowness of the conjoined carpal pads is a 
Viverrine feature, as exemplified in Genetta. The reduction 
of the metatarsal pads both in breadth and width, and the 
relatively large area of the metatarsus which is overgrown with 
hair, while distinguishing the hind foot from that of the 
Paradoxurines, is not in accord with the condition observed 
in the Viverrines. It comes nearest to the type seen in 
Genetta, but in the latter these pads are less well developed 
close to the plantar pad, but extend much farther up towards 
the heel. 


Until 1892 the genus Hemigalus occupied an isolated 
position, without near allies. Gray made it the sole repre- 
sentative of a special tribe of the Viverridz, called Hemi- 
galina; but possibly because Hemigalus was monotypical, 
this classification was not adopted by later writers, who 
merely quoted Hemigalus as one of the many genera con- 
stituting the heterogeneous subfamily Viverrine. 

In 1892, however, Mr. Oldfield Thomas described * a 
second species, Hemigale hosei, based upon specimens from 
Mt, Dulit in N. Borneo. Chiefly on account of certain 
well-marked differences in the teeth, he subsequently gave 
this species generic rank under the name Diplogale, and at 
the same time described a third genus Chrotogale to receive 
a species, Ch. owstoni, from Yunnan, differing from both 
Hemigalus and Diplogale in dentition, although resembling 
the type of the former in being transversely banded instead 
of devoid of pattern like D. hose: +. 

There is unfortunately no spirit-preserved material, either 
of Diplogale or Chrotogale, available for examination. - But, 
so far as can be judged from dry skins, these genera resemble 
Hemigalus in the shape of the rhinariam, the development 


* Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) ix. p. 250; also P. Z. S. 1892, p. 222, 
pls. xviii. & xix. 


+ P.Z,S. 1912, pp, 499-503, 


External Characters of the Palm- Civet. 159 


of the pads, and the extent to which the lower sides of the 
feet are overgrown with hair. Nothing unfortunately can 
be made out with regard to the scent-gland, but the affinities 
between the three genera indicated by the many points of 
resemblance and the fewness and nature of the differences 
between them justify, from the analogy supplied by the 
Viverrines and Paradoxurines, the conclusion that Diplogale 
and Chrotogale possess scent-glands similar to, though per- 
haps not absolutely structurally identical with, those of 
Hemigalus. If this be so, the three genera in question form 
a compact little group of the Viverride, distinguishable on 
the one hand from the Viverrine, and on the other from 
the Paradoxurine, exemplified particularly by Paradoxurus 
and Paguma, and in some respects, especially as regards the 
feet, intermediate between them. I think, therefore, that 
Gray was right in isolating Hemigalus, and I propose to 
adopt fer the group it typities the name he proposed under 
its modernised form, Hemigaline, and to regard this group 
as of subfamily rank. 

Possibly from want of properly preserved material, I am 
not able to point out any external characters to distinguish 
these three genera, apart from those mentioned by Thomas : 
namely, the absence of pattern in Diplogale and the normal 
direction of the hair on the-neck in Chrotogale—characters 
which in themselves are hardly of generic value. Reliance 
must therefore be placed upon the cranial and dental 
characters mentioned by Thomas. 

By these the three may be separated as follows :— 

a, Premaxille (in immature form, at least) produced far 
beyond canines, separated by a long median palatal 
fissure, the incisors broad and forming a strongly 
curved line; direction of hair on the neck normal; 
(panterin asin Femigaiis) "=. cis aes cuernc tev tsnncee Chrotogale, 
6, Premaxille normally produced, in contact on the palate 
throughout their length; the incisors narrow and 
forming a gently curved line; hair on the neck reversed 
in direction. 
a’, First upper premolar small, one-rooted, palate con- 
siderably wider behind than in front; pattern com- 
posed of broad transverse stripes on a light ground . Hemigalus. 
b'. First upper premolar large and two-rooted ; palate 
nearly as wide in front as behind; no pattern, 
Copiers OLbCU Ors ods on wate iwad'ncs! gone Saks Diplogale. 


In attempting to affiliate these genera, there are one or 
two points to consider. First, the very specialised pattern 
of Hemigalus and Chrotogale, and, second, the specialised 
dentition of Chrotogale. Taking these two features in 
conjunction, I think the assumption that Chrotogale is a 


160 Mr. R. I. Pocock on some of the 


specialised derivative of Hemigalus is justified. The position 
of Diplogale is more doubtful. The absence of pattern 
precludes the possibility of drawing any inference from that 
source. Possibly the newly-born young might supply the 
clue as to whether this geuus is descended from a form with 
the ; attern of Hemigalus or from one with a more generalised 
pattern such as is seen in Linsang or Genetta, from which, 
as explained above, the pattern of Hemigalus was probably 
derived. 

If the pattern is shown in the young and proves to be of 
the Hemigalus type, the fact will attest that,in this respect 
at all events, Diplogale is a modification of that type. On 
the other hand, if the pattern should be like that of Genetta 
or Linsang, the inference will be that Diplogale is descended 
from an ancestor common to it and Hemigalus. But, with 
our present knowledge, the only information we have to go 
upon is that supplied by the dentition ; and since a large 
double-rooted upper first premolar probably preceded in 
evolution a small one-rooted homologous tooth, Diplogale 
must, I think, be regarded provisionally as a more primitive 
type than Hemigalus*. 


Note upon the Name Hemigalus derbyanus. 


The species described in this paper is commonly quoted 
as Hemigale hardwicku. 'There are reasons, however, for 
regarding this specific title as inadmissible. 

In 1827, Lesson (Man. Mamm. p. 172) described under 
the name Viverra hardwichii a species which, in Trouessart’s 

- Catalogue, is regarded as the same as Linsang linsang 
(=gracilis). However that may be, the name certainly 
belongs to a species quite distinct from the one that 
currently passes as H. hardwickii, Gray, which was also 
assigned originally to Viverra; aud since the two forms- 
were obviously dedicated to the same mau, General Hard- 
wicke, the name employed by Gray (Spic. Zool. p. 9, 1830) 
is not available for the species to which Gray applied it, 
according to the old-fashioned and commonsense system of 
nomenclature. Nevertheless, those who maintain that a 
difference between two names of one letter, of whatever kind, 
where no misprint is involved, renders both valid, must con- 
sistently admit hardwichii, Lesson, and hardwickii, Gray, 
provided the species are, as appears, distinct. That Lesson’s 

* For descriptions of the muzzle, ears, feet, and glands of the Viverrine 


and Paradoxurme, see P. Z. S, 1915, pp. 131- -149 & pp.¢ 387-412; and of 
the Cynogalinze, Ann, & Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) xv. pp. 851-360 (1915). 


External Characters of the Palm- Civet. 161 


spelling of the name was not certainly a misprint, 7. e. an 
overlooked error by the type-setter, is shown by the full 
title he used, namely, “ Le Civette de Hardwich, Viverra 
hardwichii”’ Lesson made a mistake in Hardwicke’s 
name—that is all. This raises a nice point for disputation, 
which it would be profitless to pursue further. 

There remains for settlement, however, the question as to 
the identity of Viverra hardwicki, Gray. By common con- 
sent, the species has been regarded as the same as the subject 
of the present paper, namely, the animal subsequently 
described by Gray himself as Paradoxurus derbyanus 
(Charlesworth’s Nat. Hist. i. p. 579, 1837), by Jourdan as 
Hémigale zébre, and by Miiller as Viverra boiez. 

But the type of V. hardwicki, Gray, was a figure of a 
Malayan animal by Major Farquhar. ‘This figure, said to 
be in the collection of the Asiatic Society, I have not seen. 
Gray, however, described the tail as having six or seven 
blackish rings, the last occupying the terminal fourth of the 
organ; the neck as being marked with three small stripes ; 
and the back with six broader, somewhat lunate bands. 
Since this description, especially as regards the annulation 
of the tail, does not agree with the species that currently 
passes as Hemijalus hardwickii, that name is not admissible 
for it. I therefore adopt derbyanus, setting aside the pro- 
bability of several subspecies being concerned. It is odd 
that a refined, if injudicious, “ splitter”? hke Gray ignored 
in his later works the differences here pointed out. In 
1869, for example, he made his Paradoxurus derbyanus 
(Cat. Carn. ete. p. 57) synonymous with his Viverra hard- 
wickii; but the description of the species there priuted does 
not agree with the one he previously gave of V. hardwichit. 
The type of Paradoxurus derbyanus isin the British Museum, 
so there is no doubt as to the identity of that form *. 


* This note was written before I hadseen Mr. O.Thomas’sremarks upon 
this species (Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. xxiii. no. 4, pp. 612-615, 
1915). Mr. Thomas adopts the name Hemigalus derbianus, admitting 
Gray’s emendation of the spelling of the specific title. Although the 
result im this particular instance is of little moment, it should be 
remembered that the allowance of such an alteration is a precedent 
dangerous to nominal stability in general. Mr. Thomas, moreover, 
rejects hardwickii, Gray, on the grounds that hardwichit, Lesson, was a 
misprint. But my independent arrival at the conclusion that hardwichit 
cannot on the evidence be dismissed as an obvious misprint, shows that 
the point is one about which different opinions may be held; and since 
Mr. ‘Thomas does not discuss my second reason for rejecting hardwickti— 
namely, the uncertainty as to the identity of the species so named by 
Gray in 1830—I have allowed my notes on the names to stand as originally 
written, although the conclusion is practically the same as Mr. Thomas’s. 


162 Mr. W. E. Collinge on 


EXPLANATION OF PLATE VIII. 


Fig. 1. Lateral view of the rhinarium of Hemigalus derbyanus. 

Fig. 2. Anterior view of the same, 

g. 8. Superior view of the same. i tel 

Fig. 4. Base of the left ear. s., supratragus or plica principalis; 6., bursa, 
the margin of the posterior flap dotted in behind the edge of 
the pinna; pi. and pe., internal and external posterior ridges ; 
e., crest on outer side of pe.; o., inferior orifice of meatus ; 
ae. and ai., external and internal anterior ridges, the former 
bearing the tragus below, the latter the semicircular flap above. 

Fig. 5. Anal and genital area of male. a., anus; sc., scrotum; gl., gland ; 
p. prepuce. 

Fig. 6. Left fore foot from below. 

Fig. 7. Left hind foot from below, 


XXII.—Some Observations on the Isopod Idotea hectica 
(Pallas). By Watrer E. Counce, M.Se., F.L.S., 
F'.E.S., Research Fellow of the University of St. Andrews, 
the Gatty Marine Laboratory, St. Andrews. 


[Plate IX.] 


In connection with an investigation which I am at present 
carrying out on the British species of Isopoda of the Family 
Idoteidee, Professor M‘Intosh has very kindly placed at 
my disposal a number of specimens, amongst which is one 
irom the Atlantic Ocean which I believe to be referable to 
the Oniscus hecticus of Pallas. 

This species was described by Pallas in 1771* from 
specimens obtained from the Atlantic, though most of the 
subsequent records are from the Mediterranean region. 
Miers T mentions having examined specimens from 8. Kurope_ 
(P. B. Webb) and Tripoli (7. Ritchie) in the British 
Museum collection, and from the Muséum d’ Histoire naturelle 
of Paris specimens trom the Mediterranean (Rouz), Nice 
(Risso), Algeria (Lucas), and Bourbon (Breon). 

The L£. viridissima ot Risso is regarded as synonymous 
with this species by Miers, who also places the Stenosoma 
eruginosa of Costa in the same category, but with a query. 

So far as I am aware, J. hectica has been only imperfectly 
described and still more imperfectly figured ; the purpose of 
the present communication is to supplement these. 


* Spicil. Zool. 1772, i. (fase. 9) p. 61, pl. iv. fig. 10. 
+ Journ, Linn. Soc., Zool. 1883, vol. xvi. 


the Isopod Idotea hectica (Pallas). 163 


Idotea hectica (Pallas). 


Body (fig. 1) elongate, narrow-oblong, slightly narrowed 
towards the head, convex ; longitudinal median dorsal keel 
extending from the first mesosomatic segment to the end of 
the anterior third of the terminal segment, epimera not 
visible dorsally. Cephalon convex, anterior margin with a 
deep, almost semicircular excavation; lateral lobes broad 
and obtuse; epistome shallow and produced into a short 
conical rostrum. Eyes small, situated dorso-laterally. 
Antennule (fig. 2) 4-jointed, the first one being stout and 
broad. Antenne (fig. 3) slightly over half the length of the 
cephalon and mesosome, peduncle with the last two joints 
elongated and subequal; flagellum multiarticulate. First 
maxille (fig. 4) with outer lobe terminating in seven curved 
spines, the inner lobe with three dense setaceous ones. Second 
maxille (fig. 5) short, thin, and plate-like, terminating in 
three setaceous lobes. The segments of the mesosome are 
about equal in length, excepting the first, which is somewhat 
shorter than any of the others, all produced backwardly 
in the median line to a point which is especially prominent 
on the sixth and seventh segments ; postero-lateral angles 
not acute. Maxillipedes (fig. 6) thin and flattened, with 
4-jointed palp, inner basal. segment unjointed, Thoracic 
appendages slender and all similar in character. The abdo- 
men is composed of three distinct segments, with suture-lines 
on either side of another partly coalesced segment, the third 
or terminal segment measuring 14 mm. in length and 4 mm. 
in width at the base, distally with a semicircular emargination, 
and the postero-lateral angles produced and acute. Uropoda 
(fig. 7) almost straight on the inner side with prominent 
raised inner margin, broader posteriorly than anteriorly, 
terminally the basal plate is oblique; exopodite a small 
setose spine; endopodite straight on the inner side, slightly 
curved externally, with posterior margin slightly emarginate. 

Length 45°5 mm. Colour (in alcohol) fawn with minute 
decolorized pigment-spots. 

Hab, Atlautic Ocean, 1864 (Mr. Sibbald). 

According to Miers, Lucas states that the colour is a fine 
green, laterally margined and minutely punctuiated with 
reddish. In the diagnosis given by Miers (op. cit. p. 46), it 
is stated that the longitudinal median dorsal keel ‘is obsolete 
on the terminal postabdominal segment,” but this is not so 
in the specimen I have examined. He also states that the 
length of the antenne is “as long, or nearly as long, as 
the body, without the postabdomen.”” In the example I have, 


164 Mr. G. B. Sowerby on. 


the antenn are unfortunately imperfect, there being only 
twelve joints on the left flagellum and ten on the right one, 
Miers gives the numbers as 14 to 24, but, even with the 
addition of the missing joints, I think he has overstated the 
length. 

‘Phe antennules are short and slender, extending slightly 
beyond the antepenultimate peduncular joint of the anteune. 
The second joint of the antenne is deeply grooved laterally, 
and the fourth and fifth joints elongated and subequal. 

The mouth-parts have not hitherto been described or 
figured. ‘The maxille present no special features. The 
maxillipedes are thin and flattened, in consequence of which 
the fourth joint does not move in a groove on the anterior 
border of the third joint, a character I have found in various 
stages of development in quite a large number of species of 
this genus, but, curiously, not mentioned in any of the 
descriptions, so far ae1 4m aware. 

I. hectica belongs to that division of the genus Idotea 
which is characterized by the narrow, elongated, filiform 
body, and in which the epimera are either not visible dorsally 
or else are very small, and contains such species as I. linearis 


(Linn.), Z. cxdica, M.-Edwards, and J. elongata, Miers. 


EXPLANATION OF PLATE IX. 


Fig. 
Fig. 


. Dorsal view. 

. Antennule. 

Fig. 3. Peduncle of antenne. 

Fig. 4. First maxilla. 

Fig. 5. Second maxilla, terminal portion. 
Fig. 6. Maxillipede. 

Fig. 7. Left uropod. 


He CORD 


XXITL.— Descriptions of new Species of Mollusca from 
various Localities. By G. B. Sowersy, F.L.S. 


[Plate X.] 
Drillia pareiplicata, sp. n. (Pl. X. fig. 1.) 


Testa elongato-acuminata, sordide albida; spira elongata; an- 
fractus 7, primus rotundatus, secundus planato vix convexus, 
sequentes Conyexi, obtusissime angulati, oblique parci-plicati, ad 
suturam leviter concavi; anfractus ultimus oblongus, convexus, 
fere levis, 3 longitudinis teste equans. Apertura oblonga, lati- 
uscula ; labrum acutum, leviter intlexum, postice late et profunde 


new Species of Mollusca. 165 


' sinuatum ; columella rectiuscula, tenuiter callosa ; canalis brevis, 
latus. 
Long. 13, maj. diam. 5 mm. 


Hab. Nagasaki. 
This species is chiefly characterized by a few smooth 
oblique plice on the whorls of the spire. 


Columbella plicatospira, sp.n. (Pl. X. fig. 2.) 


Testa subcylindracea, polita, pallide lutescens, juxta suturam fascia 
interrupta rufo-fusca ornata; spira elata, convexiuscula; an- 
fractus 6, leviter convexi, haud angulati, plicis numerosis leves 
crassiusculi, interstitiis paulo angustioribus, longitudinaliter 
instructi, sutura angustissima sejuncti; anfractus ultimus 
oblongus, supra leviter convexus, infra medium contractus, infra 
suturam breviter sed conspicue plicatus, aliter levis. Apertura 
elongata, mediocriter lata; labrum inerassatum, intus quinque- 
dentatum ; columella rectiuscula tenuissime lamellata. 

Long. 10, maj. diam. 34 mm. 


Hab. Japan. 

This shell is chiefly characterized by the stout straight 
plicee on the whorls of the spire and the few short ones, 
rendered conspicuous by the bright brown interrupted band, 
aud forming a sort of crown to the body-whorl. 


Olivella inusta, sp.n. (Pl. X. fig. 6.) 


Testa parva, rimata, oblonga, solidula, nitida, pallide fusco-luteola, 
saturate fusco late balteata ; spira acuta; anfractus 5, levissime 
convexi, sutura angustissime canaliculata sejuncti; anfractus 
ultimus subcylindricus } longitudinis teste vix squans, infra 
lira angusta obliqua instructus, supra et infra nitide fusco late 
balteatus. Apertura anguste trigona; labrum vix incrassatum ; 
columella albo callosa, sinistrorsum obliqua. 

Long. 33, maj. diam. 2 mm. 


Hab. Florida. 
Chiefly recognized by the two broad shining bandsand the 
cylindrical form of the body-whorl. 


Lotorium (Cymatium) kiiensis, sp.n. (Pl. X. fig. 7.) 


Testa subfusiformis, antice rostrata, postice pyramidalis, irregulariter 
varicosa et longitudinaliter plicata, liris angustis transversis paulo 
elevatis, creberrime granulosis sculpta, epidermide tenuis partim 
scabrosa induta; spira elata, conoidalis; anfractus 6, primi 
rotundati, reliquiz obtuse angulati; anfractus ultimus elongato- 
pyriformis, lateribus crassivaricosis, plicis paucis distantibus 


166 Mr. G. B. Sowerby on 


munitus; rostrum elongatum, irregulariter tortuosum. Apertura 
ovalis, intus rufo-violacea, leviter sulcata ; labrum incrassatum, 
intus sex-nodulosum; columella leviter arcuata, tenuiter albo 
callosa, transversim anguste granoso lirata, infra medium 
biplicatum. 

Long. 37, lat. 18 mm. 


Tlab. Kii, Japan. 

Compared with Reeve’s Triton exaratus, this shell is of 
a much narrower and less angular foi! It somewhat 
approaches 7’. elongatus, also of Reeve. 


Natica (Polinices) tenuicula, sp.n. (PI. X. fig. 3.) 


Testa subglobosa, tenuis, umbilicata, pallide luteo-fuscescens, postice 
nigro-fusca; spira breviter conica ; anfractus 43, convex, leves, 
sutura angustissime canaliculata sejuncti; anfractus ultimus 
amplus, inflatus, rotundatus, oblique irregulariter rugosus. Aper- 
tura ampla, intus fusca, antice albo radiata; labrum tenue, 
arcuatum ; columella rectiuscula, postice tenuiter callosa; um- 
bilicus profundus, mediocriter latus. 

Long. 37, maj. diam. 34; apert. long. 30, lat. 18 mm. 


Hab. Nomuro, Japan. 

This shell is hardly comparable with any known species. 
It is of a light substance and has somewhat the external 
appearance of a species of Amaura. ‘The operculum is 
unfortunately wanting. 


Pentadactylus fusco-imbricatus, sp.n. (PI. X. fig. 4.) 


Testa fusiformis, anguste rimata, pallide luteola, fusco maculata, 
profuse squamulata, longitudinaliter costata, squamis aculeatis 
fuscis supra costas instructa ; spira elata, acuta; anfractus 7, 
obtuse angulati; sutura vix conspicua ; ; anfractus ultimus supra 
convexus, infra medium constrictus. Apertura elongata, leviter 
sinuata, antice angusta, postice latior ; labrum leviter incrassatum, 
fimbriatum, extus aculeatum, intus quinque denticulatum ; canalis 
mediocriter latus ; columella levis, supra arcuata, infra leviter 
sinuata. 

Long. 19, diam. 12 mm. 


Hab, Hawaii. 

Only four specimens of this species were sent to us some 
years ago from Hawaii. The one I have selected as the type 
is the most perfect, and the conspicuous brown scales are 
sharper and more prominent than in the others. The species 
seems to vary considerably, and I delayed describing it in 

the hope of getting more specimens, which, however, have 


new Species of Mollusca. 167 


not come. The brown scales on the light yellowish ground 
form a very conspicuous character. 


Littorina eudeli, sp:n. (Pl. X. fig. 5.) 


Testa ovato-turbinata, solidiuscula, contecte rimata, pallida, lineis 
longitudinaliter undulatis picta ; spira elata, acuta; anfractus 5, 
conyexe rotundati, sutura angustissima sejuncti; anfractus 
ultimus amplus, rotunde convexus, supra et infra spiraliter inepte 
sulcatus. Apertura late semicircularis, leviter obliqua, fauce 
glabra, fusca; labrum arcuatum, acutum}; columella obliqua, 
planulato-callosa, fusco tincta. 

Long. 11, diam. 9 mm. 


Hab. Pondicherry (Eudel). 

At the sale in Paris of the collection of Captain Emile 
Eudel in 1893, I purchased a considerable number of shells of 
this species, which all these years appears to have remained 
unnamed. I am now venturing to give it a name, as it seems 
quite different from any known species. The ziezac markings 
seem at once to suggest the name L. ziczac, but the West- 
Indian species of that name is more elately conical and has a 
distinct angle at the periphery. 


Diala vitrea, sp. nm. (Pl. X. fig. 8.) 


Testa ovato-pyramidalis, vix rimata, pellucida, tenuissima, glabra 
vel longitudinaliter obscurissime scalpta; spira elate conica, 
acuta ; anfractus 6, convexi, leviter rotundati; ultimus longitu- 
dinis spiram fere «quans, leviter inflata; varicibus paucis, vix 
conspicuis, haud elevatis. Apertura ovalis; labrum tenue, 
simpex ; columella leviter opaca, arcuata. 

Long. 6, diam. 5 mm. 


Hab. Ise, Japan (Lirase). 

A delicate transparent shell, with much the appearance of 
asmall Limnea. The varices, characteristic of the genus, 
are not at all prominent, and appear in the form of two or 
three slightly opaque rays on the body-whorl and one on the 
penultimate. 


Minolta liricincta, sp. n. (PI. X. fig. 15.) 


Testa minuta, globulosa, crassiuscula, umbilicata, alba, postice 
pallide fusco tincta ; spira breviter conica, subgradata ; anfractus 
33, convexi, penultimus obtuse angulatus, spiraliter triliratus; 
anfractus ultimus globosus, spiraliter sex-liratus, supra obtuse 
angulatus, ad peripheriam rotundatus; umbilicus profundus, 


168 Mr. G. B. Sowerby on 


circularis, mediocriter latus. Apertura circularis ;_ peristoma 
simplex. 
Alt. 24, lat. 24 mm. 


Hab. Bitter Lakes, near Suez. ; 

A little white shell of a globular form, acute at the apex, 
the first whorls being tinged with light brown. In the 
absence of the operculum I cannot be quite sure of the 
generic position of this species, but think J have placed it 
correctly. 

* 


Pecten (Chlamys) scabricostatus, sp. n. (Pl. X. fig. 14.) 


Testa squivalvis, eequilateralis, tenuicula, suborbicularis com- 
pressiuscula, supra peracuta, infra rotundata; auriculis valde 
ineequalibus, sinistra lata, acutangulata leviter squamosa, dextra 
multo brevior, rectangularis, valvasinistra leviter convexa, undique 
angustissime radiatim lirata, costis 18-20 rotundatis, crassi- 
usculis, aliquis breviter erecte squamatis radiata. 

Alt. 55, lat. 50, crass. 16 mm. 


Hab. Swan River, West Australia. 

About fifty years ago a considerable number of shells of 
this species came to London, and were distributed under 
various names, such as senatorius (Gmel.), gloriosus (Reeve), 
prunum (Reeve), &c.; but I have always considered the 
identification, to say the least of it, quite unsatisfactory. The 
species differs from all the varieties of senatorius (including 
those bearing the two last-mentioned names) by its broader 
and less numerous ribs, some of them bearing a few erect 
prominent scales, a character which at once catches the eye, 
as they only appear generally on every fourth rib, the others 
being nearly smooth or having only very small inconspicuous 
foliation. 

The colours, as in P. senatorius, are very varied ; the shell 
I have selected as type is light brown at the upper part, and 
the remainder pink, while some are plain yellow all over ; 
others again are mottled with brown, yellow, and white. 

The dimensions given are about the average. The largest 
of the ten specimens before me measures 68x65 and the 
smaller 40x36 mm.; but I have seen one magnificent 
speciinen of a beautiful clear yellow colour throughout and 
measuring 78 mm. This shell belonged to the collection of 
ths late S. I. Da Costa. 


Volsella compta, sp.n. (PI. X. fig. 10.) 


Testa oblonga, tenuis, vivide purpurea, epidermide tenuis leviter 


new Species of Mollusca. 169 


scabrosa induta, concentrice creberrime scalpta; margo dorsalis 
leviter arcuatus, postice rotundatus, ventralis lcv.ter incurvus ; 
umbones obtusi, subterminali. 


Hab. Iyo, Japan (Hirase). 


Cardium (Serripes) notabile, sp.n. (Pl. X. fig. 9.) 


Testa inflata, sordide albida, epidermide pallida tenuiter induta, 
concentrice creberrime striata, utrinque breviter radiatim sulcata ; 
margo dorsalis posticus late arcuatus, anticus brevis, valde 
declivis, ventralis suboblique arcuatus ; latus anticum rotundatum, 
posticum late arcuatum ; umbones obtusi, valde incurvati, ante 
medium locati. 

Antero-post. 80, umbono-marg. 77 mm. 


Hab. Wakasa, Japan (Lirase). 
I have as yet only seen one specimen of this species, which 
is of a much more tumid form than Serripes grénlandicus. 


Macoma transcalpta, sp.n. (PI. X. fig. 11.) 


Testa oblongo-subovalis, tenuicula, leviter compressa, albida, creber- 
rime oblique striata, postice acute angulata, concentrice filo- 
striata; margo dorsalis anticus elongatus, levissime arcuatus, 
posticus brevis valde declivis; margo ventralis arcuatus; latus 
anticum rotundatum, posticum obtuse angulatum; umbones 
minuti, post medium locati; dens cardinalis in utraque valve 
duo, lateralis nullis. 

Antero-post. 25, umbono-marg. 15 mm. 


Hab. Oshima, Japan. 
Distinguished by the very fine oblique striz nearly 
covering the surface of both valves. 


Macoma anatinoides, sp.n. (PI. X. fig. 12.) 


Testa oblonga, tenuicula, albida, iridescens, levis, concentrice sub- 
tilissime striata, postice leviter hiata; margo dorsalis anticus 
elongatus, arcuatus; posticus leviter declivis, rectiuscula ; ven- 
tralis longus, antice rotundatus, postice leviter ascendens ; 
umbones vix elevati, post medium locati; dens cardinalis in 
utraque valyze duo, lateralis nullis. 

Antero-post. 28, umbono-marg. 15 mm. 


Hab. Philippines (?). 

The shell is of simple character, resembling in form a 
species of Anatina. ‘Lhe surface is apparently smooth, but 
under the lens it is seen to be closely concentrically striated, 
and it has an iridescent lustre. 


Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol. xvi. as 


‘ 


170 “Col. C. Swinhoe on new 


Several specimens were found among a lot of Philippine 
shells; but the habitat, although probable, must be regarded 
as uncertain. 


Donax cacuminatus, sp.n. (Pl. X. fig. 13.) 


Testa trigonalis, crassa, alba, postice fusco-tincta, undique radia- 
tim crebrisulcata, postice recto declivis, acutangulata, antice 
leviter producta ; umbones acuti, post medium locati. 

Antero-post. 22, umbono-marg. 15 mm. 


Hab. I. Pins, New Caledonia. 

Somewhat resembling the West-Indian D. denticulatus, 
but more acute at the posterior angle, and without the undu- 
lated corrugation ot the posterior area characteristic of that 
species. 


EXPLANATION OF PLATE X. 


Fig. 1. Driilia parciplicata. 

Fig. 2. Columbella plicatospira. 

Fig. 8. Natica (Polinices) tenuicula. 
Fiy. 4, Pentadactylus fusec-imbricatus. 
Fig. 5. Littorina eudeli. 


Fig. 7. Lotorium (Cymatium) kitensis. 
Fig. 8. Diala vitrea. 

Fig. 9. .Cardium (Serripes) notabile. 
Fig. 10. Volsella compta. 

Fig. 11. Macoma transcalpta. 

Fig. 12. anatinordes. 

Fig. 13. Donax cacuminatus. 

Fig. 14, Pecten (Chlamys) scabricostatus. 
Fig. 15. Minolia lirieincta. 


if 
2 
3 
4 
5 
Fig. 6. Olivella musta. 
i 
8 
9 
10 


XXIV.—WNew Species of Indo-Malayan Lepidoptera. 
By Colonel C. Swinnog, M.A., F.L.S. 


DawnaAInz. 


Bahora annetta, nov. 


gd. Pale ochraceous, larger than B. aspasia, Fabr., from 
Java and the Malay Peninsula, very nearly resembles 
Doherty’s figure of his chrysca from Engano Island; but the 
cell of the fore wing is densely clouded with black, and the 
ochreous interspace above the hinder margin is quite clear, — 
and broader and more squarely cut at its outer end than in © 


Species of Indo-Malayan Lepidoptera. 171 


any other of the allied forms: on the hind wing also the 
ochreous interspaces are clearer and broader and the two at 
the abdominal margin more extended. 

?. Both wings with the interspaces very slightly tinted 
with ochreous, otherwise much resembling the female of 
aspasia. 

Expanse of wings, 3 2, 3,2; inches. 

Hab. Fergusson Island. 


Near B. rita, Fruhstorfer, from Bawean Island. 


Tirumala mistella, nov. 


6. Nearest to 7. microsticta, Butler, from Borneo; the 
colour and markings are very similar, but it is a smaller 
insect and all the spots are larger, the discal and submarginal 
series on the hind wing are quite complete, and all the white 
stripes are broader. On the underside all the stripes of both 
wings are much broader and the spots much larger and more 
prominent. 

Expanse of wings 3,4, inches. 


Hab. Malang, Java. 


Parantica terilus. 
Danais terilus, Fruhstorfer, Seitz, Gross. Schmett. ix. p. 208 (1910), 


Hab. Sandakan, N. Borneo, Burma. 

I have two males from Thyetmio and Tenasserim which 
are identical with the Sandakan examples; it is very near to 
D, borneensis, Staudinger, which comes from Sarawak ; the 
whitish lines are somewhat thinner, and, indeed, the diffe- 
rences between these and eryciéna, Fruhs., from Nias, and 
meneus, Fruls., from Sumatra, are barely distinguishable. 


E4yMnNiinz. 


Elymnias merula, nov. 


g. Upperside deep black, as dark as EF. hecate, Butler, 
from North Borneo: fore wing with the costa spotted with 
blue, three blue streaks near the apex and three submar- 
ginal blue spots in interspaces 2, 3, and 4: hind wing witha 
slight shade of fulvous on the outer margin ; outer margin 
of both wings as in hecate. Underside dark chestnut-brown, 
densely striated with pale blue: fore wing with white costal 
points, which become thickly clustered together at the apex: 
hind wing with a small prominent bluish-white spot below 
the middle of the costa. 

13 


172 Col. ©. Swinhoe on new 


Expanse of wings 238, inches. 

Hab. Kandy, Ceylon. 

Except for the white spot on the hind wings beneath, it 
much resembles hecate. 


SATYRINE. 
Melanitis liukiuwana, nov. 


3. Upperside as dark as in obsolescens, Felder, from the 
Celebes : the outer margin of the fore wing somewhat pro- 
duced, the margin a little excavated beneath it, as is usual in 
all females of the dry-season form of this group; in this 
species the outline of both sexes is similar, and the wings are 
more square in shape than is usual; the subapical ocellus of 
the fore wing is small, dull black, with a white pupil in its 
centre and a slight indication of orange on its inner side: on 
the hind wing there is the usual black ocellus near the anal 
angle, with a white pupil, and faintly ringed with dull 
orange, and there is another similar but very small ocellus in 
the second interspace, nearer the outer margin. Underside 
much darker than in obsolescens, the striations much darker 
brown; the ocelli similarly placed, but on the hind wing 
larger and brighter-coloured, the ocelli being placed as on the 
upperside, but very small on the fore wing, and having three 
additional ocelli, two close to the apex and one in interspace 2, 
all three much nearer the margin than the one in interspace 3 ; 
on the hind wing there are three additional ocelli—a large 
one near the apex, two small ones in interspaces 4 and 5, and 
a small double ocellus close to the anal angle. 

?. Only differs from the other sex in having a white spot 
on a dark ground above the subapical ocellus and in having 
all the ocelli on the underside much larger. 

Expanse of wings, ¢ 34, 2 3 inches. 

flab. Liukiu Islands. 


Aphantopus yunnananus, nov. 


3. Upperside as in A. hyperanthus, Linn., from Europe: 
fore wing with a somewhat oval subapical ocellus ringed with 
du!l ochreous, with two white pupils: hind wings with sub- 
anal spots as in the type-species. Underside with a subapical 
spot with two pupils as on the upperside; hind wing with 
a single, large, subapical ocellus ; two smaller ones joined 
together in interspaces 2 and 3, and a small one near the 
anal angle, 

Expanse of wings 1,%) inch. 


Hab. Yunnan, 8.W. China. 


Species of Indo-Malayan Lepidoptera. 173 


NYMPHALINZ. 


Adolias larika, nov. 


3. Belongs to the dirtea group. Upperside resembling 
A. jadeitina, Fruhstorfer, from Burma; all the spots small 
and ochreous except one near the apex, which is white; the 
blue marginal band somewhat broader and nearly reaching 
the apex ; the submarginal spots of the hind wing larger, 
Underside darker-coloured than in jadeitina, the black suffu- 
sion near the hinder angle of the fore wing extending inwards 
into the cell, where the spots are yellow, not white; the first 
and second duplicate spots in the cell joined together, with 
two nearly square pale spots ringed with black in it; the 
markings on both wings disposed as in jadeitina, 

?. Above and beneath coloured and marked as in jade?- 
tina, but all the spots smaller, 

Expanse of wings, ¢ 3,8, 2 4 inches. 

Hab. Lombok Island. 


Near A. sandakana, Fruhstorfer, from Borneo. 


Fypolimnas heteroma, nov. 


3- Upperside much as in WH. alimena, Linn., from 
Amboina, the blue band on the hind wing narrower; on the 
underside the costal and subapical white spots are all very 
small and the discal band on both wings only very faintly 
indicated, and there are two white streaks along the abdo- 
minal margin. 

Expanse of wings 2,8; inchies. 

Hab. Sarawak, N. Borneo. 

There is a closely allied species in the B. M. from Amboina. 


Hypolimnas curiosa, nov. 


3- Upperside black, as in H. bolina, Linn.: fore wing 
with three small and indistinct blue spots at the end of the 
-cell, two short white streaks near the apex, and a curved 
row of six minute white postdiscal dots: hind wing with 
five similar postdiscal dots ; cilia of both wings chequered 
black and white. Underside dull, pale blackish brown; the 
postdiscal dots on both wings as on the upperside; the marks 
at the end of the cell of the fore wing represented by a faint 
whitish band running from the costa across the end of the 
cell ; indications of some whitish submarginal marks, which 
are continued on the hind wing in a faint whitish macular 


174 Col, C. Swinhoe on new 


band; both wings with whitish marginal lunules, which 
become obsolete before reaching the apex of the fore wing. 

Ixpanse of wings 3%, inches. 

Hab. Staru, Central Provinces, India. 

May be a sport of /7/. bolina, but is a very peculiar-looking 
insect and deserves a name. 


Hypolimnas alada, nov. 


9. Shape of H. anomala, Wallace, from the Malay 
Archipelago. Upperside black, without any markings 
except a series of postdiscal white dots on both wings—one 
in each interspace, and another series of smaller submarginal 
white dots, two in each interspace, only indistinctly indicated 
on the fore wing before reaching the apex. Underside very 
slightly paler than the upperside, the postdiscal and submar- 
ginal dots similarly disposed, but on the hind wing the latter 
are larger: fore wing with three white subcostal dots above 
the cell, two indistinct, whitish, longitudinal streaks beyond 
its end: hind wing with a white spot near the middle of the 
costa, and some more or less indistinct whitish streaks above 
the anal angle, in two examples almost obsolete. 

Expanse of wings 3,3, inches. 

Flab. Wongkong. 

It probably belongs to the dolina group. I have three 
females, all absolutely identical. It is not mentioned in 
Seitz, and there is nothing like it in the B. M. 


Lycenide. 


Everes bandana, nov. 


g. Upperside blue, much as in EL. parrhasius, Fabr. ; 
costal line very finely black, outer marginal line of both 
wings also black: hind wing with two anal black spots 
ringed with orange-yellow, and in some examples two or 
three minute similar spots on the margin in continuation ; 
cilia of both wings white, tails black, tipped with white. 
Underside clear greyish white ; fore wing with a grey lunule 
at the end of the cell ; a discal, nearly straight band of grey 
lunules, one in each interspace ; a duplicate, similar, submar- 
ginal band and grey marginal line: hind wing with a black 
subcostal spot one-fourth trom the base, another below it, and 
a subcostal similar spot one-third from the apex; a grey 
lunule at the end of the cell, a curved discal series of grey 
lunules ending in a black spot close to the abdominal margin, 
grey submarginal double row of lunules as on the fore wing, — 


Species of Indo-Malayan Lepidoptera. 175 


half of them obliterated by a large scarlet patch from vein 
5 to a little lower than vein 2, with two prominent black 
marginal spots in it. 

?. With the upperside ground-colour paler than in the 
male; fore wing with the apex and costa broadly suffused 
with black ; hind wing with a blackish suffused apical patch, 
the markings above and below as in the male, the anal spots 
somewhat more pronounced. 

Expanse of wings 58;—% inch. 

Hab. Banda Island ; twenty-two males, sixteen females. 


Jamides aruensis, nov. 


&. Upperside pale blue, as in J. elpis, Godt., but paler ; 
costa of fore wing and outer margin of both wings with a 
fine black line ; wings thinly clothed, some of the markings 
of the underside, especially on the hind wing, visible ; tails 
black, tipped with white. Underside of a uniform purplish- 
grey colour, markings white and thin: fore wing with two 
lines across the end of the cell, two dislocated lines beyond 
them from the costa to vein 3, two lines below (not dislo- 
cated) from vein 3 to vein 1, commencing between the first 
two and tlie second pair of lines; a duplex series of submar- 
ginal lunules and a fine antecilial line divided by the vein- 
ends: hind wing with a series of six dislocated lines covering 
the whole surface of the wing ; asubmarginal series of large, 
deep black, triangular spots edged with white much as in 
J. aratus, Cramer, the two nearest the anal angle cut across 
by scarlet lunules ; a marginal row of white points. 

Expanse of wings 14 inch. 

Hab. Aru Island. 


Jamides alocina, nov. 


3. Upperside milky white tinged with pale lavender- 
blue, the inner surface of the fore wing and the upper half of 
the hind wing palest: fore wing with a fine grey costal line ; 
a grey marginal narrow band: hind wing with a submarginal 
series of small and short black lunular marks, edged with 
white on both sides, and a fine black marginal line. Under- 
side pale pinkish grey, markings white but indistinct: fore 
wing with two lines across the end of the cell, continued to 
the hinder margin beyond its middle, two dislocated lines 
beyond in the fourth, fifth, and sixth interspaces, with a line 
in the third interspace from between the last two; two rows 
of submarginal lines and an indistinct marginal line, all three 


176 Col. C. Swinhoe on new 


dislocated by the veins : hind wing with three rows of trans- 
verse double lines at equal distances apart, and a marginal 
series, all dislocated by the veins ; a brownish spot touched 
with red near the anal angle. 

9. Only differs from the male in having the outer half of 
the costa of fore wing, the apex broadly and the outer mar- 
gin dull blackish, and the lunules on the outer margin of the 
lind wing more pronounced. 

Expanse of wings 13 inch. 


Hab. Haipau, Yet Sauk, Shan States. 


Rapala nissa nissotdes, nov. 


3 2. Upperside with the ground-colour as in nissa, 
Kollar, the fore wing in both sexes with a large, bright red, 
upper discal, square patch. Underside much as in nissa, the 
upper anal ocellus of the hind wing always minute. 

Expanse of wings 14 inch. 

Hab, Haipau, Shan States ; a long series of both sexes. 


Hesperidz. 


Corone shortlandica, nov. 


2. Upperside resembles the 2 of C. palmarum, Moore, 
ihe type of which came from Calcutta, the ochreous spot at 
the end of the cell smaller, with a smaller spot touching its 
upper side. Underside paler, the chocolate-colour more or 
less suffused with grey, markings as on the upperside, but 
the ochreous macular discal band on the hind wing has a 
square ochreous patch near the anal angle, connecting it with 
the outer margin, and between this and the anal angle isa 
large square black patch. Antennze black, the upper three- 
fourths of the club cream-colour, with a black tip; palpi 
black, with grey hairs; legs pale pinkish grey. 

Expanse of wings 1;°5 inch. 

Jlab. Shortland Island, Solomons. 

There is a male from the Solomon Islands in the B. M. 
unnamed, which is probably the male of this species. 


Suastus plana, nov. 


g. Upperside uniform blackish brown, without any 
markings. Underside paler: fore wing with an indistinct 
subapical narrow band a little darker than the ground-colour, 
inwardly edged with grey, running from the costa near the 
apex fo the outer margin about one-third from the hinder 


Species of Indo-Malayan Lepidoptera. 177 


angle : hind wing with some darker and some paler longitu- 
dinal stripes very faintly indicated, and with some whitish 
suffusion on the outer margin; otherwise without any 
markings. Palpi ochreous grey, legs pale brown ; antenne 
and club black above, white beneath, the shaft with thin 
black bands. 

Expanse of wings 17% inch. 


Hab. Humboldt Bay, New Guinea. 


A stictopterus quadripunctatus, nov. 


6. Upperside uniform glossy olive-brown, as in A, olvv- 
ascens, Moore ; is, however, larger, and in the fore wing has 
two subapical clean-cut white dots; cilia pale chocolate- 
erey. Underside paler in colour, with a chocolate tint: fore 
wing with the cell-space darkest, three subapical white dots ; 
marginal line in both wings whitish ; cilia darker than on the 
upperside. Head and body above and _ below and the legs 
concolorous with the wings. 

Expanse of wings 1,’5 inch. 


Hab. Khasia Hills. 


DEILEMERINE. 
Deilemera coequalis, nov. 


2. Dull black: fore wing with the discal macular band 
as in D. subvelata, Walker, from Celebes; the upper spot 
near the costa very much smaller, the white streak from the 
base below the median vein much broader, half filling up the 
interspace and ending below the inner end of the lowest spot 
of the discal band: hind wing with very broad black borders, 
the veins blackish, some grey suffusion at the base and along 
the abdominal marginal area. Thorax black, a yellow line 
down its middle and at the sides and across the front ; abdo- 
men above dull black, somewhat tinged with green, white 
beneath, with black side-spots. 

Expanse of wings 13% inch. 

Hab. Sumatra. 


Zygenide. 
Cyclosta ni, nov. 


3. Of the usual Pintea jerrea type; all the white spots 
smaller and better separated, the hind wing darker and 
brighter blue-green, the underside with all the markings 
more vivid, 


178 Col. C. Swinhoe on new 


9. Fore wing with the whitish spots and stripes as in 
CO. venaria, Fabricius, from Sikkim and Assam, but all much 
narrower : hind wing much as in C. nigrescens, Moore, from 
the Andamans, the marginal black band somewhat broader 
and continued to the anal angle. 

Expanse of wings, ¢ 1,5, 2 2y70-2y'5 inches. 

Hab. Tenasserim, Burma; types in B. M. There are 
two females from Meymyo in my collection. 


Lasiocampide. 


Ticerra castanea. 
Ticerra castanea, Swinhoe, Cat. Het. Mus. Oxon. i. p. 269 (1892). ¢. 


9. Upperside very similar to that of Jaragama intensa, 
Moore: fore wing with the white, discal, thin band more 
sinuous, the white spot in the middle of the costa obsolete : 
hind wing with the costa broadly white, the base suffused 
with pale brownish red, becoming dark brown at the imme- 
diate base; the central white band broad and the marginal 
brownish-red band narrow and diffuse inwards. Underside 
very pale, almost whitish, the veins white; the upperside 
markings showing through the wings. 

Expanse of wings 3 inches. 

Hab. Philippines. 

Type in B. M. 


Odonestis urda, nov. 


6. Allied to O. plagifera, Walker ; smaller, about half 
the size, much paler in colour, and with an ochreous-red tint, 
the markings somewhat similar, but the large brown patch 
in the upper disc of the fore wing less than half the size ; no 
brown suffusion beyond it, the upper outer part of the wing 
having only a slightly darker shade of colour than the rest 
of the wing, and the black spot on the hinder margin near 
the angle is absent; hind wings, underside of both wings, 
antenne, head, and body pale ochreous red without any 
markings. 

Expanse of wings 2,8; inches. 


Hab. Khasia Hills. 


Odonestis malayica, nov. 


3. Belongs to the plagifera group, but very much smaller ; 
tle diseal dark patch on the fore wing, narrow and club-shaped, 


Species of Indo-Malayan Lepidoptera. 179 


ending on the upper edge of the cell, is rounded, and is com- 
pletely encircled by a fine ochreous line which runs down it 
on each side to the hinder margin; the usuai black spot in 
this margin near the angle is absent ; hind wing, head, body, 
antenne, and the entire underside dark brown, like the 
ground-colour of the fore wings above, and very uniform in 
tone. 

9. Much as in the female of plagifera, Walker ; the 
discal patch of the fore wing narrower, corresponding hind- 
wards to the patch on the male. 

Expanse of wings, ¢ 1), 2 37% inclies. 

Hab. Singapore, Selangor. 

Types in B, M. 


Hadenide. 


Cirphis sumatrana, nov. 


¢. Fore wing greyish white with chestnut-brown scales, 
a whitish subcostal streak, an antemedial and a postmedial 
black spot on the costa, the base and cell suffused with 
chestnut-brown, the veins white, the median vein to the end 
of the cell rather thickly white ending with a white spot 
with a black dot on each side of it, the rest of the wing more 
or less finely streaked with brown; a brown band from the 
outer margin below the apex to the hinder margin one-third 
from the angle, the band thickens upwards: hind wing 
white, the veins grey, a rather prominent brown spot at the 
end of the cell ; both wings with small black marginal spots 
in the interspaces ; cilia of fore wing pale brown and white, 
of the hind wing pure white. Underside white: fore wing 
with some pale brown suffusion on the upper disc ; a black 
spot on the end of the cell, another beyond it and a black 
spot above the latter, on the costa: hind wing with a rather 
large black spot at the end of the cell, a discal whorl of 
black dots; both wings with somewhat prominent black 
marginal dots; head and palpi pale chestnut ; thorax, 
abdomen, and anal crest grey. 

Expanse of wings 1,4 inch. 

Hab. Padang, Sumatra. 


Catocalidez. 


Erebus lombokensis, nov. 


@. Belongs to the macrops group (Nyctipao), smaller 
than javanensis, Hampson, or nyctaculis, Snellen, has the 


180 Col. C. Swinhoe on new 


large ocellus of the fore wing oval and somewhat concave on 
its inner side as in Snellen’s species from Celebes, but it differs 
from all the other species in having the dark transverse bands 
on both wings evenly curved and not sinuous, and in having 
only two bands, ante- and postmedial. Underside with a 
single discal macular band asin nyctaculis, the spots smaller, 
but with no indication of any submarginal spots. 

Expanse of wings 41, inches. 

Hab. Lombok Island. 

This example much resembles a male in the B. M. from 
the Philippines wrongly representing nyctaculis, Snellen, 
from the Celebes ; in my collection there is a good female 
example of Snellen’s species from the Celebes, not at all 
resembling my Lombok female. 


Noctuide. 
Ericia epitheca, nov. 


g. Fore wing long and narrow ; colour of both wings 
fuscous, as in typical ZH. inangulata, Guenée, irrorated with 
brown atoms, the orbicular a brown dot, the reniform a 
brown spot; medial and discal bands across both wings 
slightly darker than the ground-colour, indistinct and nearly 
straight ; the discal band expanding "upwards on the fore 
wing, its outer edge sinuous. Underside with all but the 
base and abdominal area of the hind wing suffused with 
brown ; two medial crenulate brown lines across both wings, 
and indications of a submarginal band ; antennze unusually 
long and heavily ciliated. 

9. Like the male, but paler. Upperside with the bands 
nearly obsolete; the discal band with a large brown spot in 
the first interspace and a brown streak from the costa. 
Underside very much paler; a brown spot in the middle of 
the cell of the fore wing, a brownish: postdiscal thin band 
across both wings and two fine lines near its inner side. 

Expanse of wings, ¢ 2,35, 2 24/5 inches. 

Hab. Fergusson Island. 


Sypna ludifica, nov. 
3 3. Upperside very dark blackish brown: fore wing 


minutely irrorated with ochreous; orbicular and reniform 
small, ochreous, ringed with black ; four indistinct trans- 
verse bands, slightly darker than the ground-colour, each 
band with an ochreous lunular line down the margins, a 
submarginal sinuous black band: hind wing paler, a thin 


Species of Indo-Malayan Lepidoptera. 181 


brown discal angular band, the commencement of a dupli- 
cate submarginal band at the anal angle; double lunular 
black lines close to the outer margin of both wings, with 
pale centre ; cilia brown, with ochreous spots at the end of 
veins 5, 6, and 7 on the hind wing, more pronounced in the 
females than in the males ; abdomen with an ochreous tip in 
the male. Underside: both wings with the inner half grey, 
the outer half blackish brown, with a medial outwardly 
curved black band, broadly edged with white on both sides ; 
a white patch on the hinder angle of both wings, four white 
dots on the costa of the fore wing near the apex ; marginal 
white dots on both wings and some whitish suffusion on the 
upper margin of the hind wing. 

Expanse of wings, ¢ 2,3), 9 2 27’) inches. 

Hab. Kina Balu, ‘N. Borneo. 

The larger markings somewhat resemble those on S. tene- 
brosa, Butler, from Sikkim ; the markings of a great many 
forms of this genus have a wonderful resemblance to each 
other. I have examples from Kina Balu and from Nanchuan 
in China that cannot be distinguished from S. umbrosa, 
Butler, from Assam, and a female example from Kina Balu 
that is absolutely identical with females of S. picta, Butler, 
trom Japan; it seems highly improbable that non-migrating 
insects, so widely separated, can be of the same species ; 
the inspection of their genitalia is necessary to decide the 
matter. 


Polydesma lawsoni. 


Diatenes (?) lawsoni, Felder, Reise Nov. Lep. pl. iii. fig. 630 (1872). 
Polydesma pullaria, Swinhoe, Ann, & Mag. We Hist. (7) ix. p. 422 
(1902). 


Hab. Roebourne, W. Australia, Brisbane. 


Hypocala toana, nov. 


3. Upperside: fore wing grey sparsely irrorated with 
brown atoms, most thickly in the middle where the atoms 
are large; outer margin with black dots: hind wing pale 
greyish yellow, with large black outer border occupying more 
than a third of the wing, marginal edge and cilia white. 
Underside uniform greyish yellow, a blackish lunular mark 
at the end of each cell, with ape centre, larger on the fore 
wings than on the Bad wings; a blackish discal band across 
the fore wing; a broad mar ginal, similarly coloured band 
on the hind wing, with w hite outer edging and white cilia; 
head, body, and legs concolorous with the wings. On the 


182 Col. C. Swinhoe on new 


upperside it somewhat resembles H, holcona, Swinhoe, from 
the Andamans. 

Expanse of wings 1, inch. 

Hab. Solomons. 


Plecoptera fetna, nov. 


3 2. Upperside pale fawn-colour, with a slight fulvous 
tint: fore wing with traces of ante- and postmedial, trans- 
verse, sinuous, brown lines; a lunular pale brownish mark at 
the end of the cell as in P. quesita, Swinhoe, from Assam, 
and a discal, sinuous, pale brownish band: hind wing pale 
greyish ochreous, with a submarginal similarly coloured 
band, evenly curved; marginal pale brown dots on both 
wings. Underside whitish, the cell-lunule visible on the 
fore wing; a brown dot at the upper end of the cell on the 
hind wing and submarginal pale brown bands on both wings, 
on the fore wing broad at the apex, narrowing hindwards, 
narrow on the hind wing. 

Expanse of wings, ¢ 9, 1; to 1;% inch. 

Hab. Kina Balu. 


Plecoptera lobelia, nov. 


g. Much as in the preceding species, the colour of the 
fore wing much darker; on the underside the upper basal 
half of the fore wing is shaded with brown ; the submarginal 
bands of both wings are much broader, and on the hind wing 
there is a crenulate brown line just inside of, and adjacent to, 
the submarginal brown band. 

Expanse of wings 1,4, inch. 


Hab. Gilolo Island. . 


Cultripalpa dodara, nov. 


3. Both wings pale chocolate-brown : fore wing with a 
white antemedial brown irregular line and a_postmedial 
brown line from the costa, curving round inwards, then in- 
wardly oblique to the middle of the hind margin of the wing, 
both lines edged on both sides with white much as in 
C. partita, Guenée, from India; a white dot in the cell, and 
three blackish, almost quadrate patches or large spots in the 
disc, one inside the curve of the outer line, the other two 
below it: hind wing with a blackish streak closing the cell, 
edged on both sides with white; a medial sinuous brown 
line edged on both sides with white, in continuation of the outer 
line of the fore wing ; a discal, sinuous, blackish, narrow band, 


Specis of Indo-Malayan Lepidoptera. 183 


more or less macular from the anal angle, becoming obsolete 
beyond the middle ; both wings with black marginal lunules, 
inwardly edged with white. Underside pale chocolate-grey, 
irrorated with darker grey: fore wing with a white dot in 
the cell: hind wing with a black dot at the end of the cell; 
both wings with a series of black dots across the disc, hardly 
visible on the fore wing. 
Expanse of wings 1,% inch. 


Hab. Manilla, Philippines. 


Boarmiide. 
Myrteta similaria, nov. 


Very similar to M. ocernaria, mihi, A. M. N. H. (6) xii. 
p. 152 (1898), from the Khasia Hills, but much larger and 
the hind wing more distinctly angled, has the three oblique 
ochreous-brown lines and the costa and cilia also ochreous 
brown, but the middle line from the abdominal margin of the 
hind wing does not extend to the apex of the fore wing, but 
is carried inwards before the apex, and the discal line has 
ochreous-brown spots on it on the fore wing. 

Expanse of wing 2 inches. 

Hab. Padang, W. Sumatra, 


Mimochroa salentia, nov. 


3. Upperside olive-green, very similar in colour to 
M. viridescens, Warren; an indistinct antemedial line as in 
that form and asin M. angulifascia, Moore ; discal band dark 
olive-green, narrow and well-defined, produced outwardly 
below the costa of fore wing into an acute angle, then 
gradually narrowing hindwards to a point on the hinder 
margin, continued across the hind wing, where it is also 
narrow and well defined and has an outward angle as in 
angulifascia above its middle; the entire surface in both 
wings from the base to the discal band uniform in colour, 
being thickly irrorated with grey atoms; the space outside 
this band similarly coloured and irrorated, but slightly paler, 
with some darker suffusion in parts; a dark apical patch on 
fore wing with a whitish smear between it and the upper 
part of the angle of the discal band. Underside with a 
medial brown line outwardly edged with white across both 
wings; from this line to the base the colour is uniform 
greyish pink, outside this lme greyish white broadly suffused 
with pinkish down its middle. 

Expanse of wings 1, inch. 


Hab. Gédé, Java. 


184 Col. C. Swinhoe on new 


Chogada rasanaria, nov. 


gd. Near C. fraterna, Moore, from Sikkim and Assam, 
with much less brown suffusion : fore wing with less suffusion 
at the base inside the antemedial line, the middle area be- 
tween the two lines more or less clear ; the space outside the 
postmedial line somewhat darker, almost uniform in colour, 
no black patches; the submarginal crenulate white line 
nearly obsolete: hind wing with the entire space from the 
base to the postmedial line quite clear, a white cell-spot, 
ringed with brown ; the postmedial line curving more in- 
wards, terminating nearer the middle of the abdominal 
margin; the white submarginal band and lines nearly 
obsolete, the black discal suffusion wanting. Underside 
similar to that of fraterna. 

Expanse of wings 1,’ inch. 


Hib. Aberdeen, Andamans. 


Chogada anestiaria, nov. 
3 @. Resembles C. illustraria, Walker, from Moreton Bay, 


Australia, and determinata, Walker, from Sarawak, Borneo, 
especially with its broad black borders on the underside ; 
differs from both in the very large black spot at the end of 
the cell of the fore wing, with a prominent white cross inside 
it ; the discal sinuous black line is more deeply angled out- 
wards below the costa and more inwardly curved hindwards, 
and in the hind wing is much more angled outwards; the 
female is white with little or no suffusion and no bands, the 
lines similarly disposed. Belongs to the znflezaria group, 
C. infleraria, Snellen, from the Celebes; all the different 
island forms of this group much resemble each other, and are 
more or less similar to the Indian forms of C. alienaria, 
Walker, but on careful examination it will be found that 
nearly every island has its own peculiar form, with distinctive 
characters peculiar to the island; the females are very difficult 
to distinguish from each other. 

Expanse of wings, ¢ 2, 1,8) to 2 inches. 

Hab. Bt. C. New Guinea, Ekeiki, Mt. Kebea. 

There appear to be several forms of Chogada in N. Guinea, 
besides the above, of which I have several examples: I have 
zylinopa, Meyrick, papuensis, Warren, and a long series 
which closely resembles inflezaria, Snellen, from Celebes. 


Chogada proletaria, nov. 


3 ¢. Fore wing longer and narrower than is usual in the 
genus; outer margin more oblique. Upperside: fore wing 


Species of Indo-Malayan Lepidoptera. 185 


of a uniform chocolate-brown colour, covered with dark 
brown irrorations ; antemedial and postmedial dark brown 
lines crenulate and nearly erect; a black erect band across 
the middle of the wing near the postmedial line, the band 
with a thickening above its middle and an acute outward 
angle below its middle ; a submarginal crenulate brown line; 
both the postmedial and submarginal lines outwardly edged 
with greyish white, some black points on the outer margin: 
hind wing slightly paler, but similarly coloured and irrorated ; 
the costa broadly whitish, a black dot at the end-of the cell; 
ante- and postmedial and submarginal curved pale brown 
lines, the last with some brown spots near the anal angle and 
some brown spots along the abdominal margin ; the outer 
margin with black lunular line. Underside: fore wing grey, 
whitish on basal and hinder marginal portions, and a very 
large black spot at the end of the cell: hind wing tinged 
with ochreous on the blackish-brown border, occupying 
nearly one-third of the wing-space, with two pale spots on 
the outer margin; a black spot at the end of the cell, a pale 
brown antemedial thin band and some pale brown marks near 
the middle of the abdominal margin. Female greyish white 
irrorated with grey: upperside with the lines as in the 
male, but without the middle band on the fore wing, and with 
large grey spots ringed with brown at the end of the cell in 
both wings. Underside pale grey with large blackish cell- 
spots on all wings; broad blackish outer marginal borders 
with large marginal whitish spots. 
Expanse of wings, ¢ 2 , 14% inch. 
Hab. Singapore. 


Boarmia clara, nov. 


3. Both wings pale pinkish brown, sparsely covered with 
minute brown atoms: fore wing with the costa thickly and 
unevenly irrorated with dark brown; a small brown spot at 
the upper end of the cell, with a brown ring round it; a dark 
brown sinuous line from the costa, one-fifth from the base, 
_ which does not reach the hinder angle ; a brown, deeply denti- 
culate, discal, transverse line, very deeply, outwardly curved, 
some darker brown irrorations beyond it: hind wing with a 
blackish-brown transverse line one-fifth from the base ; be- 
yond this line the wing is broadly covered with dense blackish- 
brown irrorations ; the discal dentated line of the fore wing 
continued, outwardly curved, across the disc of this wing and 
some darker irrorations along the outer margin; both wings 
with black sinuous marginal line, with black spots in the 


Ann. & Mag. N. Mist. Ser. 8. Vol. xvi. 14 


186 Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker on new 


interspaces. Underside uniform dull pale grey: fore wing 
with a rather large brown spot at the upper end of the cell, 
and a subapical brownish band: hind wing without any 
markings ; antenns, head, and abdomen of the ground-colour 
of the wings; thorax thickly irrorated with dark brown. 
Underside : body and legs concolorous with the wings. 

Expanse of wings 1,8) inch. 

Hab, Maymyo, Burma. 


XXV.—Descriptions of new Species of Lepidoptera from 
Africa and the East. By G.T. BernuNnse-Baxer, F.L.S., 
¥.Z.8. 


RHOPALOCERA. 
Lycenide. 
LIprevinz. 
Alena subrubra, sp. n. 


6. Both wings brownish black, with a curved postmedian 
yellowish stripe, interrupted at the veins ; the secondaries 
have, in addition, two yellowish costal spots, two similar in 
the cell, and three on the inner margin. Under surface : 
primaries as above, with the addition of two yellowish spots 
in the cell, and beyond the curved postmedian stripe alternate 
rows of crimson and pale yellowish, two of each. Secondaries 
with alternate rows of dark crimson and pale yellowish, there 
being five rows of the latter, which are interrupted at the 
veins with crimson. 

Expanse 30 mm. 

Hab. Southern Sudan. 

Type in Coll. Joicey. 


LIPTENARA, gen. nov. 


Eyes glabrous ; antennz short, rather fine, the strongly 
serrated club commencing with the fifteenth segment and 
occupying eleven segments; palpi minute, scaled. Neura- 
tion: primaries with vein 2 from the middle of the cell, 3 
from well before the lower angle, 4 from the lower angle, 
5 from the upper angle, 6 from behind the upper angle; 7, 8, 
and 9 stalked from well behind 6; 10 and 11 from the cell, the 
latter from behind the middle, 7. e. nearer the base. Second- 
aries with 2 from behind the middle, 3 from well before the 


Lepidoptera from Africa and the East. 187 


angle, 4 from the lower angle, 5 from the upper angle, 6 
from behind the angle, 7 from behind 6. 
Type, Liptenara batest, B-B. 


Liptenara bates?, sp. n. 


Both wings orange-red; primaries with a broad black 
costa increasing in width ; apex and termen very broad, the 
former with a broad, white, subapical, irregular bar. Second- 
aries with a broad black termen, very irregular on its inner 
margin. Under surface as above as regards the orange area, 
but the black area is much intercepted with white. Primaries 
with the costa interrupted with white spots and the white 
bar larger; termen with white radiations between the veins. 
Secondaries with large white marginal lunules between the 

veins, leaving only black spots at their bases. 
Expanse 46 mm. 
Hab. Bitje, Cameroons. 
Type in Coll. Joicey. 


Pentila petreoides, sp. n. 


¢. Primaries with the cell deep sooty black, costa blackish 
to cell, beyond the cell narrowly black till it joins the very 
broad blackish termen; fold below cell with confluent 
blackish spots up to origin of vein 2; rest of wing deep 
straw-colour, almost yellowish. Secondaries yellowish straw- 
colour, with one or two blackish basal spots; a round 
blackish spot at the end of the cell and a broad black termen, 
on the inner margin of which the row of postmedian spots of 
the under surface shows through. Under surface: primaries 
with the dark termen and costa irrorated with dark brown, 
the cell darkly spotted. Secondaries finely irrorated all 
over, the termen darker; six dark spots around the cell, 
those at the end and above the cell being the largest; a 
curved row of seven spots following the outline of the dark 
termen. 

?. Similar to the male, but tawny in colour, whilst the 
cell of the primaries is spotted, not entirely black, and with a 
black spot below vein 3, and the broad dark costa is con- 
tinuous into the dark apex and termen. 

Expanse, ¢ 34, 2 36 mm. 

Hab. Coomassie (Friapere Forest). 

Types in Coll. Joicey. 


Pentila fallax, sp. n. 


g. Allied to the previous species, but with the dark termen 
14* 


es 


188 Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker on new 


and costa very much broader in the primaries, and the termen 
of the secondaries broader and the colour orange-red. On 
the underside, in addition to the spots enumerated in the ?, 
the postmedian row is transformed into a straight horizontal 
row of four spots from the inner margin of the secondaries, 
and there is an erect postmedian row of three spots in the 
primaries. 

Expanse 38 mm. 

Hab. Bitje, Cameroons. 

Type in Coll. Joicey. 


Pentila tricolora, sp. n. 


?. Both wings blackish brown, with a large postmedian 
orange patch, that in the secondaries taking the form of a 
very broad band, which irregularly invades the restricted 
dark base. The pattern of the underside is in the main the 
same, but the dark areas are spotted with buff colour, and, in 
addition, the secondaries have a regular marginal series of 
lunules, and the postmedian area is buff, not orange, outside 
which in the dark area is a curved series of seven spots. 

Hixpanse 36 mm. 

Hab. Bitje, Cameroons. 

Type in Coll. Joicey. 


Pseuderesia tripunctata, 8. & K., and Liptena demon, 
H.. ). 


Smith & Kirby’s species was described from specimens in 
Staudinger’s collection (Rhop. Exot. p. 116, pl. xxv. figs. 3 & 
4, 1894), and a few years afterwards Staudinger sent me 
specimens of it. It appears, however, so far as I can trace, 
to have been unknown in English collections until Bates 
sent his series home and Mr. H. H. Druce described both 
sexes under the appropriate name demon. I also received 
specimens of Bates’s insects from Bitje, and was able to com- 
pare them with those from Staudinger’s cabinet, and there is 
no question at all that they are the same species; up till 
Mr. Druce’s description, however, the female was, I believe, 
unknown. It belongs to the genus Liptena, as assigned by 
my friend Mr. Druce; the name ¢tripunctata has, however, 
many years’ priority. 

I have, however, not much doubt that Smith & Kirby’s 
name ought also to sink before Holland’s O. rubrum 
(‘ Psyche,’ v. p. 425, 1890); the number of the red spots on 
the underside varies in my series, and I have specimens that 
fit both descriptions. Pseuderesia catalina, 8. & K., which 
is a Liptena, is an exceedingly close ally. 


Lepidoptera from Africa and the East. 189 


Liptena durbania, sp. ne 


6. Both wings clear fawn-yellow. Primaries with broad 
dark costa and very broad dark apex, terminating finely 
about vein 2 on the termen. Secondaries with a trace of a 
dark termen in parts. Under surface: primaries as above, 
but the dark areas of the upperside only show through as 
darker patches. Secondaries buff-colour, with transverse 
bands of darker buff, viz., two antemedian interrupted bands, 
a median and postmedian springing from the same costal patch, 
and an anteterminal band. 

Expanse 34 mm. 

flab. Bitje, Cameroons. 

Type in Coll. Joicey. 

This species is near /ukrines, H. H. D., and has a tendency 
to mimic the genus Durbania in its general appearance. 


Argyrocheila bitje, sp. n. 


3. Both wings pure white, with the margins finely 
pointed with black at the terminations of each of the veins ; 
the primaries have a very restricted pale brownish apex. 
The underside has the cells closed with a small black dot 
that shows through ; the primaries have several pale brown 
costal points and a dark point at the base of the cell; they 
have also a postmedian row of three widely separated pale 
ash-grey spots in the radial area. The termen is not crenu- 
lated at all. 

Expanse 28 mm. 

Hab. Bitje, Cameroons, 

Type in Coll. Joicey. 

At first sight this appeared to require a new genus, but the 
neuration is precisely the same, and the antennze, palpi, and 
legs have likewise a similar structure. 


Micropentila subplagata, sp. n. 


¢. Both wings blackish, with fringes intersected with 
white. Secondaries with the costal three-quarters of the 
wing orange-yellow, extending downwards to well below the 
lower margin of the cell. Under surface: both wings 
blackish, with yellow patches and spots. Primaries with two 
small spots in the cell and a broadish stripe across the end of 
the cell to the inner margin, where a large patch is developed ; 
an irregular series of four spots across near to the apex; 
termen with very fine internervular dashes. Secondaries 
with a basal patch, two antemedian ones, one large one 


190 Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker on new 


beyond the cell, and a smaller one between veins 1 and 2 ; 
an irregular marginal series, more or less confluent, of six 
spots. 

¢. Primaries with the median and inner marginal areas 
orange-yellow, with black spots in the cell and the costa and 
termen black. Secondaries as in the male, but the yellow 
extended right across the wing on to the inner margin, and 
two or three spots near the anal angle. Underside as in the 
male, but with the yellow markings much emphasized, 
especially in the primaries. 

Expanse, § 24, 2 22 mm. 

Hab. Bitje, Cameroons. 

Type in Coll. Joicey. 

It has been very difficult to decide whether this species 
should be referred to the genus Liptena or Micropentila, the 
neuration of each being similar; the general appearance and 
the underside pattern fit in, perhaps, better with the latter 
than the former. ‘There is little question that the Lipteninee 
are in need of considerable revision, 


Epitola subalba, sp, n. 


?. Both wings blackish, with blue areas. Primaries with 
the blue area extending from the base to just beyond the cell 
and to the inner margin; at the end of the cell there isa 
trace of a whitish spot. Secondaries with the blue area from 
the base between veins 2 and 6 to well beyond the end of 
the cell. Under surface: both wings white, spotless and 
without marks or lines except the subterminal grey lunulated 
line, edged externally by a fine grey line, 

Expanse 48 mm, 

Hab. Bitje, Cameroons. 

Type in Coll. Joicey. 

This species is allied closely to nitide, H. H. D., but I 
have described it as new because the underside pattern is 
almost universally similar in both sexes in the genus. 


Hewitsonia kirbyi bitjeana, var. nov, 


6. Primaries: the blue of the ordinary form of kirbyz is 
changed into a very pale metallic green and is more restricted 
in area. Secondaries with the blue of sirbyi changed into 
white, over which there is a restricted area of very pale 
metallic green in the cell and very slightly beyond and on 
the fold, 7. e., around veins 1 and 2 ; the underside of the 
secondaries is also much whiter. 

?. Primaries with all the yellow markings changed to 


Lepidoptera from Africa and the Eust. 191 


white. Secondaries with the radial area white, not brown. 
Underside: both wings with all the yellowish markings 
white and with no tawny bar or markings. 

This is so well marked a form that it seems advisable to 
name it. It may be the wet-season form. 


Aithiopana (Epitola) honorius, Fab. 


Aurivillius has placed this species under the genus Epitola, 
and most, though not all, authors have recently followed his 
leading. That able observer depends practically upon the 
pattern of the wings when he separates Hewitsonia from 
LEpitola, admitting that the neuration of the two genera is 
almost precisely the same. Hewitson was the first to separate 
the two, and he gave the name Corydon to the one; this, 
however, was preoccupied, so tiat Aurivillius renamed it 
Hewitsonia, boisduvali, Hew., being the type. 

In neuration, however, honorius belongs to neither, as 
veins 7, 8, 9, and 10 are stalked on a strong well-developed 
stalk at some distance from the cell. I have a fair series of 
the species, and this is a constant and well-marked feature 
in its structure. This being the case, I propose the name 
Aithiopana tor honorius, Fab.. 


Powellana cottoni, B-B. 


This species was described by me (P. Z. 8S. Lond. p. 114, 
pl. ix. fig. 13, 1908) from the Upper Congo, and shortly 
afterwards was sent home by Bates trom the Cameroons ; it 
appears rather later to have come into Dr. Holland’s hands 
from the Cameroons also, and he described it under the 
names Satyrimima weberi (Ent. News, xxiv. p. 302, figs. 1 
& 2, 1913), both of which names must, I think, sink to mine; 
the insect is so remarkable that there is no possibility of 
mistaking it. 


HETEROCERA. 


Geometride. 


Milionia hypercallima, nom, nov. 


I described a species of Milionia under the name callima in 
this Magazine in 1910 (ser. 8, vol. vi. p. 453), but find that 
Rothschild & Jordan had previously used that name in the 
Novit. Zool. 1905, p. 467. I propose, therefore, hyper- 
callima for my species instead of the name I originally used. 


5A LT CE 


192 Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker on new 


Chrysocraspeda callima, sp. n. 


&@. Head, thorax, abdomen, and both wings mauve-grey, 
with a fine postmedian line, oblique in the primaries, slightly 
curved in the secondaries. The primaries have a dark point 
at the end of the cell. Fringes yellow. 

Expanse 26 mm. 

Hab. Dinawa, British New Guinea, 4000 feet ; September 
(A. E. Pratt). 

Type in my collection. 

Near C. croccomarinata, Warr. 


Chrysocraspeda dinawa, sp. n. 


?. Head yellowish, thorax and abdomen reddish. Both 
wings lemon-yellow with red markings. Primaries with 
basal area so closely covered with spots and stripes as to 
show but little of the yellow ground-colour ; median area 
clear yellow except at the costa, where it is irrorated with 
red ; a broad postmedian band of red patches ; subterminal 
area yellow, with red irrorations and spots. Secondaries 
with a small red basal area ; median area yellow, with a red 
spot at the end of the cell and the inner margin red; post- 
median area red almost up to the termen in the lower radial 
area, but leaving in the upper radial area more of the yellow 
ground visible, which is spotted with red; termen spotted 
with red in both wings. 

Eixpanse 24 mm. 

Hab. Dinawa, British New Guinea, 4000 feet; August 
(A. E. Pratt). 

Type in my collection. 


Chrysocraspeda tricolora, sp. n. 


g¢. Head, thorax, andabdomen reddish. Both wings pale 
yellow, almost entirely covered over with dense irroration of 
Indian red. In the primaries an oblique median band and a 
couple of dashes on the termen are all that shows of the 
ground-colour, and the median band does not reach the costa. 
In the secondaries there is a smali silvery-white spot at the 
end of the cell; the only ground-colour visible is an apical 
and an anal marginal dash and a very short marginal dash in 
the upper and lower radial areas. 

Expanse 25 mm, 

Hab. Dinawa, British New Guiuea, 4000 feet; May to 
July (A. £. Pratt). 

‘l'ype in my collection, 


Lepidoptera from Africa and the East. 193 


Ptochophyle prouti, sp. n. 


¢. Head, thorax, and abdomen pale ochreous. Both 
wings pale ochreous, finely irrorated with grey. Primaries 
with a dark point at the end of the cell. Secondaries with a 
white dot at the end of the cell and a dark dash on the inner 
margin, at a right angle with it, above the anal angle. 
There is rather more of the unirrorated ground-colour showing 
in the secondaries than the primaries, 

Expanse 22 mm. 

Hab. Dinawa, British New Guinea, 4000 feet ; May to 
July (A. #. Pratt). 

Type in my collection. 


Chloroclystis novaguineana, sp. n. 


6. Primaries with basal area glaucous, intersected by 
a fine line of white, and followed by a broad uneven 
whitish band, on each side of which at the inner margin is a 
small dark spot ; median area very broadly grey, the outer 
half of which is paler; postmedian band broadly whitish, 
followed by a pale glaucous area (somewhat interrupted with 
whitish) up to the termen ; termen with fine dark inter- 
neural dashes. Secondaries whitish. 

Expanse 23 mm. 

Hab. Dinawa, British New Guinea, 4000 feet; August 
(A. E. Pratt). 

Type in my collection. 


Hastina subviridata, sp. n, 


¢. Head and antennz whitish, thorax and abdomen grey. 
Both wings rather transparent whitish, with grey stripes. 
Primaries with base very restricted white, followed by a 
broad irregular grey band; median area white, postmedian 
irregular broad band grey, with white points therein; this is 
followed by a broad white band (terminal area broadly grey) 
in which are two rows of white spots, the inner row being 
dots only, the outer row being larger. Secondaries with the 
basal area white, the rest of the wing having the pattern of 
the primary continued through it. Fringes white, intersected 
with grey. 

Expanse 24 mm. 

Hab. Dinawa, British New Guinea, 4000 feet ; September 
(A. E. Pratt). 

Type in my collection. 


194 Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker on new 


Pomasia hebe, sp. n. 


g@. Head yellowish, thorax red, with yellow patagia, abdo- 
men red. Both wings yellow, with red spots and patches. 
Primaries with basal area yellow, with traces of red marks ; 
a broad median red band, dissected rather broadly in the 
middle by the yellow ground-colour, with the inner marginal 
area interrupted with yellow ; a postmedian stripe of yellow 
tapering off as it nears the costa, and interrupting the sub- 
terminal broad red band, which is also interrupted by a 
crescentie yellow stripe ; terminal area narrowly yellow, with 
red dots therein. Secondaries almost as the fore wings in 
pattern, the broad median red interrupted area being absent. 

Expanse 22 mm. 

Hab. Mount Kebea, British New Guinea, 3000 feet; 
March and April (A. #. Pratt). 

‘ype in my collection. 


Peridela ekeikei, sp. n. 


¢. Head, thorax, abdomen, and both wings brownish ash- 
grey. Primaries with a fine dark brown subbasal line pro- 
jected forwards in the costal area; the median dark brown 
line is oblique and is followed by a broad, whitish, oblique 
band irrorated with grey and edged outwardly by a dark 
brown line, which is projected outwards at vein 6 into a 
triangular costal patch; the area outside this dark line is 
broadly darkish and extends in a curve to the termen about 
vein 6, above and below which the terminal and subterminal 
areas are paler grey. Secondaries with the markings of the 
primaries mostly carried through, but there is no subbasal 
line and there is a dark dot in the cell. 

Expanse 32 mm. 

Hab. Ekeikei, British New Guinea, 1500 feet; March and 
April (A. E. Pratt). 

‘l'ype in my collection. 

Near P. amplijicata, Warren. 


Semiothesa polioteta, sp. n. 


9. Head and thorax grey, abdomen brownish. Both 
wings grey, with greyish lines and dark brown spots. Pri- 
maries with an angled subbasal line, the short stroke of the 
angle on the costa being dark ; a similar median line and a 
somewhat similar but more oblique postmedian line ; there is, 
however, a dark dash and spot above vein 5 and a curved, 
short, dark line above vein 6 to the costa ; the areas between 


Lepidoptera from Africa and the East. 195 


these lines are paler grey ; a dark terminal dash is just below 
the apex. Secondaries with the markings of the primaries 
slightly modified carried through, but there is no subbasal 
line. 

Expanse 28 mm. 

Hab. Dinawa, British New Guinea, 4000 feet ; August 
(Ae BP ratt’. 

Type in my collection. 


Cashia strigaria, sp. n. 


3 ?. Both wings ash-grey, with very numerous and very 
fine, short, darker lines, and with broad red stripes. Pri- 
maries with a subbasal and a median red line, the latter 
irregular and rather the broader; a dark point at the end of 
the cell; a broadish, nearly erect, postmedian red stripe, 
followed almost directly by a large clouded reddish patch, 
tapering down narrowly at the tornus. Secondaries with a 
median, a postmedian, and a subterminal reddish stripe, each 
broader than its predecessor, the last being very broad and 
indefinite, and showing but little of the grey ground-colour 
on either side of it. 

Expanse, ¢ 25, 9 26 mm. 

Hab. Dinawa, 4000 feet; September. Ekeikei, 1500 feet ; 
March and April (A. Z. Pratt). 

Types in my collection, the g¢ being from Dinawa and the 
9 from Ekeikei. 


Near C. scardamiata, Warren. 


Hypochrosis prattt, sp. n. 


gd. Head ash-grey, thorax and abdomen brown-grey, anal 
extremity yellow. Both wings brownish grey, with a median, 
broad, irregular, olive-green band, not reaching the costa and 
edged all round with a black line ; in the primaries there is, 
in addition, a black costal spot above the green band and a 
subterminal, waved, dark grey stripe. In the secondaries 
_ there is only the subterminal stripe, which is broadly inter- 
rupted about veins 4 to 6. 

?. Both wings rich brownish, with the pattern almost as 
in the male, but the black markings are absent except for a 
trace of a dark dash above the green band in the primaries. 

Expanse, ¢ 32, 2? 43 mm. 

Hab, Dinawa, British New Guinea, 4000 feet; August 
(A. £. Pratt). 

Types in my collection. 

Near to H. eryptopyrrhata. 


196 Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker on new 


Hypochrosis prouti, sp. n. 


3 2. Head, thorax, and abdomen palish grey, the latter 
with laterals and venter yellow. Both wings pale grey with 
a central oblique olive-green stripe. In the primaries the 
stripe is straight and above it is a wedge-shaped black costal 
spot, and nearer the apex is another similarly placed and 
shaped spot, but smaller ; up to the first spot the costa is 
finely yellow. In the secondaries the green stripe is waved 
and is edged externally by a very definite black stripe 
about the same width as the green one. 

Expanse, ¢ 42, 2 50 mm. 

Hab. Ekeikei, Mount Kebea, British New Guinea, 4000 
and 6000 feet respectively ; March and April (A. EZ. Pratt). 

Types in my collection, g from Ekeikei, 9 from Mount 
Kebea. 


Ectropis cessaria, ab. oehreocosta, ab. nov. 


g. Head and collar umber-brown, prothorax ochreous 
grey, rest of thorax and abdomen brown. Primaries burnt- 
brown with the costa very broadly ochreous grey, almost up 
to the apex ; a trace of a median line and of a spotted post- 
median one, a subterminal row of creamy dots terminating 
at the apex in a fine short curved dash. Secondaries burnt- 
brown with a submedian dark line and a dark spot at the 
end of the cell, beyond which is a broadish, indefinite, darkly 
irrorated, creamy band; a trace of a dotted creamy line in 
the subterminal area terminating in a creamy anal dash. 

Expanse 52 mm. 

Hab. Mount Kebea, British New Guinea, 6000 feet; 
March and April (A. £. Pratt). 


Type in my collection. 


Paradromalia ambigua, ab. intermedia, ab. nov. 


¢. Head, thorax, abdomen, and both wings dull brown 
finely irrorated all over, with a marginal creamy patch 
just above the tornus and another on the inner marginal 
side of it on the primaries, whilst in the secondaries there is 
a faint trace of a creamy postmedian line, more pronounced - 
on the inner margin than elsewhere. 

Expanse 46 mm. 

Hab. Ekeikei, British New Guinea, 1500 feet ; March and 
April (A. E. Pratt). 

Type in my collection, 

Mr. Prout tells me that this form is intermediate between 
albimaculata, Warren, and uniformis, Warren. 


Lepidoptera from Africa and the East. 197 


Myrioblephara dinawana, sp. n. 


2. Both wings white with numerous darker lines and 
markings. Primaries with submedian, median, and _post- 
median dark lines, the area between the two former and near 
them being finely irrorated with grey ; the postmedian line 
is irregular, angled and curved, and broadly blackish for its 
costal portion, where it is deeply angled outwards ; in this 
area also the wing is closely irrorated up to the apex and 
slightly so near the tornus. The secondaries have median, 
postmedian, and subterminal lines, the latter indistinct, the 
two former with irrorations on their external edges; there 
are also small irrorated patches in the apical and tornal 
areas. 

Expanse 25 mm. 

Hab. Dinawa, British New Guinea, 4000 feet ; September 
(A. EL. Pratt). 

Type in my collection. 

This species is near subtrita, Warren. 


Myrioblephara dinawa, ab. mediobscura, ab. nov. 


¢. Similar to the type-form, but with the whole of the 
median area entirely filled in with dark brown, extending 
along the fold to the postmedian line. 

Expanse 24 mm. 

Hab. Dinawa, 4000 feet ; September (A. EZ. Pratt), 


Type in my collection. 


Myrioblephara paralucidata, sp. n. 


?. Head, thorax, and abdomen densely irrorated with 
brown. Both wings whitish, irrorated with brown. Pri- 
maries with a broad subbasal brown band from costa to inner 
margin; a trace of a median irregular line, postmedian 
angled and waved line definite, beyond which the area is 
almost solid brown so dense are the irrorations up to the 
‘ finely crenulated white subterminal line, beyond which tle 
wing is closely irrorated with brown, except a central ter- 
minal spot which is white. ‘The basal and median areas are 
less irrorated with brown. Secondaries with two median and 
postmedian lines, the two median are faint and broadish, the 
postmedian is fairly distinct with a broad external edging of 
pale brownish irrorations, the terminal area is broadly pale 
greyish brown. 

Expanse 26 mm. 


198 Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker on new 


Hab. Dinawa, British New Guinea, 4000 feet ; September 
(4000 feet). 

Type in my collection, 

I am greatly indebted to my friend Mr. Louis B. Pront 
for identifying my New Guinea Geometride and for his 
opinion on the preceding species, and it gives me pleasure to 
dedicate one or two to him, 


Noctuidae. 
Sericta obalaue, sp. n. 


$. Head and thorax umber-brown with darker bars, 
abdomen umber-brown with mauve irridescence. Primaries 
brown with basal and subbasal dark broadish interrupted 
lunulated bands ; antemedian line double, somewhat crenulate, 
a small dark spot in the cell followed by the double median 
line, which is moderately straight though slightly oblique to 
vein 2, below which a deep indentation occurs towards the 
termen, the usual large ocellated spots occur in the radial 
area ; the postmedian indefinite band is edged finely with 
paler brownish, and is followed by a broad band of iridescent 
brown, edged outwardly by a subterminal crenulated line. 
Secondaries with the median line sharply serrate, beyond 
which the bands follow exactly those of the primaries. 

Expanse 88 mm. 

Hab. Obalau Island, Fiji; June. 

Type in my collection—a series. 

Next to S. simplex. 


Pterothysanide. 


Hibrildes albopunctata, sp. n. 


&. Caput and frons yellow, antenne black ; thorax black, 
with whitish patagia and a yellowish-white dash on each 
side of the black central line; collar yellowish with a dark 
central dividing dash ; abdomen sooty grey with yellowish 
segmental subdorsal spots. Primaries sooty black, with the 
radial area whitish from the costa to vein 2; apex and 
termen sooty black. Secondaries white with broad sooty- 
black terminal areas, in which is a row of six white marginal 
spots ; cell closed by a blackish dash. 

Expanse 58 mm, 

Hab. Fort Jamieson, N.E. Rhodesia. 

This may be a white local race of H. ansorget, 


-_— + ee / 


Lepidoptera from Africa and the East. 199 


Striphnopterygide. 
Stybolepis aurivilli, sp. n. 

Head and thorax cream-colour, abdomen yellowish. Pri- 
maries greyish white, with a broad stripe of black scales 
filling the cell and beyond it; an oblique curved stripe of 
similar scales in the postmedian area and a trace of a sub- 
terminal one much interrupted. Secondaries greyish white, 
with a slight patch of thin grey scales in the cellular area 
and a trace of a scaled greyish postmedial stripe. 

Expanse 58 mm. 

‘Hab. Fort Jamieson, N.E. Rhodesia. 

Type in my collection. 


Arbelide. 


Lebedodes nigeria, sp. n. 


Head, thorax, and abdomen velvety dark greyish brown. 
Primaries sooty brown with the usual reticulations, the most 
prominent of which are a median, waved, irregular, erect line ; 
a postmedian oblique line excurved to vein 2, below which 
it is erect ; a subterminal waved line. Secondaries greyish. 

Expanse 51 mm. 

Hab. Agbaja, N. Nigeria; August and September (Cator). 

Type in my collection. 

Next to L. durbanica, Hmpsn. 


Lasiocampide2. 


Gastropacha bicrenulata, sp. n. 


3. Head, thorax, abdomen, and both wings dust-colour. 
Primaries with an irregular, interrupted, subbasal line and a 
strongly crenulated, fine, dark postmedian line projected out- 
wards at veins 6 and 7. Secondaries rather darker than 
primaries, with a crenulated postmedian line. Both wings 
have a dark dot near the end of the cell. 

Expanse 72 mm. 

Hab. Fort Jamieson, N.E. Rhodesia; June. 

Type in my collection. 

Next to undulifera, Wik. 


Pachypasa jamtesoni, sp. n. 


3. Head and thorax dark rusty brown, antenne paler ; 
abdomen also paler rusty brown. Primaries dark rusty 


200 Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker on new 


brown, with the neuration paler in the basal and median areas ; 
a very broad tawny postmedian band evenly curved from 
just before the apex to the middle of the inner margin, 
edged with a double, serrated, fine, dark line on each side, and 
on the outer edge this line is preceded by a broadish, serrated, 
dark line; beyond the band is a narrow stripe of pale fawn- 
colour, following the same curved contour and followed by 
the terminal area, which is tawny for the apical half and ashy 
for the tornal half. Secondaries tawny rust-colour, darker 
outwardly and with a trace of a pale oblique median stripe. 

Expanse 53 mm. 

Hab. Fort Jamieson, N.E. Rhodesia ; June. 

‘Type in my collection. 

Near fulgurata (Aurivillius). 


‘Limacodide. 


NAROSANA, gen. nov. 


&. Palpi porrect, hairy, end-segment minute, depressed; 
antenne shortly ciliate ; legs heavily scaled, mid and hind 
legs spurred. Wings short and broad, primaries with costa 
straightish, termen evenly curved, inner margin with a scaled 
lobe near the base; secondaries with the termen somewhat 
truncate. Neuration: primaries with vein 2 from two-fifths 
before the lower angle of the cell, 3 from well before the 
angle, 4 from the angle ; all the veins highly concave, 5 from 
just above the angle and convex, 6 from the middle of the 
discocellulars; 8, 9, and 10 stalked on a longish stalk from 
the upper angle ; 11 from the cell, shortish. Secondaries with 
vein 2 from beyond the centre, 3 from before the lower angle, 
4 from the angle, 5 from above the angle, 6 and 7 stalked on 
a long stalk. 

Type, Narosana agbaja, B-B. 


Narosana agbaja, sp. n. 


d. Head, thorax, abdomen, and primaries pale ochreous 
grey, the latter with a single small spot at the end of the cell ; 
secondaries pale straw-colour. 

Expanse 21 mm. 

Hab. Agbaja, N. Nigeria ; August and September (Cator). 

Type in my collection. 

This genus is near T'rachyptena, B-B. 


e 


Lepidoptera from Africa and the East. 201 


OIDEMASKELIS, gen. noy. 


Palpi upturned, end-segment minute ; antennz pectinate 
for the central area; legs longish, front pair with the coxze 
and femora much swollen, mid-pair with the femora and 
tibie swollen, Wings short and broad ; primaries with the 
costa slightly curved near the base then straightish, apex 
subacute, termen arched, inner margin well excurved. 
Neuration: primaries with vein 2 from a third before the 
lower angle of the cell, 3 from well before the angle, 4 from 
the angle, 5 from well above the angle, 6 from just above 
the middle of the discocellulars, 7 from immediately below 
the upper angle; 8,9, 10 stalked, 8 and 9 from near the 
apex, 10 from the upper angle with 8,11 from the cell. 
Secondaries with 4 from the lower angle, 6 and 7 stalked on 
a very long stalk. 


Type, Oidemaskelis eurota, B-B,. 


Oidemaskelis eurota, sp. n. 


g. Head, thorax, abdomen, and primaries dirty rust-colonr, 
with a somewhat darker indefinite cloud in the median area, 
Secondaries sublhiyaline, pinkish grey. 

Eixpanse 20 mm. 

Hab. Fort Jamieson, N.E. Rhodesia ; September. 

Type in my collection. 

This genus would appear to be near Orthocraspeda, 


Hmpsn. 


SCIRRHOMA. 


Head small, smoothly haiied; palpi porrect, hairy, third 
segment but little shorter than second ; antennz long, serrate, 
finer in ? than in g. Legs long, hairy, mid-pair with 
minute spur. Primaries long, of but moderate width ; costa 
slightly arched, with subacute apex ; costa receding, slightly 
rounded. Secondaries longish ; costa slightly excised, apex 
subacute ; termen with a slight angle about vein 3, this in 
Speciinens with a perfect fringe has the appearance of being 
only rounded. Neuration: primaries, vein 2 from a third 
before the lower angle of the cell, 3 midway between 2 and 
the angle, 4 from the lower angle, 5 from a little above 
the angle, 6 from the middle of the discocellulars ; 7 and 8 
from the upper angle of the cell, stalked near the apex ; 
9 absent ; 10 and 11 from the cell, long; 12 long, reaching 
well beyond the end of the cell, which (the cell) is very long, 


Ann, & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol. xvi. 15 


202. On new Lipidoptera from Africa and the East. 


extending decidedly over half the length of the wing. 
Secondaries with vein 2 from two-fifths before the lower 
angle of the cell, 3 from well before the angle, 4 from 
the angle, 5 from a little above the angle, 6 and 7 stalked 
from well beyond the upper angle, 8 long. Frenulum of 
the g ending in a clubbed apex, ¢ with each of the separate 
hairs slightly clubbed or spatulate, so that when closed to- 
gether they also form a club. 
Type, Scirrhoma ethiopica, B-B. 


Scirrhoma ethiopica, sp. n. 


3 2. Primaries uniform dull brown. Secondaries pale 
orange-yellow with the outer margin broadly black tapering 
narrowly to the anal angle. Thorax and head similar in 
colour to the primaries ; abdomen as the secondaries. ‘The 
female is uniformly paler than the male. 

Expanse, ¢ 38, 9 42 to 46 mm. 

Hab, Fort Jamieson, N.E. Rhodesia ; December 1906. 

Types in my collection : one g and three females. 

In this species the separate hairs of the frenulum are 
slightly thickened at the extremity, forming a slight club 
when lying together. 


Seirrhoma callima, sp. n. 


3 ?. Head bright chestnut-red, palpi black with a basal 
bar of chestnut-red below ; antenne black with a restricted 
basal area of chestnut-red; pectus and legs orange-red; 
thorax bright chestnut-red, with a lateral creamy dash on each 
side ; abdomen chestnut-red, with paler segmental divisions. 
Primaries satiny buff, the gloss is of a beautiful but almost 
indescribable tone of colour ; a very oblique bright chestnut 
stripe runs from the apex to the inner margin on the basal 
side of the centre, fringes chestnut-red. Secondaries clear 
orange-yellow, with a slight sheen. 

Expanse, ¢ 42-47, 9 58 mm. 

Hab. Lagos; 2 Gold Coast. 

Types: g in the Oxford Museum from Lagos (Dr. Lam- 
born), @ in the British Museum from the Gold Coast. 

The frenulum of the ? has spatulate extremities to the 
hairs and forms a largish club. 


Scirrhoma lamborni, sp. n. 


9. Head and thorax orange-red ; palpi orange-yellow, end- 
segment black below; antennze black ; abdomen orange. 


On a new Genus of Blepharocerid Flies. 203 


Both wings orange-yellow, the secondaries not so bright as 
the primaries, both having a broad outer margin of neutral- 
grey, tapering somewhat narrower at tle tornus. 

Expanse 50 mm. 

Hab. Lagos, West Africa ; December 8th. 

Type in the Oxford Museum. 


XXVI.—On Elporia, a new Genus of Blepharocerid Flies 
from South Africa. By F. W. Epwarps, B.A., F.E.S. 


(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.) 


In the ‘ Annals and Magazine of Natural History’ for June 
1912, I described under the name Kelloggina barnardi the 
only species of Blepharoceridz which has yet been recorded 
for the Ethiopian region. At the time of writing, the insect 
appeared to me to possess all the main characters of the 
genus Kelloggina, but, as will now be shown, the South 
African species must be excluded from that genus on account 
of an important difference in the structure of the eyes. 

I was led to make a more careful examination of K. bar- 
nardi, on account of a suggestion made by Prof. M. Bezzi, 
in his paper ‘‘ Blefaroceridi Italiani” (1913), that the larvee 
described as K. barnardi did not belong to the same species 
as the adults, as these larvee appeared to him to be related to 
Blepharocera*. Vhe specimens on which the original 
description of A. barnardi was founded, being for the most 
part newly hatched, were somewhat shrivelled, and, under 
a dissecting-microscope, there was no evidence of any 
division of the eyes into two portions, as in many genera of 
this family. This was only what was to be expected, as the 
wing-venation of the new species was practically identical 
with that of Kelloggina and Paltostoma, the latter of which 
at least undoubtedly has simple eyes. When, however, 
specimens of K. barnardt were boiled in potash, it was at 
once evident that the eyes were very distinctly divided into 
upper and lower portions J, although, as there was very little 
difference in the size of the facets of the upper and lower 
portions, it was only when the eyes were unshrunken that 


* As has recently been shown by Scott, this suggestion was un- 
founded. 
+ Scott has recently stated that the contrary is the case, but his 
observation was made on a badly-mounted specimen, | 
io 


204 Mr. F. W. Edwards on a 


their real structure was discernible. Subsequently I received 
larve and pupe of a second species of Sonth African 
Blepharocerida, and when, acting on a suggestion made to 
me by Mr. H. Scott, I dissected out imagos from the pup 
of this form and of A. barnardi, I found that here again the 
eyes were of the same type, though there were extremely 
interesting differences between the two forms which will be 
described below. It thus appears that these South African 
species form to some extent a connecting-link between the 
South American Kelloggina and the European Apistomyia, 
resembling the former in wing-venation and the latter im 
the structure of the eyes. Dr. A. Lutz informs me that he 
has recently obtained both sexes of a species of true Kedlog- 
gina in Brazil, and that in both males and females the eyes 
are simple. As the condition of the eyes is (doubtless 
correctly) regarded as a character of generic importance in 
this family of flies, it becomes necessary to form anew genus 
for K. barnardi and the new species referred to. I propose 
the term Elporia *, which may be defined as follows :— 


ELPortiA, gen. nov. 


Imago: Eyes dichoptic, hairy, divided by a horizontal 
band into two distinct parts. Antenne 14- or 15-jointed. 
Mouth-parts similar in the two sexes; mandibles absent ; 
maxillee well developed, but without cutting-teeth, as long 
as the first joint of the palpi; palpi three- or four-jointed, 
longer than the proboscis by fully the length of the last 
joint; first joint longer than the others. Proboscis as long 
as or longer than the vertical diameter of the head. Wing- 
venation as in Paltostoma. Front and middle tibize without 
spurs, hind tibize with one large spur. Last tarsal joint 
without any group of spines at the base. Claws usually 
elongate, with several spines on the underside, sometimes 
partly pulvilliform. 

Pupa: Integument smooth; respiratery horns each com- 
posed of four flattened lamellz, the two inner much narrower 
and rather shorter than the two outer, 

Larva: Antenne rather short, two-jointed. Integument 
provided with more or less distinct short spines, the largest 
of which are arranged in a definite way, two occurring near 
the anterior border, four near the posterior border, and one 
at each side of each of the five intermediate segments. Six 
pairs of hairy lateral processes. Five pairs of gill-tufts, each 


* From é\wwpn, hope. 


new Genus of Blepharocerid Flies. 205 


of which is composed, in the fully-grown larva, of five fila- 
ments, which arise practically co-basally. Two pairs of more 
or less spherical anal papille. Moutl-parts and suckers 
rather closely resembling in structure those described by 
F. Miiller. 

Type-species. Kelloggina barnardi, Edwards (1912). 

The genus differs trom Paltostoma, to which in many 
respects it is obviously related, as follows :—the longer male 
palpi, the absence of female mandibles and the shorter pro- 
boscis, the divided eyes, and in the structure of the last 
tarsal joint ; in the different arrangement of the spines of 
the larva, the smaller number of gill-filaments in each tuft, 
and in the different anal papille. ‘lo Kelloggina it is more 
closely related, the only important difference which can at 
present be pointed out being in the divided eyes. Other 
differences, however, will probably be found when more 
information is available as to the structure and life-history 
of Kelloggina. 


1. Elporia barnardi, Edw. 


As my original description of the head of A. barnardi was 
incomplete and inaccurate in several respects, it is necessary 
to give a redescription. In the first place, it must be stated 


Fig. 1. Fig. 2. 


Elporia barnardi. 


Fig. 1.—Head of male; diagram showing division of the eyes. 
Vig. 2.—Head of female, to show the same. 


that in the figure of the female fly (Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 
ser. 8, vol. ix. pl. xx. fig. 1,1912), the head depicted is really 
that of the male and not the female, the latter sex having a 
much broader front and larger terminal joint to the antenne. 


206 Mr. F. W. Edwards on a 


The eyes in both cases are dichoptic, the front, however, 
being fully twice as broad in the female as in the male, 
Pubescence rather short, being only about as long as the 
width of two facets. In the male the eyes are divided by a 
horizontal line (it is too narrow to be called a band) into an 
upper and a lower portion; the upper is nearly two-thirds 
the size of the lower and its facets are very slightly larger. 
In the female also the eyes are divided, but in this sex the 
upper portion is very much smaller than the lower, and its 
facets are very markedly smaller. The antenne are 15- 
jointed in both sexes (my previous statement that the female 
antennee were only 14-jointed was incorrect) ; in the male 
the joints of the flagellum are all very much of the same size 
and nearly globular; the female antennz are similar, except 
that the terminal joint is distinctly enlarged and more oval. 
Lhe palpi are four-jointed, but the division between the last 
two joints is not well marked, so that in some mounted 


Fig. 3. 


Elporia barnardi. 


Fig. 3.—Labrum. 
Fig. 4.—Hypopharynx. 


specimens they appear to be only three-jointed. The first 
joint is the longest, being slightly longer than the second and 
third taken together ; the second and fourth are each a little 
longer than the third. The second joint has on its internal- 
ventral aspect a circular pit, the floor of which is occupied by 
a sense-organ, the structure of which is difficult to make out. 
Under a low magnification this pit appears as a dark patch. 
A very similar structure has been described by Scott in the 
second joint of the palpi of Paltostoma, while organs differing 
to some extent from these, although evidently homologous, 
occur in the Simuliidee, Mycetophilide, and Rhyphidz *. 
The labium has precisely the same structure in the two 
sexes ; there are scattered stiff-pointed hairs all over it, and, 


* These organs were first described by Wesché (Biol. Bull. vol. xxiii. 
1912, p. 267). 


new (renus of Blepharocerid Flies. 207 


Fi ay 
12, Oo. 


Elporia barnardi. 
Fig. 5.—Maxille and labium. 
Fig. 6.—Tip of labellum, more highly magnified. 
Fig. 7,—Genitalia of male, dorsal view. 
Vig. 8.—Anal armature of larva. 
Fig. 9,—Spiracle of larva. 


208 ! Mr. F. W. Edwards on a 


in addition, at the tip of the labella there are two or three 
very short blunt “spines,” closely resembling the “ taste- 
hairs 7? which have been described by Wesché and others in 
a variety of insects. The labella themselves have a beautiful 
* ]loney-combed ” structure. 

The outer lamelle of the pupal respiratory horns are 
somewhat triangular, about half as long again as_ the 
breadth of the base, and bluntly pointed. ‘The inner lamellze 
are a little shorter, rounded at the tip, but not at all tapering, 
and only about one-third as wide as the base of the outer 
lamelle. 

The larve have small spines on their dorsal surface, 
arranged on the same plan as in /. capensis, though they 
are much less conspicuous ; there are no spines on the lateral 
processes. As noticed by Scott in Paltostoma, the number of 
filaments in the branchial tufts increases with the age of the 
larva; the small larva lave three in each tuft, the fully- 
grown specimens have five. ‘The form of these tufts is the 
same as in 12. capensis. I have seen no first-stage larve, and 
cannot therefore say whether these have less than three gill- 
filaments. ‘The extreme tips of the hairy lateral processes 
are bifid on the underside, a character which is also to be 
noticed in FE. capensis, though apparently it does not occur 
in Paltostema. 

The spiracles are present in the same positions as in 

‘ultostoma ; they appear simply as chitinous rings. The 
anal papillee are subequal in size; hidden by them, but 
plainly visible in a mounted specimen, is the anal armature. 

Mr, K. H. Barnard has kindly supplied me with some 
notes on the seasonal occurrence of £. barnardi in Platteklip 
Gorge. His records are as follows :— 

“3. 1x. 1911. Full-grown larve. 

“8.x. 1911. Pupe, imagos. 

2.1.1912. 1 full-grown larva, pupex, 1 imago. 

“5. vill. 1912. Various-sized larva from 2 mm. to full- 

grown; pupa. 

16. 11. 1913. No larve or pupa. 

“© 22. vi. 1913. Larve 2-3 mm. 

“2. vill. 1913. Larvee 2-4 mm. A few pupe. 

“There would seem to be three broods a year at least, but 
with so many gaps one cannot state positively.” 

Mr, Barnard has also found L. barnardi “in the suburbs 
of Cape Town, at a level above the sea of not more than 
200 ft., in a swiftly-ruuning stream from the mountain, but 


not in any sense a precipitous mountain-stream ; the larve 
and pup are attached to boulders.” 


new Genus of Blepharocerid Flies. 24 


Elporia capensis, sp. n. 


Tarly in 1914 I received larvee and pupw of a Blepharo- 
cerid taken near Stellenbosch, Cape Province, U.S. Afr., at 

an altitude of about 500 feet. These were obviously distinct 
from 2. barnardi, but, as no adults were received with them, 
they were put on one side as temporarily indeterminable. 
Recently, however, I have dissected out two examples of 
each sex from these pupx, and these specimens are in such 
an advanced stage of development that it is possible to give 
a fairly complete description of their structural characters, 
though, of course, nothing can be said concerning coloration. 
This, however, is an omission of small importance, and, as 
the species shows several interesting and rather remarkable 
differences from LZ. barnardi, it seems desirable to take this 
opportunity of describing it. 

Imago: front of the same width in the two sexes, narrower 
than that of the female, but broader than that of the male of 
Ef. barnardi. Kyes in ‘both sexes divided into two portions, 
of which the upper is a little larger than it is in the female of 
EL, barnardi; in both sexes the tacets in this upper portion are 
slightly smaller than they are in the lower. Pubescence of 
eyes longer than in L£. barnardz, about as long as the width 
of three tacets. Antenna fourteen-jointed in both sexes, the 
second scapal and the first two or three flagellar joints about 
half as long again as broad, the first-named being considerably 
enlarged apically ; ; the remaining joints more or “less globular ; 
there is no marked sexual difference in the size of the 
terminal joint, though, if anything, it is a little longer in the 
male than in the female. Proboscis only about as long as 
the vertical diameter of the head. Labrum of quite a different 
shape to that of /. barnardi, with no hairs at its tip ; the 
hypopharynx, on the other hand, has a slightly hairy tip like 
that of the labrum of H. barnarai. Palpr three-jointed, 
longer than the proboscis by the length of their last joint ; 
first joint as long as the last two combined ; last two equal 
in length ; second joint with a circular pit as in 4, barnardi. 
Labium rather stouter than in Z. barnardt, the labella without 
any ‘*taste-hairs” at the tip, and without a distinet honey- 
combed structure. 

The genitalia, as in 7. barnard’, and as Dr. Lutz informs 
me is the case in Kedloggina, are not very dissimilar at first 
sight im the male and female. Their structure is shown in 
the figures (figs. 13 & 14). The female has three receptacula 
semints, 

The hind tibiz, as in LZ. barnardi, have a single spur at 


Mr. F. W. Edwards on a 


Fig. 10. Fig. 11. 


Elporia capensis. 
‘Ne. 10.—Head, male or female, showing division of eyes. 


Vig 

Fig. 11. —Labrum. 

Fig. 12.—Hypopharynx, maxille, and labium. 
Fie. 13.—Genitalia of male. 


5 


new Genus of Blepharocerid Flies. 214 
Fig. 14. 
/ “yes 


BS 
)/ fi jit ‘\ \ 4 
/ \ ‘ / t 


Elporia capensis. 


Fig. 14.—Genitalia of female, 
Fig. 15.—Claw of male. 
Fie. 16.—Claw of female, 


212 Mr. F. W. Edwards on a 


Fig. 17. 


. 
: 
/ ; 

Elporia capensis. 

Larva, dorsal view, showing arrangement of the spines. 
| 

4 

d 


new Genus of Blepharocerid Flies. 2 


Fig. 18. 


Fig. 20. Fig. 21. Fig. 22. 
re 
fall “ee 
UU mS 
mus w 


Elporia capensis. 


Fig. 18.—One of the lateral processes of the larva, more enlarged ; 
dorsal view. 

Fig. 19.—The same, ventral view, to show form and position of 
gill-tuft. 

Fig. 20.—Tip of antenna of larva. 

Fig. 21.—Anal armature of larva. 

Fig. 22,—Spiracle of larva. 


214 On a new Genus of Blepharocerid Flies. 


the tip. The proportions of the tarsal joints are much the 
same as in E. barnardi, except that the first and fifth joints 
are relatively a little longer; the first joint is as long as the 
next three taken together; the second, third, and fourth 
gradually decrease in length, while the fifth is as long as the 
third and fourth combined. The male claws are swollen 
towards the base, with a thin curved tip; the basal portion 
is densely hairy, almost pulvilliform, but there are no spines 
on the underside. ‘The female claws, on the other hand, 
rather closely resemble the male claws of /. barnardi in 
shape and in possessing several sharp spines on the underside. 
The male claws are very interesting, as exhibiting some 
approach to the abnormal pulvilliform claws of the male 
Hlapalothrix lugubris. 

The wing-venation is apparently the same as in 2. barnardz?, 
although it is very difficult to make out in detail, owing to the 
crumpled condition of the wings. 

Pupa of a somewhat different shape from that of H. bar- 
nardi ; the portion in front of the respiratory horns descends 
less steeply (at an angle of about 45° instead of about 60°). 
The respiratory horns closely resemble those of 2. barnardi. 

Larva in all essential features resembling that of L. bar- 
nardt, but much more spiny, the largest and most conspicuous 
spines occurring on the lateral ‘“ pseudopodia.” As in the 
case of E. barnardi, the young larve have three, the full- 
grown ones five, gill-filaments in each tuft. There is a small, 
slightly spiny, lateral projection on the anal segment, which 
in K. barnardi is hardly present, being represented by the 
merest knob; from this projection or knob arise in both 
species two long hairs, springing from a common base; these 
hairs are rather longer and more conspicuous in E. barnardi 
than in the new species. The spiracles are present, as in 
E. barnardi, and have a more complicated structure. ‘The 
two pairs of anal papille are very unequal in size and the 
anal armature differs from that of HL. barnardi. The tip of 
the antennae bears two small appendages, one of which is 
two-jointed. 


Summary and Conclusions. 


1. It has been found necessary to found a new genus, 
Elporia, tor Kelloggina barnardi on account of the divided 
eyes. ‘This genus differs from most Blepharoceride in that 
the females, like the males, have no mandibles. 

2. A new species of this genus is described, differing” 
markedly from £. barnardi in all its stages. 


On the Xylophilidee of Ceylon. 215 


3. The larva of the new species, even more than that of 
E. barnardi, resembles that of Paltostoma. Both species, 
however, differ from Paltostoma in the form of the branchial 
tufts, which seems to strengthen the view that these organs 
‘are valuable for purposes of classification. 

4. The arrangement of the larval spines appears to be a 
matter of considerable constancy, and, therefore, systematic 
importance. 


XXVII.—The Xylophilidee of Ceylon. 
By G. C. CHampion, F.Z.S. 

Mr. G. E. Bryant having kindly lent me his series of the 
Coleopterous family Xylophilidee from Ceylon, named by Pic 
in 1912, the opportunity is taken of describing some additional 
species from the same island, mainly obtained by Mr. G. 
Lewis in 1881-1882. The types of the new forms, including 
the two detected in Mr. Bryant’s collection, are all contained 
in the British Museum. Twenty-one Xylophilids are now 
known from the Island, four only of them having been iden- 
tified from other Indian localities. Kandy, it may be noted, 
is at a much lower level (1546-1727 ft.) than the places 
where Mr. Lewis’s insects were obtained. 


HyLosanus, Pic. 
Hylobenus fasciatus. 
Hylobenus fasciatus, Pic, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1912, p. 272. 


Hab. CxYLon, Galle [type] ; TENASSERIM, 'Tavoy. 

The type of this species was captured by Mr. Bryant at 
Galle on July 1st, 1908. There is another example of it in 
the British Museum, found by Dolierty, at Tavoy, this latter 
having the intermediate and posterior femora and tibie almost 
black, but differing in no other respect from the somewhat 
immature type, which has the intermediate legs (the knees 
excepted) testaceous. Both appear to be females. The 
completely connate first two ventral segments is an additional 
character for the genus Hylobenus. 


EUXYLOPHILUS, gen. nov. 


Antenne with joints 5-10 flatiened, dilated, and serrate, 
3 narrow, cylindrical, longer than 2 or 4; eyes feebly emar- 
ginate; prothorax longer than broad, subovate ; elytra very 
elongate ; the other characters as in Xy/ophilus, Latr. 

Type, L. principalis. 


216 Mr, G. C. Champion on 


The single species from which the above characters are 
taken is so different from all the Xylophilids known to me 
that it seems necessary to treat it as a separate generic type. 
E. principalis might even be mistaken for a small Lagriid. 


Euxylophilus principalis, sp. . 


Very elongate, narrow, shining ; nigro-piceous, the elytra 
with an elongate streak running down from the shoulder, a 
minute spot between it and the suture, and two sinall, oblong, 
confluent spots on the disc before the apex, the palpi at the 
base, the anterior legs (the slightly darker tarsi excepted), the 
intermediate legs with the femora at the base and the knees 
and tarsi, andthe apices of the posterior tarsi, testaceous ; 
the antennze black, with the apical joint yellow; clothed with 
an extremely fine, adpressed pubescence, giving a pruinose 
appearance to the surface; densely, finely punctate, the 
punctuation becoming a little more diffuse on the elytra. 
Head convex, much wider than the prothorax, considerably 
developed behind the eyes, the latter large and separated by 
the width of one of them ; antenne moderately long, joint 3 
twice as long as 2, narrow, 4 a little shorter and wider, sub- 
triangular, 5-10 not or very little longer than broad, 11 ovate, 
longer than 10, obliquely acuminate. Prothorax narrow, 
longer than broad, rounded at the sides, and feebly con- 
stricted before the base, the dise with a transverse depression 
behind. Elytra very elongate, narrowed anteriorly and 
at the base not much wider than the head, the post-basal 
depression deep, transverse. Legs long, the anterior and 
intermediate pairs slender, the posterior pair much stouter, 
the latter with moderately incrassate simple femora and 
flattened rather broad tibie ; tarsi with their antepenultimate 
joint somewhat broadly lobed, the posterior pair as long as 
the tibie. 

Length 34 mm. (¢?). 

Hab, Ceytox, Dikoya, between 3800 and 4200 ft. (G. 
Lewis). 

One specimen, in beautifully fresh condition, captured on 
Dec. 20th, 1851. 


XYLOPHILUS, Latr. 
Xylophilus palliditarsis. 
Hylophilus palliditarsis, Pic, Ann, Soc. Ent. Fr. 1912, pp. 274, 279. 
3. Head with a transverse arcuate excavation at the base 


above, limited on each side behind by a tuberculiform promi- 
nence, and bearing a small dense cluster of flavous pubescence 


the Xylophilide of Ceylon. 217 


in the middle ; anterior tibia mucronate at the inner apical 
angle; intermediate femora armed with a broad triangular 
tooth at the apex beneath. 

Hab. CrEYLon, Kandy. 

Mr. Bryant’s collection contains four males and one female 
of this species. It may be known by the broadly rufescent 
sides of the elytra, the very long antennee and legs, the flavo- 
testaceous tarsi, and the extraordinary form of the head in 
the g. The antennz have joint 3 a little longer than 2 
and much shorter than 4, 4-10 being subequal in length. 
The ¢ cephalic armature was overlooked by Pic. X. plani- 
pennis, Motsch., if it has been rightly identified by me, is a 
very different insect. 


Xylo;hilus dentatifemur. 
Hylophilus dentatifemur, Pic, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr, 1912, pp. 272, 279. 


g. Anterior tibiz armed with a sharp triangular tooth at 
the middle within and also feebly mucronate at the inner 
apical angle ; intermediate femora narrowly lamellate at the 
apex beneath and armed with a slender sharp tooth before 
the tip ; [posterior legs wanting]. 

Hab. CeyLon, Kandy. 

The unique example described is incorrectly stated to have 
the anterior (instead of the posterior) legs missing: the cha- 
racters given for the other legs are therefore misapplied by 
the author. The antenne are long and comparatively stout, 
and have the joints 3-10 subequal in length, 2 being much 
shorter. 


Xylophilus planipennis. 
Euglenus planipennis, Motsch. Bull. Mosc. 1863, i. p. 518. 


Elongate, shining ; piceous or fuscous, the palpi, the base 
and tip of the antennz, the tarsi, the intermediate tibiz at 
the apex, and sometimes the anterior femora and tibiz also, 
testaceous or flavo-testaceous, the humeri usually with a 
reddish spot ; clothed with an extremely fine, adpressed, 
ereyish pubescence, giving a dull leaden appearance to the 
surface ; the head and prothorax densely, finely, the elytra a 
little more diffusely, punctate. Head a little broader than 
the prothorax, transverse, rather convex, obliquely narrowed 
behind the eyes, the latter large and separated by about the 
width of one of them ; antenne slender, moderately long in 
3, shorter in 3, joint 2 short, oblique, 3-6 subequal in 
length, each about twice as long as 2in g, 7-10 gradually 
decreasing in length, 4-10 feebly subserrate, 11 ovate and 

Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol. xvi. 16 


218 Mr. G. C. Champion on 


obliquely acuminate. Prothorax subquadrate, obliquely 
narrowed anteriorly and slightly constricted at about the 
middle, the disc with an arcuate depression before the base 
and a shallow transverse groove in front of it. Elytra long, 
nearly twice as wide as the prothorax, subparallel in their 
basal half, flattened, the dise with a large, deep, oblique im- 
pression below the base. Legs long, slender, the posterior 
femora moderately thickened. 

g. Anterior tibiz slightly hollowed towards the apex 
within, and also perceptibly curved; anterior tarsi dilated, 
the basal joint much thickened ; posterior femora with a 
narrow, pallid, pad along their lower face, bearing a dense 
fringe of short flavo-testaceous hairs. 

Length 22-3 mm. (¢ 2). 

Hab. CEyton (ex Mus. Murray; G. Lewis), Nuwara Elia. 

Two males and several females, the sexes identified by 
Mr. Lewis, whose specimens were captured in Dec. 1881 or 
Feb. 1882. There can be little doubt that the insect before 
me is the imperfectly described X. (Luglenus) planipennis 
from Nuwara Elia [Nura Ellia]. 


Xylophilus testaceipennis. 


Englenus testaceipennis, Motsch. Bull. Mosc. 18638, i. p. 618 (nec Pie, 
1912). 


3. Moderately elongate, shining ; nigro-piceous, the an- 
tenn, palpi, tarsi, anterior femora and tibiz, and the other 
femora and tibize at the base and apex, testaceous, the elytra 
testaceous, with the suture at the base and apex and the outer 
margin narrowly infuscate ; clothed with rather long, pallid, 
shaggy pubescence. Head transverse, much broader than 
the prothorax, narrowly extended on each side behind the 
very large eyes, which are separated by about half their 
width, closely punctate; antennee moderately long, not very 
stout, joints 3-10 subequal in length, subcylindrical, 2 much 
shorter than 3, 11 stout, as long as 9 and 10 united, obliquely 
acuminate. Prothorax subquadrate, narrowed in front, 
densely punctate, without depression. Elytra moderately 
long, much wider than the head, subparallel to about the 
middle, more coarsely and more diffusely punctured than the 
prothorax, the disc with a long, deep, oblique depression 
below the base. Legs long; anterior tibiz slender, abruptly 
bent inwards towards the apex (much as in X. cribricolis= 
mucronatus, Pic), and feebly mucronate at the inner apical 
angle; intermediate tibie moderately, and the posterior tibize 
strongly, clavate, the latter simple ; tarsi rather slender. 

Length 2), breadth 1 mm. 


the Xylophilide of Ceylon. 219 
Hab. Ceyton, Dikoya, between 8800 and 4200 ft. (G. 


Lewis), Nuwara Elia. 

One male, taken on Jan. 12th, 1882. This insect agrees 
very nearly with the description of X. (Huglenus) testacez- 
pennis, Motschulsky, from Nuwara Elia [Nura Ellia]; but 
it is not the species identified as such by Pic, which has 
the ¢ anterior tibia infuscate and feebly sinuate within, &c. 
The length is given as 2 (which may be due to the head 


- 4 
being deflexed in the type) and the breadth 2 lin. 


Xylophilus crassipes, sp. n. 
Hylophilus testaceipennis, Motsch., var., Pic, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1912, 
p. 280, 

3. Moderately elongate, shining; black, the palpi and 
tarsi, the femora at the base, the intermediate and posterior 
tibize at the base and apex, and the basal margin of the pro- 
thorax testaceous or rufo-testaceous, the elytra testaceous, 
with the sides rather broadly infuscate, the antenne obscure 
testaceous, becoming paler towards the tip, the anterior tibiae 
also infuseate; clothed with rather long cinereous hairs. 
Head very broad, transverse, finely punctate, narrowly ex- 
tended on each side behind the eyes, the latter very large, 
coarsely facetted, and separated by about half their width ; 
antennee stout, moderately long, joints 3-10 subcylindrical, 
about as long as broad, 2 slightly shorter than 3, 11 ovate, 
obliquely acuminate. Prothorax rather narrow, convex, 
rounded-subquadrate, densely punctate, without depression. 
Elytra moderately long, a little wider than the head, sub- 
parallel in their basal half, closely, coarsely punctate, the disc 
with a long, deep, oblique depression below the base. Legs 
stout; anterior and intermediate femora moderately, the 
posterior pair strongly, clavate; anterior tibies somewhat 
rounded externally, slightly sinuate within, and_feebly 
mucronate at the apex; posterior tibiz rather broad, flat- 
tened ; basal joint of intermediate and posterior tarsi stout. 

Length 2, breadth 4 mm, 

Hab. CryYLon, Kandy. 

One male, found by Mr. Bryant in June 1908. Very like 
the insect from Dikoya here identified as _X. testaceipennis, , 
but with the antenne, the anterior femora and tibia, and 
elytra darker, the antennee shorter and with much less elon- 
gate apical joint, the anterior tibize feebly sinuate within 
(instead of being abruptly bent), the elytra narrower, the legs 
stouter, and the tarsi shorter. 


Xylophilus taprobanus, sp. n. 


Moderately elongate, rather broad, shining ; fusco-piceous, 
167 


220 Mr. G. C. Champion on 


tlle elytra with a large, faint, indeterminate, humeral patch 
extending downwards along the sides, and an almost obsolete 
patch on the dise before the apex, the base and extreme tip of 
the antenne, palpi, tarsi, anterior femora, and the base of the 
posterior tibia, testaceous or reddish; clothed with an extremely 
fine, adpressed, brownish-grey pubescence. Head convex, 
gradually narrowed behind the rather small eyes, densely, 
finely punctate ; antenne moderately long, slightly widened 
outwards, joint 3 smaller than 2, triangular, 4-10 long, sub- 
equal in length, subserrate, 11 stout, obliquely acuminate. 
Prothorax subquadrate, sinuate at the base, obliquely nar- 
rowed in front, densely, finely punctate, the dise with shallow 
arcuate depression behind, LElytra moderately long, nearly 
twice as wide as the prothorax, subparallel to about the middle, 


closely, somewhat coarsely punctate, transversely depressed 


below the base. Legs long, the posterior femora moderately 
thickened, simple. 

Length 2 mm. (¢?). 

Hab. CEYLON, Bogawantalawa, between 4900 and 5200 ft. 
(G. Lewis). 

One specimen, found March 8th, 1882. Less elongate 
than X. planipennis, the antenne with joint 3 very small, 
4-10 long, subequal, and 11 thickened, the elytra much 
shorter, more coarsely punctate, and transversely depressed 
below the base. Larger, more robust, and with much 
longer limbs than X. suberassicornis, Pic, from Kandy, which 
also has a minute third antennal joint. X. rufipes, Motsch., 
from Nuwara Elia, may be an allied form (?); it is described 
as nigro-fuscous, with the antennz and legs rufo-testaceous, 
the elytra fusco-testaceous, the length $ lin. The type of 
X. taprobanus is probably a male, to judge from the length 
of the antennee, but the anterior tibiz and posterior femora 
are simple. 


Xylophilus scoparius, sp. n. 


Elongate, shining ; testaceous, the head, the elytral suture 
very narrowly, the under surface, the posterior femora (except 
at the base), and in one specimen the apices of the inter- 
mediate femora also, black or piceous, the prothorax reddish ; 
clothed with rather long, pallid pubescence. Head transverse, 
densely, finely panctate, narrowly extended on each side 
beliind the very large eyes; antennee short, rather slender, 
slightly widened outwards, joints 3-10 subequal in length, 
11 stout, obliquely acuminate. Prothorax rounded-sub- 
quadrate, narrower than the head, densely, finely punctate, 
without definite depression on the disc. Elytra long, sub- 
parallel, flattened, much wider than the head, obliquely 


Oe 


re 


the Xylophilide of Ceylon. 221 


depressed below the base, closely, rather coarsely punctate. 


Legs long, slender ; posterior femora clavate ; posterior tibiz 


flattened, and becoming gradually wider and curving outwards 
towards the tip, obliquely truncated at the apex externally 
and there furnished with a brush-like cluster of hairs. 

Length 2,),-24 mm. (¢?). 

Hab. Ceyion, Dikoya, between 3800 and 4200 ft. (G. 
Lewis). 

Two examples, found in Dec. 1881. They are no doubt 
males, but the anterior tibiz and tarsi are simple, and the 
antenne comparatively short. The brush of hairs at the outer 
apical angle of the posterior tibiz is a peculiar character. 
The insect cannot be the X. testaceipennis of Motschulsky. 


Aylophilus eribricollis. 

Hylophilus cribricollis, Pic, Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr., Jan. 1912, p. 48; Ann. 

Soc. Ent. Fr. 1912, p. 286 (April, 1913). 

Hylophilus mucronatus, Pic, Ann. Soc. Fr. 1912, pp. 275, 280. 

6. Anterior tibiz abruptly bent inwards at about the 
apical third and strongly mucronate at the inner apical 
angle. ° 

Hab. CEYLON, Kandy. [W. Australia *, ? in error.] 

The unique types of thesé insects, ¢ g, are absolutely 
identical, and some mistake must evidently have been made 
in attaching the locality-labels to one of them. Mr. Bryant 
believes that Ceylon is probably correct. These specimens 
have the head piceous, the antennz fusco-testaceous, the 
prothorax rufescent, and the elytra and legs (the partly in- 
fuscate posterior femora and tibie excepted) testaceous ; 
the antennal joints 3-10 rather stout and subequal in longth, 
and 11 (wanting in H. mucronatus) as long as 9 and 10 
united and strongly acuminate ; the posterior femora strongly 
clavate and simple ; the posterior tibiz flattened and some- 
what dilated; and the basal joint of the posterior tarsi 
slightly curved. 


Xylophilus nigronotatus, 


Hylophilus nigronotatus, Pic, Ann, Soc, Ent. Fr. 1912, pp. 276, 280 
(excl. var.). 

3. Anterior tibia curved; posterior femora strongly 
clavate, armed with a sharp tooth near the apex and set with 
a row.of short, scattered, bristly hairs along their lower face. 

ITab, Ceyton, Kandy. ; 

‘The above-mentioned characters are taken from the unique 


* H. major, Pic [ ¢ |, from Illawarra, N.S.W,=X. (Anthicus) abnormis, 
King [ d }, a specimen of which was given me long ago by Mr, A, M. Lea 


222 Mr. G. C. Champion on 


male, which is stated to have a “lamella beneath the 
posterior femora,’ the lamella in question being a clot of 
gum hiding the true armature. The insect is testaceous, 
with a triangular scutellar patch and a narrow common 
median fascia piceous. The antennze are rather long and 
stout, joints 3-10 subequal in length, and 11 about as long 
as 9 and 10 united. The female of the so-called var. diversi- 
ceps belongs to a different species, 


Aylophilus nigropictus, sp. n. 

g. Moderately elongate, narrow, rather convex, shining ; 
testaceous, the eyes black, the head, antenne, and posterior 
femora and tibie slightly infuscate, the elytra with the 
suture very narrowly and a rather large spot on the disc 
beyond the middle nigro-piceous; clothed with rather long, 
fine, pallid pubescence. Head transverse, broader than the 
prothorax, densely, finely punctate, narrowly extended on 
each side behind the eyes, the latter somewhat narrowly 
separated; antenne moderately long, subfiliform, not very 
slender, joints 3-10 subequal in length, subcylindrical, 11 
yather stout, obliquely acuminate. Prothorax transverse, 
parallel-sided at the base, densely, finely punctate, with a 
shallow, interrupted, arcuate depression on the dise behind, 
Elytra moderately long, subparallel to about the middle, 
much wider, and a little more coarsely punctured, than the 
prothorax, the dise obliquely depressed anteriorly. Legs 
long; anterior tibia feebly sinuate within; intermediate 
tibia bowed, strongly bisinuate within; posterior femora 
clavate, with a narrow, pallid, pad along their lower face, 
bearing a row of short, scattered, bristly hairs, and armed 
with a short tooth before the tip. 

Length 2 mm. 

Hab, Creywon, Dikoya (G. Lewis). 

One specimen, captured on Dec. 12th, 1881. Very near 
X. nigronotatus, Pic, from Kandy; but more elongate and 
with longer limbs, the elytra not so coarsely punctate and 
each with a spot on the dise (instead of being fasciate), the 
intermediate tibize bowed and strongly bisinuate withinin ¢, 
the posterior femora in the same sex similarly armed, but 
with a conspicuous, narrow, pallid pad along their lower 
face. 


oe 


Xylophilus ceylonicus. 
Hylophilus ceylonicus, Pic, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1912, pp. 275, 280, 


¢. Anterior tibia widened and somewhat curved outwards, 
and armed with a long, abruptly bent, inwardly-directed spur 


the Xylophilidee of Ceylon. 223 


at the outer apical angle beneath ; posterior tibie flattened 
and rather broad, 

Hab. CEeYLon, Kandy. 

The @ and ? labelled as co-types of X. ceylonicus in 
Mr. Bryant’s collection somewhat doubtfully belong to the 
same species, the 9 having smaller and less coarsely facetted 
eyes, shorter and more slender antennz, and less coarsely 
punctured elytra, than the g. The antennal joints 3-10, 
however, are subequal in length and the posterior femora 
strongly clavate in both of them. ‘The long, abruptly bent 
spur at the apex of the front tibie of the g was not noticed 
in Pic’s description. There is a similar @? in the British 
Museum, found by Thwaites in Ceylon. 


Xylophilus dikoyanus, sp. n. 

Short, opaque, the elytra slightly shining; testaceous, the 
head and posterior femora piceous, the eyes black; the 
elytra with a spot on the disc below the base, a common, 
angulate, subapical fascia, and an indication of an angular 
patch at the sides, fuscous ; the upper surface densely, finely, 
the elytra a little more diffusely, punctate, the prothorax 
and elytra variegated with extremely fine, close, adpressed, 
flavo-cinereous and brown pubescence, the vestiture of the 
head uniformly cinereous. Head very broad, the eyes in g 
extremely large and occupying the whole of the side of the 
head, very little smaller in 2 , distant in both sexes ; antennz 
slender, slightly widened outwards, long in ¢, much shorter 
in ¢, joint 2 very short, 3 twice as long as 2 and a little 
longer than 4, 1Lacuminate-ovate. Protlorax small, broader 
than long, the disc transversely impressed before the base. 
Elytra about twice as wide as the prothorax, short, parallel 
at the base, the post-basal depression conspicuous. Legs 
slender, the posterior femora moderately incrassate, simple 
in ¢, the anterior tibize in this sex armed with a small tooth 
on the inner edge at a little beyond the middle. 

Length 14-2 mm. (¢ ¢). 

Hab. Cryton, Dikoya, between 3800 and 4200 ft. 
(G. Lewis). 

One male (in very fresh condition) and two females. 
This species bears some resemblance to the European 
X. populneus, except that the antenne and posterior femora 
are not nearly so stout. The long third joint of the antennz 
separates it from X. orientalis. 


Xylophilus orientalis, sp. n. 


Short, opaque, the elytra shining (when denuded) ; testa- 
ceous, the elytra with three faint, angulate, interrupted, 


224 Mr. G. C. Champion on 


transverse, darker fasci#, which are sometimes indistinct or 
obsolete, the eyes black, the posterior femora slightly infuscate 
towards the apex; the upper surface densely, minutely, the 
elytra a little more coarsely, punctate, very finely pubescent. 
Head short, broad, the eyes very large, separated by about 
the width of one of them and occupying nearly the whole of 
the side of the head; antenne slender, slightly widened out- 
wards, moderately long, joint 3 small, about half the length 
of 4, 4-10 subequal in length, 11 acuminate-ovate. Pro- 
thorax transversely-subquadrate, obliquely narrowed in front, 
the disc with a transverse impression before the base. 
Elytra short, about twice as wide as the prothorax, sub- 
parallel in their basal half, the post-basal depression trans- 
verse and rather deep. Legs slender, the anterior tibiee in 
angularly dilated towards the apex within, the posterior 
femora moderately incrassate, simple. 

Length 14-2 mm. (¢ $¢). 

Hab. Inpv1A, Calcutta (ex coll. Pascoe) [type] ; CEYLON 
(Thwaites, in Mus. Brit.). 

One male from Calcutta, three females from Ceylon, almost 
certainly belonging to the same species, Hxtremely like 
X. dikoyanus, but with a small third joint to the antenne 
and the eyes not quite so large ; the elytra in the ¢ type 
distinctly trifasciate (the second fascia placed just beyond 
the middle) ; the antennee of ¢ much shorter, and the arma- 
ture of the anterior tibize different in this sex. X. rujinus, 
Fairm., from Belgaum, must be an allied form: a co-type of 
the supposed ? (which is really a fg with a minute tooth on 
the anterior tibie), lent me by Mr. Andrewes, is very like 
X. orientalis, but it has smaller eyes, stouter antenne, and 
shorter unicolorous elytra. X. rufatestaceus, Pic, from 
Malabar, is unrecognizable from description. The Thwaites 
specimens were received by the Museum in 1867. 5 


Xylophilus diversiceps. 


Hylophilus nigronotatus, var. diversiceps, Pic, Ann, Soc. Ent. Fr. 1912, 
pp- 276, 280. 

Hab, Cryton, Kandy. 

The type of this form is almost certainly a ?, and the 
differences between it and X. nigronotatus, 3, show that they 
cannot be the sexual complements of the same species: the 
prothorax is more transverse, being nearly as wide as the 
head ; the elytra are much broader ; the antennz are com- 
paratively short and slender; the legs are shorter ; and the 
posterior femora are but little thickened. The insect is testa- 
ceous, with the head, and a large triangular scutellar patch 


‘the Xylophilide of Ceylon. 225 


on the elytra, connected along the suture witha broad median 
fascia, nigro-piceous, 


Xylophilus brya nti. 
Hylophilus bryanti, Pic, Aun. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1912, pp. 277, 280. 
Hab. Ceyuon, Kandy. 


There are five examples of this species in Mr. Bryant’s 
collection, two of which may be males: they have the 
posterior legs stouter and the antennz a little longer than in 
the others. A small, robust form, black, with a large trans- 
verse humeral patch on the elytra, and the apex, rufescent, 
the antennz (the base excepted), palpi, anterior legs in great 
part, and the intermediate and posterior tarsi, testaceous, the 
posterior femora strongly clavate, the antennal joints 3-10 
subequal in length. 


Xylophilus concolor, sp. n. 


2. Rather broad, short, shining, rufo-testaceous, the eyes 
black, the legs testaceous ; clothed with fine yellowish pubes- 
cence ; the head and prothorax densely, finely, the elytra 
more coarsely, punctate. Head broad, short, very narrowly 
extended behind the eyes, the latter large and well separated ; 
antenne moderately long, stout, joints 3-7 about as long as 
broad, 8-10 transverse, 2 a little shorter than 3, 11 ovate. 
Prothorax strongly transverse, as wide as the post-ocular 
portion of the head, the sides subparallel at the base. Elytra 
rather convex, broad, parallel at the base, unimpressed on the 
disc. Legs moderately long ; posterior femora comparatively 
slender, very little stouter than the intermediate pair, 

Length 13 mm. 

Hab. Cryton, Kandy. 

One specimen, ¢, captured by Mr. Bryant in June, 1908. 
This msect was found placed in his collection under X. cey- 
lonicus, Pic, from the ? of which it differs in its broader 
prothorax, shorter, more densely punctate elytra, more 
approximate eyes, and slender posterior femora, 


Aylophilus subcrassicornis. 
Hylophilus subcrassicornis, Pic, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1912, pp. 278, 280. 


g. Anterior tarsi thickened ; antennze much more elongate 
than in ?, joints 4-10 longer than broad. 

Hab, CEYLON, Kandy. . 

Three specimens of this species are before me—one male 
and two females, one of the latter darker than the other. Less 
robust than X. bryant?; the base of the elytra broadly, and 


226 Mr. L. A. Borradaile on 


sometimes the disc also towards the apex, obscurely testa- 
ceous or rufescent ; the antenne black, except at the base 
and tip, much shorter in @ than in @, joints 2 and 3 
small in both sexes; the head long; the eyes smaller ; 
the posterior femora much less thickened. The sexual 
characters were not noticed by Pic. 


Xylophilus laticornis. 
Hylophilus laticornis, Pic, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1912, pp. 278, 280. 


Hab. Cryton, Kandy [type] ; TeNnassertm, Mergui 
(Doherty). 

The three specimens of X. Jaticornis in Mr. Bryant’s 
collection are almost certainly females, and there is an 
example from Mergui in the British Museum exactly 
agreeing with them. In this insect the head is much pro- 
longed behind the eyes, the eyes are small, and the elytra are 
short, broad, convex, and somewhat coarsely, densely pune- 
tate, and rather variable in colour, according to the predomi- 
nance of the testaceous or blackish markings. 


XX VIITI.—On the Species of Lucifer and their Distribution. 
By L. A. Borrapaite, M.A., Lecturer in Zoology in the 
University of Cambridge ; Fellow, Dean, and Lecturer of 
Selwyn College. 


Our knowledge of the species of Lucifer is at present in a 
confusion which is regrettable, not only from the point of 
view of the systematist but also because it prevents the 
drawing of conclusions as to the distribution of a character- 
istic constituent of the pelagic fauna. The difficulties of 
the subject are due to the very insufficient descriptions given 
by Milne-Edwards, who named the first two species, the 
genus having been founded by Vaughan Thompson for an 
unnamed form. Milne-Edwards’s obscurity has led sub- 
sequent writers to confound under each of his names quite 
distinct species. It seems probable, indeed, from an exami- 
nation of the descriptions and drawings given by various 
authors, that the species of Lucifer are far more numerous 
than has hitherto been suspected. The only alternative to 
this conclusion is to attribute to authorities who are usually 
quite trustworthy an extraordinarily high proportion of 
error in their diagnoses and figures. This I am the less 
inclined to do as I have been able in some cases to confirm 
the accuracy of the published descriptions by the examination 


the Species of Lucifer. 227 


of specimens, and as it is, in any case, wiser to emphasize 
than to ignore possible differences. The most valuable con- 
tributions to the subject have been made by Dana and by 
Kemp, and I have in the main accepted their decisions in 
the following synonymic list :— 


1. Lucifer typus, H. M.-Edw., 1837. 

LIncifer, J. Y. Thompson, Zool. Researches, iv. p. 58, pl. vii. fig. 2 

(1829). 

Feels a rip H. Milne-Edwards, Hist. Nat. Crust. ii. p. 469 (1837). 

Kemp thinks that this species is probably identical with 
the L. acestra of Dana. The two are undoubtedly related, 
but there are marked differences between Thompson’s figure 
and Dana’s in respect of the sixth abdominal segment and 
its limb. It seems best at present to maintain the specific 
distinctness of L. typus until further research has rendered 
it unlikely that there exists a species which corresponds 
with Thompson’s figure. In any case, the identification 
cannot be sufficiently certain to justify the supersession of 
Dana’s name. 

Tropical N. Atlantic. 


2. Lucifer reynaudi, H. M.-Edw., 1837, 


Leucifer reynaudii, H. Milne-Edwards, Hist. Nat. Crust. ii. p. 469, 
pl. xxvi. fig. 10 (1837). 

Lucifer reynaudi, Dana, U.S. Expl. Exped., Crust. i. p. 672 (1852) ; 
Atlas, pl. xlv. tig. 1 (1855). 

Lucifer reynaudii, Kemp, Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond., Zool. (2) xvi. 1, 
p- 58 (1913). 


Indian Ocean. Sooloo Sea. 


3. Lucifer acestra, Dana, 1852. 


Lucifer acestra, Dana, U.S. Expl. Exped., Crust. i. p. 671 (1852) ; Atlas, 
pl. xliv. fig. 9 (1855) ; Streets, Bull. U.S. Mus. vii. p. 122 (1877) ; 
Faxon, Mem. Mus. Harvard, xviii. p. 214 (1895); Kemp, Trans. 
Linn. Soc. Lond., Zool, (2) xvi. 1, p. 58 (1913). 


Throughout the warmer parts of the Pacific and Indian 
Oceans from Mexico to Mauritius. 
4, Lucifer pacificus, Dana, 1852. 


Lucifer pacificus, Dana,‘U.S. Expl. Exped., Crust. i. p. 673 (1852) ; 
Atlas, pl. xlv. fig. 2 (1855). 


Tropical Pacific. 
5. Lucifer acicularis, Dana, 1852. 


Lucifer acicularis, Dana, U.S. Expl. Exped., Crust. i. p. 674 (1852) ; 
Atlas, pl. xlv. fig. 3 (1855). 


Harbour of Rio Janeiro. 


to 


98 Mr. L. A. Borradaile on 


6. Lucifer bonitensis, sp. n. 


Lucifer typus, Eydoux & Souleyet, Voy. de la ‘ Bonite,’ Zool. i. p. 249, 
pl. iv. tigs. 1-12 (1841). 


Habitat ? 


7. Lucifer clausi, sp. n. 
Lucifer typus ?, Claus, Zeit. f. wiss. Zool. xiii. p. 485, pl. xxviii. 
figs. 21-26 (1863). 

Lucifer typus, Carus, Prodr, Faun. Medit. i. p. 470 (1885). 

This species is closely related to L. batei (= L. reynaudii, 
Bate), but differs in the shorter neck and longer sixth 
abdominal segment, and also, probably, im the petasma. 
Carus’s definition of it seems to be derived from a misreading 
of Milne-Edwards’s diagnosis of L. typus. 

Messina. 


8. Lucifer fazxoni, sp. n. 
Lucifer typus?, Faxon, Stud. Biol. Lab. Joh. Hopkins Univ. 3, 
p. 113, pl. vii. (1878). 
Lucifer sp., Brooks, Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. 1882, i. p. 87, pl. vii. 
ers sp. n.?, Semper, Zeit. f. wiss. Zool. xxii. p. 305, pl. xxii. 
72). 

In Semper’s figure of the end of the abdomen of the male, 
the tip of the exopodite of the uropod is either incorrectly 
drawn or indicates that the individual from which it was 
taken represents a species different from any hitherto 
described. The female seems to differ in no important 
respect from L. faxoni, but, in view of the locality in which 
Semper’s specimens were taken, it is at least doubtful whether 
they belong to Faxon’s species. 

N.W. Atlantic. E. Subtropical Atlantic (Brit. Antare. 
Exped.). ? Near Philippine Is. 


9. Lucifer affinis, sp. n. 
Lucifer typus, Bate, ‘ Challenger’ Report, Zool. xxiv. p. 464, pl. Ixxxiii. 
(1888); Ortmann, Ergebn. Plankton-Exp. ii. G, 6, p. 40 (1898) ; 
Nobili, Mem. Ac. Torino, (2) lvii. p. 352, pl. i. fig. 1 (1903). 


Various localities in the Tropical and Subtropical Atlantic, 
Pacific, and Indian Oceans, generally near land. 


10. Lucifer batei, sp. n. 


Lucifer reynaudii, Bate, ‘Challenger’ Report, Zool. xxiv. p. 466, 
pl. lxxxiv. (1888) ; Ortmann, Ergebn. Plankton-Exp. ii. G, 6, p. 40 
(1893). 

? Lucifer reynaudi, Dohrn. Zeit. f. wiss. Zool, xxi. p. 357, pl. xxvii. 
figs. 1-10 (1871). 


the Species of Lucifer. 229 


In Dohrn’s figure the legs are considerably longer than in 
Bate’s, with which specimens in my hands agree. Dohrn, 
however, is certainly wrong in his representation of the 
autennules, and may be also inaccurate in regard to the legs. 

This species is related to Dana’s acestra, but differs from 
it in the following respects :—(i.) the rostrum is present ; 
(i.) the legs of the last two pairs are longer ; (iii.) the dorsal 
spine of the sixth abdominal segment is terminal and pro- 
jecting, not subterminal ; (iv.) the exopodite of the uropod 
is blunt-ended, with the terminal spine at one side, instead of 
diminishing gradually into the spine; (v.) the ventral tubercle 
of the telson of the male is subrectangular, and directed 
very slightly forward. 

Throughout the warmer parts of the Atlantic and Central 
Pacific, near land or on the high seas. 


ll. Lucifer inermis, sp. n.* 


Diagnosis: A Lucifer with the neck about twice as long 
as the rest of the cephalothorax, the eye with stout stalk, 
rather more than one-third the length of the neck, the last 
leg just reaching the end of the neck, the preceding leg 
slightly shorter, the sixth abdominal segment rather shorter 
than the fourth and fifth together and rather longer than 
the uropod, the latter with pointed exopodite bearing very 
small spine removed from end, the telson about half the 
length of the uropod, and the hinder ventral spine of the 
sixth abdominal segment in the male stronger than the spine 
before it and sharp-pointed. 

Melbourne Harbour (Brit. Antare. Exped.). 


Doubtful Species. 


L. reynaudi, Dohrn, and the form recorded by Semper 
have been provisionally assigned in this list to LZ. batei and 
L. faxoni respectively, but it is quite possible that each of 
them represents a distinct species. 


The characters by which the species of the foregoing list 
may be separated are shown in the following key :— 


1, Neck shorter than rest of cephalothorax, Sixth abdo- 
minal segment more than half as long again as uropod. 
Telson and uropod subequal, [Eye-stalk stout. Legs 
Bharti lit oAmeait Pee ee Morice oste on Qos L. acicularis, Dana, 1852. 


* I am kindly permitted to include in the present paper a preliminary 
diagnosis of this species. It is founded on specimens in the ‘ Terra 
Nova’ collection of Decapoda, which has been placed in my hands for 
examination, 


230 On the Species of Lucifer. 


II. Neck longer than rest of cephalothorax. Sixth abdo- 
minal segment shorter or not much longer than uropod, 
Telson shorter than uropod. 

A. Eye not more than half length of neck. 
1, Eye-stalk stout. Hinder ventral spine of sixth 
abdominal segment of male sharp. 
a. Exopodite of uropod more than five times as long 
as wide. Hinder ventral tooth of sixth abdo- 
minal segment of male followed by a pair of 1837. 
epinuloty tei.) cand ba EGE L. reynaudi, H. M.-Edw., 
b. Exopodite of uropod less than five times as long 
as wide. Hinder ventral tooth of sixth abdo- 
minal segment of male not followed by a pair 
of spinules, 
i. Last leg does not reach end of neck. Eye less 
than one-third length of neck. [Spine on 
exopodite of uropod nearly or quite reaches 
end. ] «5 «ise -snene Pepebanes soi L. affinis, sp. n. 
ii. Last leg reaches or exceeds end of neck. Eye 
rather more than one-third length of neck. 
a. Spine on exopodite of uropod projects well 
beyond end, which is rounded. JL. favont, sp. n. 
8. Spine on exopodite of uropod does not nearly 


reach end, which is pointed .. LZ. inermis, sp. n. 
2. Eye-stalk slender. Hinder ventral spine of sixth 
abdominal segment blunt ........ .. L. bonitensis, sp. n. 


B. Eye more than half length of neck. 
1. Neck only slightly longer than rest of cephalo- 
thorax. Sixth abdominal segment longer than 


uropod. 
a. Eye-stalk stout. Sixth abdominal segment longer [1852. 
than fourth and fifth together.... JL. pacificus, Dana, 


b. Eye-stalk slender. Sixth abdominal segment only 
as long as fourth and fifth together. JZ. elaust, sp. n. 
2. Neck a good deal longer than rest of cephalothorax. 
Sixth abdominal segment not longer than uropod 
[or than fourth and fifth segments together]. 

a. Rostrum present. Last leg nearly or quite 
reaches end of neck. Exopodite of uropod 
blunt-ended, with terminal spine at end of 
Putter M6 oe. sves suk Pera reese L. batet, sp. n. 

b. Rostrum wanting. Last leg does not nearly 
reach end of neck. Exopodite of uropod 


If my conclusions as to the species of Lucifer be correct, 
it will appear that most of them have a distribution which, 
whether it be wide or restricted, is limited, and not world- 
wide. Two species alone seem at present to break this rule, 


On the Nomenclature of certain Ruteline Coleoptera, 231 


L. affinis and L. batei, which are stated to occur both in the 
Atlantic and in the Pacific Oceans. It may be that differ- 
ences will eventually be found between the eastern and 
western specimens which have been referred to these species. 
The genus is represented in all the warmer seas of the world, 
and in some of moderate warmth, but not, it would seem, 
in cold waters. There is some indication that certain species 
belong normally to coastal waters, others to the high seas, 
and yet others indifferently to both these kinds of habitat, 
but conclusions upon this question cannot safely be drawn 
until many more captures have been recorded. It will, of 
course, be necessary to distinguish between stray individuals 
and those which have been taken in their normal habitat. 


XXIX.—WNote on the Nomenclature of certain Species of 
Ruteline Coleoptera. By Gitperr J. ARxow. 


(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.) 


Havine, with inexcusable carelessness, introduced as new 
several preoccupied names in the great genera Anomala and 
Adoretus, I here substitute fresh ones for them, and I have 
at the same time renamed various other species of the same 
genera whose present names are inadmissible for the same 
reason. The species are :— 


Anomala peninsularis, Arrow, Ann. & 

Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) vii. 1911, p.483 

(preoccupied by Schaeffer, 1906), to 

be called . . . fulvohirta, n. n. 
A. phylloperthoides, Nonfr. Ent. Nachr. 

xx. 1894, p. 122 (preoccupied by 

Fairmaire, whose Popillia phyllo- 

perthoides, 1888, is an Anomala 

closely related to A. erythroptera, 

Kraatz), to be called . . . alterata, n.n. 
A. mimeloides, Reitt. Verh. Ver. Brinn. 

xli. 1903, p. 71 (preoccupied by 

Ohaus, 1902), to be called . . . sinica,n.n. 
A, whiteheadi, Ohaus, Philipp. Journ. 

Sci. v. 1910 (October), p. 243 Ce 

occupied by Arrow, Bae ee a 

be-ealted, |...» » » » albaya,n. n, 


232 Bibliographical Notice. 


Adoretus ampliatus, Fairm. Ann. Soc. Ent. 

Belg. xlix. 1905, p. 120 (quite diffe- 

rent from A. ampliatus, Fairm, Ann. 

Soc. Ent. Belg. xlviii. 1904, p. 226), 

to be called . . . major, N. i. 
Ad. flavovittatus, Arrow, Tana. Feol: Rod. 

xix. 1909, p. 190 (preoccupied by 

Nonfried, 1892), to be called . . ¢igrinus, n,n. 
Ad. parallelus, Arrow, Ann. & Mag. Nat. 

Hist. (8) xii. 1914, p. 598 (pre- 

occupied by Kraatz, 1895), to be 

called . . lemniscus, n. 1. 
Ad. parallelus, Linell, Proc. U.S. Mus. 

xvill. (1895), Aug. 1896, P. 692, to 

be called . . tananus, n. N. 
Ad. setifer, Brenske, Soc. ‘Ent. vlil. "1893, 

p- 9 (preoccupied by Reitter, 1889), 

to be called . . xanthomerus, n,n. 
Ad. simplex, Péring. Trans. 8. Afr. Phil. 

Soc. xii. 1902, p. 579 (preoccupied 

by Sharp, 1878), to be called . . truncatus, n. n. 
Ad, uniformis, Arrow, Ann. & Mag. Nat. 

Hist. (7) ix. 1902, p. 91 (preoccupied 

by Fairmaire, 1887), to be called . Jepus, n. n. 


BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTICE. 
An Index to the Museum Boltenianwm. 


Wuey, in 1906, C. Davies Sherborn and E. R. Sykes brought out 
the photographic facsimile of the scarce 1798, or first, edition of the 
‘Museum Boltenianum,’ pt. ii., they were only able to add as an 
afterthought an ‘ Index to the Genera.’ 

The supreme importance of the work to the systematic concho- 
logist had, of course, already been known; but Dr. W. H. Dall, 
who went thoroughly into the question, showed a little later (Journ. 
of Conch. xi. 1906, pp. 294-297) that some forty generic names 
were certainly, and about thirty more probably, affected by it. 

The veteran American malacologist has now conferred a great 
boon on his fellow-students by compiling a complete Index of all 
the names, which has just been published by the Smithsonian 
Institution (Publication 2360, 1915, pp. 64, 8vo). 

To this is prefixed a translation of Lichtenstein’s Latin preface, 
in which, quaintly enough, the translator has retained the Latin 
form ‘ Boltenius ” for the name of the owner of the collection cata- 
logued. ‘Translations are also given of the German Introduction to 
the first edition by Réding and of that to the second edition (1819) 
by Noodt. B. B. W. 


THE ANNALS 


MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY. 
[EIGHTH SERIEBS.] 


No. 94. OCTOBER 1915. 


XXX.— Observations on the Cape Cephalodiscus (C. gilchristi, 
Ridewood) and some of its Early Stages. By J. D. F. 
Giucurist, M.A., Ph.D., D.Sc. With an Appendix by 
Sipney F, Harmer, Sc.D., F.R.S. 


[Plate XI. ] 


Durin@ the course of the marine biological survey under- 
taken by the Cape Government, a species of Cephalodiscus 
was found at various localities on the South-African coast, 
but most abundantly on an area of mud on the south coast. 
The primary object of the survey being a practical one, this 
area, which proved to be extensive and of great commercial 
value, was thoroughly examined and tested by means of the 
trawl ; numerous specimens of Cephalodiscus were therefore 
readily procured, and these were, forwarded to the British 
Museum, where they were examined and reported on by 
Ridewood (4), who described them as C, gilchristi. As the 
object of the survey was attained and private trawlers from 
Europe began to develop the new fishing-ground, the exploring 
work of the Government trawler was suspended. It is still 
possible, however, to procure specimens, though not so readily 
as before, and I am indebted to Mr. Wadner, the manager of 
one of the trawling companies, for the facilities which he has 
put at my disposal for procuring additional material, on which 
the following observations are based. The object of this 


Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol. xvi. 17 


234 Dr. J. D. F. Gilchrist on 


re-examination was to gain some knowledge of the living 
animal, and more especially of its eggs and larve. 

The procuring of specimens by the trawler in the course 
of its fishing operations was found to be a matter of great 
uncertainty ; sometimes a week or more would pass without 
any trace of them, at other times only imperfect samples 
or fragments were found, and most were much damaged, 
apparently by being dragged about amongst the fish in the 
trawl-net. Some good samples were, however, unexpectedly 
procured, having probably passed into the trawl just before 
heaving. It was noteworthy that all were large, or pieces of 
large colonies, and sometimes showed a broad base by which 
they had obviously been attached to the rocks or substratum 
on which they grew. It was evident also that in most cases ° 
they had been detached for some considerable time before 
capture, and had lain on the muddy bottom of the sea for a 
time, as their base of attachment was abraded and sometimes 
covered with an incrustation of animal or vegetable growth. 
This condition was also frequently observed on the branches 
of one side, which doubtless had been resting on the sea- 
bottom. ‘'T'wo or three well-developed specimens, with thick 
branches and short spines, were not only completely devoid 
of zooids, but were covered with numerous kinds of other 
animals. In two cases many of the tubes of the zooids were 
occupied by small anemones, and on the surface small 
crustacea, polychaetes, nemerteans, &e., were abundant; the 
coencecium was ofa dark dirty colour, in contrast with the clear 
brown substance of the younger specimens, characterized by 
their narrower branches and long spines. 


Habitat. 


That the natural habitat of the animals is not the area of 
mud or mud and sand on which they are captured is indicated 
by the abraded base and sides of the specimens, and it would 
appear that they normably occur on rocky ground closer 
inshore, those procured by the trawl having been carried by 
currents, which are often strong in this region, on to the 
muddy ground. Fish, including soles, are very abundant on 
this ground, and the same spots are trawled over again and 
again. On some of these it has been observed that the same 
course may be passed over repeatedly without any trace of 
Cephalodiscus, when suddenly several specimens may be 
found, indicating that they have been carried there by 
currents. It may be possible to find specimens at extreme 
low tide on this rocky ground, which lies between the mud 


the Cape Cephalodiscus. 235 


area and the shore, but no indications of these have as yet 
been found in this locality, nor have any fragments of the 
cceencecium been observed cast up on the shore. The oyster- 
gatherers of the locality are familiar with the general 
appearance of most fairly large objects at extreme low tide, 
but none of them, with one doubtful exception, recognized a 
specimen shown them as having been met with in the course 
of their work. It may therefore be concluded that the Cape 
Cephalodiscus grows in fairly deep water on rocky ground. 


Mode of Occurrence. 


The mode of occurrence of the animals on the rocky areas, 
which they seem to frequent, is indicated by some interesting 
specimens procured. Those which showed a region of 
attachment had a basis of irregular shape, about 2 inches 
or so in diameter, on which the bush-like structure of the 
coencecium was supported. This appearance is so charac- 
teristic of the Cape species that the fishermen call them “sea 
bushes.” Other specimens, however, showed an expanded 
sheet of coencecial substance devoid of animals, and on this 
several such “‘ bushes” occurred. It would appear, there- 
fore, that the rock or substratum may be covered by more 
or less extensive sheets of ccericecial substance from which 
the branching stems may arise. 

It may be noted that the condition of the basal part of 
these specimens with a single point of attachment is not 
incompatible with the supposition that they may have come 
from a more extended base. 

One specimen * was of particular interest, as it retained the 
object on which it had grown and is the only case, so far as 
I know, in which the basal object has been found, except 
those described by Harmer (2) in the ‘ Siboga’ Expedition 
collection. ‘This object was a comparatively small piece of 
sponge about 4 inches in length and of a compact hard 
skeletal structure. The history of this has been probably 
that a larva or larve which, as I have noticed, have a tendency 
to crawl upwards, had begun their coencecium-building on 
the sponge or its dead skeleton, and this was gradually built 
up to a comparatively large superstructure. 

That the animals oceur in fair abundance in their natural 
habitat is indicated by the frequency with which detached 
specimens are found at a distance from rocky ground. 

* (This specimen has been presented by Dr. Gilchrist to the British 
Museum. Mr. R. Kirkpatrick informs me that the Sponge referred to 


belongs to the genus Chondrocladia, Wyv, Thoms., and the family Desma- 
cidonide.—S. F. H.} 
ri 


236 Dr. J. D. F. Gilchrist on 


Habits of the Zooids and Buds. 


Some opportunity was offered of studying the habits and 
behaviour of the zooids and buds in the living condition, 
though much of the material, when brought on board, 
showed few living animals, and these were more or less in a 
moribund condition, many having dropped to the bottom of 
the vessel in which they were placed. Occasionally, how- 
ever, a specimen was got—probably taken just before the 
trawl was hauled—covered with living animals. The 
appearance presented in such cases was very striking, and is 
probably characteristic of the normal state of the animal. 
The zooids and buds were on the surface of the ccencecium, 
and imparted to some of the more crowded branches quite a 
black appearance. When examined more closely, with the 
aid of a lens, the general aspect was that of a mass of small 
black threads with swollen extremities, or a number of small 
black pins scattered indiscriminately over the surface of the 
ceenceecium. These were the stalks and expanded probosecides 
of the buds. Some of these stalks were about 4 or 5 mm. 
in length, and ended in a large sucker-like proboscis, which 
was firmly adherent to the surface of the coencecium, at some 
distance from the zooid to which it belonged. The zooid 
itself was found at the entrance of the tube, on the spine, or 
even at some distance from the tube. The general appear- 
ance suggested that the buds were acting as anchoring 
individuals for the fully developed zooid. No movement was 
observed in buds or adult zooids, with the exception of an 
occasional spasmodic jerking of the arms, the significance of 
which will be discussed later. When the attached proboscis 
of the bud was gently touched by a needle it at first showed 
no signs of reaction, except a slight withdrawing movement ; 
but, on the irritation being continued, it suddenly relaxed its 
hold on the surface of the coencecium, and was withdrawn 
rather rapidly towards its point of attachment to the zooid by 
a spiral coiling of the stalk, the proboscis preceding or being 
closely applied to the stalk, as they both disappeared into the 
ccencecial cavity. This movement was apparently the result 
of a contraction of the muscles of the stalk, but in one or two 
cases it was observed to be continued as an active crawling 
movement, which was seen under the microscope to be due 
to the action of the ciliated surface, to be noted more fully 
below. In the withdrawal of the proboscis from the surface 
a quantity of viscid mucus-like substance was observed at 
the point of attachment, and if this substance touched the 
needle it adhered to it somewhat tenaciously. 


the Cape Cephalodiscus. 237 


The zooid itself was more easily detached, and many were 
seen secured only by the buds; on one or two occasions, 
indeed, tle whole cluster of buds and zooid was observed 
suspended in mid-water by the much drawn out and attenuated 
stalk of a bud, which was securely attached to the coencecium 
by its sucker-like proboscis. ‘lhe poiut of weakness was 
apparently the proximal end of the stalk of the bud, for after 
a time some of the large buds were seen to break at this 
point, and ultimately many isolated buds were found scattered 
over the general surface. Isolated buds were also seen on 
some of the rather damaged specimens, and these had probably 
been separated from their zooids by the rough usage and 
movement of the surrounding water in the process of capture. 
Sometimes the rupture of the stalk was near the proboscis, 
and isolated proboscides were occasionally seen. No isolated 
buds were seen which could not be accounted for in this way. 

In some of the specimens examined, the zooids with their 
buds were withdrawn from their tubes with the aid of a pair 
of forceps, and there appeared to be more zooids than one in 
such groups. Previous observers have seen only one zooid 
in one tube in the section of the genus to which this species 
belongs, and so constant has been this observation that the 
name “ /diothecia” (3) has been proposed for this section, 
which is characterized by the fact, which the name implies, 
that only one individual zooid inhabits a tube. I therefore 
supposed that, in removing the group from its tube, I had 
taken a number of free zooids which had become entwined 
with each other at the mouth of a tube, as often happened 
amongst loose individuals in the material procured. A more 
careful examination, however, of some of the preserved 
material, in which zooids and buds are often found withdrawn 
into their tubes, confirmed the original observation. Here, in 
several cases, three or four zooids were found projecting from 
the aperture of one tube, part of their visceral region and all 
the buds being contained within the tube. These were sexually 
mature, with well-developed gonads, and, as far as could be 
made out, were quite independent of each other, though where 
they were embedded in the tube the buds were more or less 
interwoven, forming a solid mass, which was difficult to 
disentangle without making sure that no connection was 


broken. 
Cilia, Mode of Feeding, etc. 


When examined under the microscope the living animals 
are seen to be provided with short cilia, occurring, so far as 
could be observed, on all parts of the body and stalk, both of 


238 Dr. J. D. F. Gilchrist on 


zooids and buds. These cilia, except on the arms, are rather 
fine, and in some places could be seen with difficulty with a 
Zeiss © lens; but the energetic movement of the surrounding 
water which they brought about was very apparent in the 
small particles of various kinds of matter which they caused 
to move rapidly over the surface. The direction of such 
movement, both in zooid and bud, was from the attached 
towards the freeend. This, in the case of the zooid, particles 
were seen to move rapidly up the stalk and over the visceral 
region of the body towards the arms. The details of their 
further progress could best be seen in a detached arm. In 
this an active stream of particles was seen passing rapidly 
over the tentacles on each side of the arm towards its distal 
extremity ; most of these were discharged into the water, 
but now and again a particle was observed to pass along the 
central groove of the arm in the opposite direction towards 
the mouth. This groove, which is broad and shallow, was 
seen to be provided with stronger and longer cilia than 
occurred elsewhere. Cilia on the tentacles were much 
smaller even than those on the body, and could with diffi- 
culty be made out, and, but for the active movement of 
particles near them, their existence might have been doubted. 
The active jerking movement already noted was apparently 
mainly in the tentacles, and seems to be associated with the 
feeding process—perhaps the selection of particles fit for food 
to be returned to the mouth by the groove in the arms.  Itis 
of interest to compare this method of feeding with what I 
have described elsewhere (1) for Phoronis, Here the body 
is enclosed in a tube, which the animal never leaves, and 
it is not ciliated. ood and other particles are brought in 
a current of water, which passes inwards between the outer 
and inner circle of tentacles, and flows outwards between the 
tentacles. Some of these particles are in some way selected, 
and are passed down into the food-groove running round the 
inner base of the tentacles towards the mouth. This food- 
groove may be enlarged by a low web of tissue connecting 
the tentacles slightly at their bases, and it is at once suggested 
that the arms of Cephalodiscus are outgrowths or extensions 
of such a food-groove, while the tentacle on each side of the 
arms may be compared to those of Phoronis, which exhibit 
the characteristic jerking movement—a sudden flexin 

inward from the tip,—perhaps in connection with the selection 
of the food-particles out of the many passing over them. 
The absence of arms and tentacles in the collar-region of 
Balanoglossus is associated with the more indiscriminative 
manner in which it procures its food. The manner in which 


the Cape Cephalodiscus. 239 


Cephalodiscus thus procures its food-supply entails, of course, 
a much freer mode of life than in the strictly tubicolous 
Phoronis, but the present observation seems to show that this 
is the actual case, and that the zooids are freely exposed to the 
surrounding water and may even attain a freer exposure by 
climbing up the spine, the function of which is thus indicated. 

The bud and zooids were secured to the coencecium by their 
proboscides, which apparently secreted the mucus-like sub- 
stance seen on detaching them. ‘There was no evidence that 
there was any such secretion by the arms. The ccencecium- 
building would therefore appear to be due to the proboscides, 
though sufficient evidence of this will probably only be 
secured when active and healthy zooids are observed in the 
building process. 


Pigmentation. 


When alive the zooids and buds were of a black colour, 
which under the microscope appeared a very dark brown. 
The whole of the proboscis, collar, and body was of this colour, 
with a somewhat darker shade on the upper region of the 
proboscis furthest from the red line, which was observed to 
be as characteristic a feature of living as of preserved speci- 
mens. ‘The dark colour extended on to the stalk or stolon, 
but here at a few places it was absent or represented by some- 
what scattered dark brown pigment-spots. The position and 
extent of these less-coloured parts varied in different indi- 
viduals. The appearance of the arms and tentacles was 
totally different, and stood out in strong contrast to that of 
the body ; they were of a conspicuous white colour, often 
tinged with a faint yellow. ‘he black colour rapidly 
dissolved out when the animal was put into the preserving 
fluid, which then assumed a brown appearance. In some 
cases the fluid was renewed daily three times before 
remaining clear. If left without renewal the fluid gradually 
cleared, the colour being redeposited in the animal and 
coencecium. 

Further observations on the living animals were not 
possible, owing to the fact that they died off so quickly. 
Probably with a good supply of sea-water at the proper 
temperature it may yet be possible to gather much more 
information, and even to keep the animals under observation 
in an aquarium. 


Eggs, Embryos, and Larve. 


By unexpected good fortune the very first specimen pro- 
cured was sufficient to demonstrate the general appearance of 


240 Dr. J. D. F. Gilchrist on 


advanced embryos and larvee—a good fortune which, how- 
ever, as unexpectedly was not continued. The animals in 
this case were dead, but by cutting longitudinal and trans- 
verse sections of the branches numbers of embryos in an 
advanced stage were seen, and one of these was actually 
hatched out when being observed under the microscope. 
This embryo was seen rotating actively within the egg- 
capsule, and was so large that it was bent on itself, one end 
slightly overlapping the other. The egg-capsule was 
ruptured, and the embryo escaped, assuming the form of an 
elongate ovoid larva, which progressed actively over the 
bottom of the containing glass by means of its ciliated 
surface. Its shape and pigmentation were so characteristic 
that no difficulty could subsequently arise as to the deter- 
mination of free larve about this stage. Numerous eggs, 
embryos, and a limited number of free larvee were observed 
in specimens procured subsequently, but no such fully deve- 
loped embryo in the egg as in this case. The identification 
of the larval form does not, however, depend on this one 
observation, as the characteristic pigment is assumed at a 
much earlier stage in the embryo ; and free larve similar to 
the one observed were subsequently seen to come from 
branches of the ccencecium under observation. It was found 
ultimately that the best way to secure free larve was to 
siphon off the deposit at the bottom of the vessel in which 
the specimen had been kept on board the trawler. On one 
occasion many such Jarves were found, but, as it chanced to 
be a very hot day, most of them died in a short time. 

‘The eggs occur in the tube-like cavity: inbabited by the 
animals, between which and the bottom of the tube there is 
usually a large space. One to six eggs occurred in this 
position, ‘l'hey were each enclosed in a pyriform egg-case, 
drawn out at its narrower end into a short tubular part, 
which ended abruptly in a somewhat flattened surface. This 
flattened end was adherent to the side of the cavity. Some- 
times the egg-capsules were found adherent to various parts 
of the cavity, but frequently were closely set in groups, their 
bases being adherent to a somewhat restricted area. No early 
segmentation-stages were observed in the living egg, though 
subsequent examination of preserved material revealed 
several, from the two-celled stage onwards, Some of the 
earliest ciliated embryos were observed to be quite spherical 
in shape and to rotate rapidly on themselves by means of 
their cilia, Later stages were elongate and egg-shaped ; 
one of these in the living condition measured ‘55 mm. in 
length and ‘24 mm, in greatest breadth, Numerous small 


the Cape Cephalodiscus. 241 


pigment-spots were distributed over the surface in a uniform 
manner except at the broader end, where they were more 
crowded together, forming a dark ring round a white spot. 
This white spot corresponds in position to a clear spot seen 
in preserved larvw, and was readily made out in some, but 
not all, living larve. It may represent an apical sense- 
organ. Such embryos rotated on their long axis, and con- 
tinued to do so when set free from the egg-capsule. The 
embryo, partly folded on itself, noted above was evidently a 
later stage and of the form assumed just before the hatching. 
The larve (Pl. XI.) were procured from the bottom of the 
vessel containing tlie specimens, and only in one instance was 
a larva seen crawling on the coencecium. They vary some- 
what in shape. Viewed from above they were ovoid in 
outline, usually somewhat narrower, but occasionally broad 
at the posterior end—that is, the end furthest removed from 
the direction of progression of the larva. The outline was 
usually regular, but not invariably so. At the posterior 
extremity there was observed a characteristic indentation or 
pit, apparently of a superficial nature, sometimes forming an 
acute angle in its centre, at other times appearing as a mere 
shallow depression, and in a few cases being apparently 
absent. 

The size of the living larva was fairly uniform, measuring 
*57 to °59 mm. in length and about :29 mm. in greatest 
breadth. It was difficult; to secure a satisfactory side-view 
and exact measurements of the depth of the body, but, by 
tilting over the crawling larva, it was seen that it was not so 
flat as it appeared on a surface-view, the depth being about 
a fifth of its length. 

The pigmentation of the larve was similar to that of the 
more advanced embryos, namely, numerous small dark 
brown dots, rounded, irregular, or elongate in shape, more 
crowded together at the anterior upper end. That the white 
spot seen in the embryo was not always visible may have 
been due to the fact that a large space or clear area now 
occurs in the anterior region of the body, the posterior third 
or so being occupied by a more opaque whitish mass, which 
proved in sections to be a mass of cells heavily Jaden with 
yolk. The anterior part of the larva appeared to be quite 
hollow. This was confirmed by sections, and was very 
obvious in specimens killed by acetic acid. In preserved 
specimens this anterior region usually collapsed.’ 

The behaviour of the larve was similar in all cases ob- 
served, except that the rate of progression was more rapid in 
some. Movement was apparently effected by the action of 


242 Dr. J. D. F. Gilchrist on 


the cilia, and was always in the direction of the long axis of 
the body, towards the thicker end. At no time were they 
seen to progress in mid-water; when dropped into the water 
they sank to the bottom and commenced crawling about. 
The rate of motion was often fairly rapid—an inch in seven 
seconds in one case—and the larva readily surmounted any 
obstacles in its path by crawling up and over them. They 
were slightly adherent to the substance over which they 
moved, so that the dish which contained them could be tilted 
under the microscope without altering the position of the 
larve by the movement of the water over them, except 
when this was continued for some time. Whether any 
mucus or adherent substance was secreted by the lower 
surface of the larva when in motion was not observed, but 
this seems not improbabie, as sections reveal a thick foot-like 
area of epithelial cells on the anterior half. On one occasion 
a specimen picked up in a pipette became so firmly adherent 
to the glass that it was with difficulty removed, and it was 
observed to adhere most firmly by one end, the other moving 
freely with the passing of the water up and down the tube. 


Summary of Results. 


1. The normal habitat of Cephalodiscus in 8. Africa 
appears to be rocky ground in fairly shallow water, 
but below low-water mark. It is either attached to 
rock or some substance growing on rock, but may 
become detached and carried on to muddy ground. It 
seems to be abundant on the south coast. 

It may grow from a small basis, or the basis may be a 
broad sheet of ccencecial substance from which several 
main stems arise. 

3. In the living state the zooids and buds have been ob- 
served on the general surtace of the coencecium outside 
the tube, and sometimes at a distance from it. 

4, The buds in such cases act as anchors, being firmly 
adherent to the surface by their proboscides. 

5. In both bud and zooid a quantity of viscid mucus occurs 
between the proboscis and the ccencecium. 

6. There is no evidence that the buds ever develop into 
normal zooids, and they may be individuals specialized 
for adhesive purposes and coencecium-building. 

7. More than one zooid and its buds may occur in one tube 
in the ccencecium in the Cape species. 

8. Buds and zooids are provided with cilia over the whole 
of their surface. ‘Their stolons or stalks are also 
ciliated. 


ho 


the Cape Cephalodiseus. 243 


9. The method of feeding is that particles are carried by 
means of these cilia to the arms, where a selection is 
made of the food-particles, which are returned to the 
mouth by the grooves in the arms. 

10. The zooids and buds are black in the living condition, 
but the colour dissolves out very quickly in preser- 
vation. 

11. The eggs are enclosed in a capsule, which is adherent 
by one end to the wall of the tube. 

12. The embryo is ciliated and coloured at an early stage, 
the older embryos being folded on themselves. They 
rotate actively in the egg-capsule. 

13. The free larva is elongate, ovoid, and usually narrower 
posterjorly, where an indentation is usually seen. 

14. An apical seuse-organ appears early in the embryo, and 
is present in the larva in the form of a white area 
surrounded by a dark ring of pigment-spots. 

15. The larva is uniformly ciliated, and progresses actively 
over the surface on which it occurs. It is not free- 
swimming, and rapidly sinks to tle bottom when placed 
in the water. It secretes a viscid substance, by means 
of which it adheres somewhat securely to the sub- 
stratum. The ventral surface has a thickened foot- 
like area, 


REFERENCES. 


(1) Giucurist, J. D. F. “New Forms of the Hemichordata from 
S. Africa.” Trans. Phil. Soc. S. Africa, vol. xvii. pt. 2. 1908. 

(2) Harmer, 8. F. ‘The Pterobranchia of the ‘Siboga’ Expedition, 
with an Account of other Species.” Résultats des Explorations 
a bord du ‘ Siboga,’ Monogr. xxvi. b7s. 1908. 

(3) RipeEwoop, W. G. ‘“ Pterobranchia: Cephalodiscus.” Nat. Ant. 
[‘ Discovery ’| Exped. Nat. Hist. vol. ii. Publ. by the Brit. Mus. 
1907 


(4) ——. “A new Species of Cephalodiscus (C. gilchristi) from the 
Cape Seas.” Mar. Iny. 8. Africa, vol. iv. 1908. 


APPENDIX. By Srpney F. Harmer, Sc.D., F.R.S. 


The manuscript of the paper printed above was forwarded 
to me by Dr. Gilchrist in a letter dated May 12, 1915, with 
the request that 1 would arrange for its publication. Species 
ot Cephalodiscus have so seldom been observed in the living 
condition that the observations recorded cannot fail to be of 
interest. 

Dr. Gilchrist states in his letter that he has been unable 
to refer to some of the recent literature, and in particular to 


244 Dr. S. F. Harmer on 


the important memoir by K. A. Andersson (6), of which. he 
has been unable to find a copy at Cape Town; and he asks 
me to do what I can to remedy the omission. I may be 
permitted, therefore, to add a few notes on his communication. 

The evidence brought forward to show that C. gilchristi 
does not grow on the muddy ground on which it has been 
obtained by Dr. Gilchrist in considerable quantities is very 
interesting. It appears that the Cape species probably grows 
on rocky ground, from which it may be detached and carried 
by currents to the muddy areas from which it has been 
trawled. 

Dr. Gilchrist’s observation that the zooids are sometimes 
found in large numbers crawling on the outer surface of the 
ceencecium agrees with the description of living»specimens of 
C. dodecalophus and C. inequatus (probably =C. hodgsont, 
Ridewood ; ¢7. Harmer and Ridewood, g, p. 559) which has 
been given by Andersson (6, p. 15). 

The notes on the behaviour of the living zooids are a 
distinct addition to our knowledge of the genus ; and the 
remarks on the solution of the normal pigments by preserving 
fluids, and on their redeposition in the tissues of the zooids 
from the solution, have a distinct bearing on the interpre- 
tation of the pigments in the preserved material of other 
species. Some indication that this is the case has already 
been recorded in the paper by Ridewood and myself 
(9, p- 944). 

Dr. Gilcbrist thinks that “ there is no evidence that the buds 
ever develop into normal zooids, and they may be individuals 
specialized for adhesive purposes and ccencecium-building.” 
1 venture to think that this opinion cannot be maintained. 
The occurrence of almost innumerable individuals in a single 
colony almost necessarily presupposes that the number of 
individuals increases by budding; while Dr. Gilchrist’s 
observation that several zooids may occur in the individual 
coencecial tubes of C. (Ldiothecia) gilchristi indicates, in all 
probability, that some of the buds have assumed an adult 
character. 

It is to be hoped that Dr. Gilchrist will be successful in 
elucidating further the structure and the metamorphosis of 
the embryos and free larvee which he has observed in the 
living condition. In his covering letter he states that some 
of lis embryos show traces of five body-cavities. It is in 
this part of his paper that he hasbeen most handicapped by 
the want of literature; and I subjoin one or two notes on 
what has already been done in investigating the embryonic 
development. 

Omitting one or two fragmentary remarks on embryos of 


* 


the Cape Cephalodiscus. 245 


C. dodecalophus to which I have referred in my ‘ Siboga’ 
Report (2, p. 102), the first record of the characters of 
the larva was given by Andersson (§), who observed free 
planula-like larve in the living condition. I have myself 
given some account of the early development of C. levinseni 
and C. gracilis. Somewhat later, Andersson (6) published a 
fuller account of the observations referred to in his preliminary 
note, recording a number of facts with regard to the early 
development of C. dodecalophus, C. inequatus, Orihoecus 
solidus, and QO. densus. Schepotieff (7) has described the 
early development of C. indicus; while Braem (8) has pub- 
lished a paper, based on the results recorded in the memoirs 
above cited, in which he attempts to demonstrate that the 
similarity previously noticed between the larve of Cephalo- 
discus and those of Ectoproct Polyzoa is an indication of 
genetic affinity, and that it is accompanied by fundamental 
resemblances in structure between the two types of larve. 
I may remark, in passing, that Iam not satisfied that Braem’s 
comparisons will hold good ; and in particular this author 
does not seem to me to have taken sufficiently into account 
thé fact that the larve of Ectoprocta show no trace of the 
Balanoglossus-like disposition of the coelomic cav:ties which 
appears to be demonstrated in the larves of Cephalodiscus. 

The accounts which have been given of the development 
in the memoirs already noticed are in close agreement with 
one another; and the following facts appear to be clearly 
established :— 

(i.) The egg of Cephalodiscus is of considerable size— 
reaching a diameter of 680 w in Orihoecus solidus—and it 
contains a large quantity of yolk. 

(ii.) Segmentation is complete and leads to the formation 
of a gastrula-like stage, although the mode of origin of the 
inner layer has not been definitely established. The lumen 
of the archenteron is very small, in correlation with the large 
amount of yolk. 

(iii.) he yolk is present in the cells of the inner and outer 
layers in the earlier stages of development; but it later 
disappears from the outer layer, persisting in large quantity 
in a central mass representing the wall of the archenteron, 
the cavity of which remains very small. 

(iv.) The wall of the archenteron is continuous with the 
outer layer, in the later stages observed, near the posterior 
pole of the embryo. This region may be regarded as the 
blastopore, and it seems probable that it gives rise to the 
anus. 

(v.) The free-swimming larva and the later embryos possess 
five body-cavities arranged like those of the adult—namely, 


246 On the Cape Cephalodiscus. 


a large anterior cavity and two pairs of clearly marked 
ccelomic sacs, representing the body-cavities of the collar and 
metasome respectively. These cavities are, perhaps, deve- 
loped as enteroceeles. 

(vi.) A large area of the ventral ectoderm, which belongs 
in the main to the anterior half, but generally extends con- 
siderably beyond the middle of the larva, is much thickened, 
and is occupied by numerous gland-cells resembling those of 
the anterior or “ ventral” wall of the adult proboscis or buccal 
shield, and probably gives rise to that part of the zooid. 

(vii.) The anterior pole of the larva is provided with a mass 
of clear vacuolated cells, situated in the ectoderm. This 
organ is, perhaps, of sensory nature, and in C, ¢ndicus it has 

been shown by Schepotieff (7) to bear a central tuft of long 
cilia and to be surrounded by a circlet of smaller cilia. 

(vili.) With the exception of the cilia just indicated the 
larva is not known to carry definite rings of cilia, although 
part at least of its ectoderm is uniformly covered with short 
cilia. 

(ix.) The posterior pole of the larva is generally provided 
with a definite ectodermic invagination of unknown nature. 
‘This has been described under the name of the “ posterior 
pit” (2). 

(x.) The deeper parts of the ectoderm of the larva already 
show signs of the development of a diffuse nerve-plexus. 

It appears improbable that there is any pelagic stage, and 
the observations of Andersson seem to indicate that the larva 
becomes a zooid by direct metamorphosis. There is at 
present no evidence to show how the later stages of this 
change are accomplished, and observations on this subject 
and on the commencement of the formation of the ccencecial 
tubes are specially required. 


ADDITIONAL REFERENCES TO MEMOIRS ON CEePHALODISCUS. 


(5) Anpersson, K. A. “ Eine Wiederentdeckung von Cephalodiscus.” 
Zool. Anz. xxvi. 1903, p. 368. 

“Die Pterobranchier der schwedischen Siidpolarexpedition 
1901-1903.” Wiss. Ergebn. schwed. Siidpolar-Exp. v. 

(7) ScuepotierF, A. ‘Die Pterobranchier des Indischen Ozeans.” 
Zool. Jahrb. Abt. Syst. xxviii. 1909, p. 429. 

(8) Brarm, F. “ Pterobranchier und Bryozoen.” Zool. Anz. xxxviii. 
1911, p. 546. . 

(9) Harmer, §. F., and RinEwoop, W.G. “The Pterobranchia of the 
Scottish National Expedition (1902 to 1904).” Trans. Roy. Soc. 
Edinb. xlix. 1913, p. 531. 


(6) 


EXPLANATION OF PLATE XI. 


Larva, X 295, of Cephalodiscus giichristi, drawn from a living specimen, 
The anterior end of the larya is at the upper part of the Plate. 


Lord Rothschild on some Lepidoptera. 247 


XXXI.— On the Lepidoptera collected in 1913-1914 by Herr 
Geyr von Schweppenburg on a Journey to the Hoggar 
Mountains. By Lorp Roruscuixp, F.R.S., Ph.D. 


Part I. 


THE journey on which these insects were collected was 
undertaken on behalf of Professor A. Koenig of Bonn by 
Herr Paul Spatz and Herr Geyr von Schweppenburg, and 
had as main object the collecting of birds, mammals, and 
reptiles. 

They started from Biskra, and went down to Idelés wid 
Touggourt, Ouargla, Ain-Taiba, and Vimassinin. No Lepi- 
doptera were collected north of 'Touggourt, and the bulk of 
the 900 odd specimens were captured south of Timassinin. 


RHOPALOCERA. 
Papilionide. 
PIERINZE. 


(1) Pieris rape ? leucotera, Stef. 


Pieris rape, var. leucotera, Stefanelli, Bull. Soc. Entom. Ital. 1869, 
p- 147 (Florence). 


1 g, Ouargla, June 4, 1914. 


(2) Euchloé fallout obsolescens, Rothsch. 


Euchloé fallout obsolescens, Rothschild, Noyit. Zoo]. vol. xx. p. 112. 
no, 6 (1913) (South Oued Mya). 


Le Oued Ag’elil, N. of Ideiés, March 19; 1 g, Ideles, 
March 20, 1914. 


(3) Teracolus helvolus, Butl. 


Teracolus helvolus, Butler, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1888, p. 94 (Somali- 
land). 


1 §,2 2 2, March 25,1 , March 27, 1914, Idelas. 


(4) Colias electo croceus (Geoff. in Fourcr.). 


Papilio _croceus, Geoffroy, in Fourcroyer’s Entomologia Parisiensis, 
vol. ii. p. 250 (1785) (Paris). 


266,3 9 %,and 1 2 form ? helice, Hiibn., Ouargla, 
June 4, 1914. 


248 Lord Rothschild on Lepidoptera collected on 


Nymphalide. 
NYMPHALINE. 
(5) Pyrameis cardui cardui (Linn.). 


Papilio cardui, Linneus, Fauna Suecica, p. 276. no. 1054 (1761) 
(Sweden). 


1 g, Jan. 26,1 3, 2 2 &, Jan. 28, 1914, Timassinin ; 
1 g Amgid, Feb. 16-18, 1914; 2 @ oS 1 9, Ain Taher, 
Feb. 21, 1914; 23¢; Tdeles, March 27, 1914; 1 e 
Ouargla, June 4, 1914. 
Lyceznide. 
(6) Zizera lysimon (Hiibn.). 


Papilio lysimon, Hiibner, Europ. Schmett. vol. i. figs. 584, 535 (1798- 
1803) (Europe). 


1 g¢, 20 kil. S. of Ouargla, Dee. 23, 1913; 1 ? » Ouaees 
June 4, 1914. 


(7) Tarucus theophrastus (Fabr.). 


Hesperia theophrastus, Fabricius, Entom, System. vol. iii. part 1, p. 281. 
no. 32 (1793) (Morocco). 


1 g, Amgid, Feb. 16-18, 1914; 2 6 6, ne Ag’ elil, 
N., of Idelés, oe 18, 1914. 


(8) Spindasis acamas divisa, subsp. n. 


Differs from a. acamas, Klug, in having the upperside 
of a. bellatriz, Butl., whilet he underside is that of typical 
a. acamas. 


1 2, Oued Ahmra, N. of Idelés, April 9, 1914. 
(9) Virochala livia (Klug). 


Lycena livia, Klug, Symb. Phys. t. xl. figs. 3-6 (1854) (between Kineh 
and Assouan). 


1 9, Ain Tahart, Feb. 21,1914; 1 g,1 9, Oued Ag’elil, 
March 19, 1914; 1 3, Idel ds, heath D5, 1914. 


HETEROCERA. 
Sphingide. 
CH@ROCAMPINE. 
(10) Celeria lineata livornica (Esp.). 
Sphinx livornica, Esper, Schmett. ii. p. 196 (1779) (Europe). ; 
1 g, 30 kil. N. of Amgid, Feb. 10,1914; 4 ¢ 9,2 2 2, 


a Journey to the [loggar Mountains. 249 


Amgid, Feb. 13 & 19, 1914; 1 g, Ain Tahart, Feb. 21, 
1914; 3 6g, 3 2 9, Timenaiin, March 3, 1914; 1 ¢, 
Oued Ag’elil, March 19, 1914. 


Lymantriide. 
(11) Casama uniforms (Rothsch.). 


Ocneria uniformis, Rothschild, Novit. Zool. vol. xx. p. 118. no. 22 
(1913) (South Oued Mya). 


After I had first described this insect, Sir George Hampson 
was of opinion that it was the same as dnnotata, Wik.; but 
now that the ¢ has turned up, he agrees with me that it is 
distinct. 

6. Has much shorter and rounder wings than 9, and has 
thorax and fore wings washed and powdered with brown ; 
hind wings wood-grey, not cinnamon-white. 

I go, Amgid, Feb. 16-18, 1914; 1 9, Ti-n-tabarik, 
April 14,1914; 2 9 9, Ain Tahart, April 19,1914; 2 2 9, 
Tahihout, April 28, 1914. 


Lasiocampid2. 
(12) Chilena geyri, sp. n. 

6. Antenne, shaft white, pectinations olive-rufous-brown ; 
head, thorax, and abdomen clothed with long whitish-grey 
hairs strongly intermixed with pale cinnamon-brown ones. 

Fore wing pale grey densely irrorated with cinnamon- 
brown scales ; a white spot in cell; a postmedian band of 
dark brown spots. 

Hind wing yellowish mouse-grey irrorated with cinnamon. 

The series is somewhat variable, owing to the basal 2 of 
fore wing being sometimes more sometimes less irrorated with 
dark scales ; the size of white cell-spot is also variable, 

Length of fore wing 18-21 mm.; expanse 42-48 mm. 

99d, 25 kil., and 1 g, 50 kil. S. of Bledet Ahmar, 
Dec. 16 & 25, 1913. 


(13) Chilena malacosomoides, sp. n. 


g. Antenne gallstone-yellow ; head, thorax, and abdo- 
men pale pinkish cinnamon. 

Fore wing cinnamon-grey, a double antemedian zigzag 
line and a median similar one, the outer portion of which is 
very faint brown; these antemedian and median double lines 
are joined by crossed lines on veinl. A postmedian, fainter, 
very sinuate line also brown. 


Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol. xvi. 18 


250 Lord Rothschild on Lepidoptera collected on 


Hind wing cinnamon-grey. 
Length of fore wing 14 mm.; expanse 32 mm. 


1 g¢, Oued Tamoudat, N. of Idelés, March 22, 1914. 


Noctuidae. 
AGROTINE. 
(14) Chloridea nubigera (Herr.-Sch.). 


Heliothis nubigera, Herrich-Schiiffer, Syst. Bearb, Schmett. Europ. 
vol. ii. p. 866 (1845) (Europe). 


1 g, Oued Ahmra, March 15, 1914; 1 ¢, 1 2, Oued 
Ag’elil, March 18 & 19, 1914 ; 1 g, Oued Dehin, March 20, 
1914, 


(15) Chloridea peltigera (Schiff.). 
Noctua peltigera, Schiffermiiller, Syst. Verz. Schmett. Wien, p. 89 
(1776) (Vienna), 


1 g, Oued Ag’elil, March 19, 1914. 


(16) Huzvoa hodne (Oberth.). 


Agrotis hodne, Oberthur, Etud, Entom. fase. iii. p. 45, pl. v. fig. 8 
(1878) (Bou Saada). 


Oberthur afterwards sank his hodne as an aberration of 
spinifera, and so did Sir George Hampson in vol. iv. p. 177 
of the ‘ Catalogue of Lepidoptera Phalene.’ Now, however, 
since large numbers of hodna from Algeria have come to 
hand, it is quite clear it is a distinct species. It differs 
‘eessmaneal from spinifera in having serrate, NOT pectinate 

antenne. 

The ground-colour varies Rea dark cinnamon-brown to 
whitish buff. 

1g, 19, Oued Abou, Jan. 19, 1914; 2 9 Go aoeee 
Ag’elil, March 18 & 19, 1914; 1 ¢, Oued Tamoudat, March 
22,1914;1¢,1 2,20 kil. N. of Idelés, March 31, 1914. 


(17) Euroa segetum (Schiff.). 


Noctua segetum, Schiffermiiller, System. Verz. Schmett. Wien, pp. 81 & 
252, figs. 3 a, b (1776) (Vienna). 


2 2 2, Idelés, March 27 & 29, 1914, 


(18) Agrotis ypsilon (Rott.). 


Noctua ypsilon, Rottenburg, Naturforscher, vol. ix. p. 41 (1776) 
(Europe). 


42¢24,3 9? 3, Timassinin, Jan. 28 & 30,1914; 3 go gy 


a Journey to the Hoggar Mountains. 251 


3 29, I-n-Kelemet, Feb. 6-8, 1914; 15 6g, 7 2 9, 
30 kil. N. of Amgid, Feb. 10, 1914; 11¢ 9,92 2, Feb. 13, 
5 3d, Feb. 16-18,1914, Amgid; 1 g, 2 2? 9, Ain Tahart, 
Feb. 21, 1914; 1 g, Oued Ag’elil, March 18, 1914; 1 ¢, 
20 kil. N. of Idelés, March 21, 1914. 


CucuLLtraAnaén. 


(19) Copicucullia syrtana (Mab.). 
Cucullia syrtana, Mabille, Bull. Soc. Entom. France, 1888, p. 51 (Gabés, 
Tunis). 


366,1 2, Oued Abbou, Jan. 17 & 19, 1914. 


(20) Cucullia santolinw, Ramb. 


Cucullia santoline, Rambur, Ann. Soc. Entom. France, vol. iii. p. 387, 
pl. viii. fig. 4 (1834) (Corsica). 


1 g, 25 kil. 8. of Bledet Ahmar, Dec. 16, 1913. 


(21) Cleophana chabordis, Oberth. 


Cleophana chabordis, Oberthur, Etyd. Entom. fase. i. p. 47, pl. ii fig. 2 
(1876) (Bou Saada). 


1 g, Oued Ahmra, N. of Idelés, April 4, 1914. 


(22) Ammetopa codet?, Hmpsn. 


Ammetopa codeti, Hampson, Cat. Lepid. Phal. Brit. Mus. vol. vi. p. 120. 
no. 2222, fig. 32 (1906) (Biskra). 


1 g, Oued Ahmra, April 5, 1914. 


(23) Antitype sahariensis, sp. n. 

3g. Antenne golden brown ; head and thorax cinnamon- 
pink mixed with cinnamon-brown ; abdomen bright cinnamon- 
buff. 

Fore wing dark cinnamon-pink, basal } variegated with 
grey; a broad oblique antemedian band grey ; a large, wedge- 
like, irregular postmedian patch from costa to vein 2 
yellowish grey ; a subterminal band of greyish marks. 

Hind wing wood-grey, fading to whitish on basal half; a 
terminal dowble line, black within, buff outwardly. 

Length of fore wing 17 mm.; expanse 40 mm. 

1 g, Rharis, April 16, 1914. 


13? 


252 Lord Rothschild on Lepidoptera collected on 


ACRONYCTINE. 


(24) Laphigma eaxigua junceti (Zell.). 


Caradrina junceti, Zeller, Isis, 1847, p. 445 (Sierra Nevada). 


1 g, Oued Abbou, Jan. 17, 1914; 1 ¢, 1 2, Jan. 26, 
15 6 go, 17 2 9, Jan. 30, 1914, Timassinm ; 2 ae 
I-n-Kelemet, 6-8 Feb. 1914; 1 ¢, 30 kil. N. of Amgid, 
Feb. 10,1914; 8 6 g,3 9 2, Amgid, Feb. 16-18, 1914; 
1 9, Temenaiin, March 38,1914; 1 ¢, Oued Ag’elil, March 
19,1914; 1 g, Oued Dehin, March 20, 1914; 1 g, Oued 
Gif-Aman, March 21, 1914. 


(25) Athetis oberthuri, Rothsch,. 
Athetis oberthuri, Rothschild, Novit. Zool. vol. xx. p. 126. no, 57 
(1913) (South Oued Mya). 


1 ?, Rharis, April 16, 1914. 


(26) Athetrs flava (Oberth.). 
Caradrina flava, Oberthur, Etud. Entom. fase. i. p. 45, pl. iv. fig. 3 
(1876) (Proyince Oran). 
1 go, Temenaiin, March 6, 1914; 1 ¢, Oned Ag’elil, 
March 18, 1914; 1 9, Oued Dehin, March 20, 1914. 


(27) Azenia sabulosa (Rothsch.). 


Eublemma sabulosa, Rothschild, Novit. Zool. vol. xx. p. 127. no, 64 
(1913) (South Oued Mya). ° 


1 ¢, Amgid, Feb. 19, 1914. 


I]RASTRIANE. 


(28) Hublemma geyrt, sp. n. 


_ 9. Antenne: brown, shaft above white; head and tegule 
brownish purple, rest of thorax and abdomen pinkish cream- 
white. 

Fore wing pinkish cream-white; a postmedian large 
round spot black with lavender centre ; a very sinuate post- _ 
discal band blue-grey ; termen and fringe broadly brownish 
purple. 

Hind wing whitish cream ; a terminal hair-line dark brown. 

Length of fore wing 6 mm. ; expanse 14 mm, 

3 ¢ ¢, Tahihout, April 28, 1914. 


a Journey to the Hogyar Mountains. 253 


(29) Eublemma griseola (Ersch..). 
Thalpochares griseola, Erschoff, Fedtsch. Reise, p. 51, pl. fig. 55 (1874) 
(Persia). 
1 ¢, Aceksem, April 13, 1914; 2 ? 9, Ti-n-tabarik, 
April 14, 1914; 1 9, Ain Tahart, April 19, 1914. 


(30) Lublemma albidior, sp. n. 


3 ?. Entirely cream-white, slightly washed with buff on 
fore wing. 

Length of fore wing, 6 7, 2 9 mm.; expanse, ¢ 16, 
9 20 mm. 

1 ¢, Idelés, March 29, 1914; 1 g, 2 9 9, Oued Ahmra, 
April 4 &5,1914; 1 ¢, Amgid, April 22,1914. (Type g, 
Oued Almra.) 

(31) Eublemma deserta (Stder.). 

Thalpochares deserta, Staudinger, Iris, vol. xii. p. 383 (1899) (Biskra). 

1 g, Timassinin, Jan. 30, 1914; 1 g, 2 29, Oued 
Ae’ elil, March 18, 1914; 1 2, Oued ein Manek 20, 1914; 
] oe eles March 25, 1914 ; Te Oe AO isi)... IN Of "Tdelés, 
March oe PLAS Eo 9, Ones Tamoudat, March 22, 1914; 
i Hi )2 g oa Oued Ahmra, April 4 & 5, 1914; 3 9 2, 
Aceksem, April 15, E9IAS 8 9 9, Ti-n-Tabarik, April 14, 
1914: 5 Og, Ain eee April 19, 1914 ; 2.99" Amgid, 
April 22, 1914; 2 2 9, ‘Tahihout, April 28, 1914. 


(82) Hublemma deserti (Rothsch.). 


Thalpochares deserti, Rothschild, Entom. Zeit. Stuttgart, vol. xxiii. 
p. 142 (1909) (Mraier). 


1 ¢, Ain Taiba, May 23-25, 1914. 


(33) Eulocastra diaphora atribasalis (Hmpsn.). 


Metachrostis atribasalis, Hampson, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1896, p. 261, 
pl. x. fig. 11 (Aden). 


1 g, Oued Gif-Aman, March 21; 1914; 1 g, Oued 
Tamoudat, March 22,1914; 1 g, Oued Alnetee ‘April 4, 1914 ; 
1 9, Ti-n-Tabarik, ‘April i4, 1914, 


CATocaLInz. 
(84) Anydrophila sabourodi (Luc.). 


Palpangula sabourodi, Lucas, Bull. Soc, Entom. France, 1907, p. 180 
(Zarcime, Tunis), 


1 g, Aceksem, April 13, 1914. 


254 Lord Rothschild on Lepidoptera collected on 


(35) Leucanitis kabylaria, Bang-Haas. 
Lencanitis kabylaria, Bang-Haas, Iris, vol. xix. p. 186, pl. v. fig. 7 
(1906) (Gafsa, Tunis). 

14 ¢g,14 2? 3, Amgid, 13-19 Feb. 1914; 1 9, N. of 
Idelés, March 10, 1914; 1 ¢, 1 9, Oued Ag’elil, March 
18 & 19,1914; 1 g¢, Oued Dehin, March 20, 1914; 1 9, 
Oued Gilt-Aman, March 21, 1914. 


(36) Hypoglaucitis benenotata moses, Stdgr. 

Hypoglaucitis moses, Staudinger, Iris, vol. vii. p. 284, pl. ix. fig. 17 

(1894) (Cairo). 

I have put these two specimens down tentatively as b. moses, 
Stdgr., because the desert insects are so widespread and so 
variable that it is hazardous to describe them as new. But 
they differ from both b. benenotata, Warr., and b. moses in the 
almost obsolete markings of the fore wings and the less 
defined dark terminal band on the hind wings. 

1 ¢, Aceksem, April 13, 1914; 1 92, Tahilout, May 1, 
1914. 


(37) Clytie arenosa, Rothsch. 


Clytie arenosa, Rothschild, Novit. Zool. vol. xx. p. 128. no. 69 (1913) 
(South Oued Mya). 


1 ¢, Tahihout, April 18, 1914. 


(38) Clytie delunaris (Stdgr.). 


Pseudophia delunaris, Staudinger, Stett. Entom. Zeit. 1889, p. 56 
(Askhabad). 


1 2, Oued Ahmra, March 15, 1914; 5 2 9, Oued Ag’elil; 
March 18 & 19, 1914; 3 6g, 5 2? %?, Oued Gif-Aman, 
March 21, 1914; 1 g, Oued Tamoudat, March 22, 1914 ; 
1 ¢, Idelés, March 27, 1914; 1 g, 1 9, 20 kil) Bins 
Idelés, March 31, 1914. 


(39) Cortyta rosacea, Rebel. 


Pericyma rosacea, Rebel, Denkschr. Math.-Nat. Akad. Wissensch. 
vol. Ixxi. p. 60 (1907) (Socotra). 


36, Amgid, Feb. 19, 1914; 43g, 8 2 3, Oued 
Dehin, March 20, 1914; 3 2 2, Oued Gif-Aman, March 21, 
1914; 2¢ 4,1 2, Oued Tamoudat, March 22,1914; 1 9, 
20 kil. N. of Idelés, March 31, 1914; 1 2, Oued Ag’elil, 
April 2, 1914; 2 9 9, Aceksem, April 13,1914; 2 gd, 
Rharis, April 15, 1914. 


a Journey to the Lloggar Mountains. 255 


(40) Cortyta vetusta acrosticta (Piing.). 
Pericyma acrosticta, Piingler, Iris, vol. xvi. p. 289, pl. vi. tig. 6 (1903) 
Pit 


1 ¢, Vi-n-tabarik, April 14, 1914. 


(41) Cortyta dispar (Piing.). 
Pericyma dispar, Piingler, Iris, vol. xvi. p. 290, pl. vi. figs. 7, 7 a (1903) 
(Palestine). 
mo. 2, Amgid, Feb. 19, 1914; 1 ¢,1 ?, Oued Dehin, 
March 20, 1914; 2 oe Oued Gif- Wrsant March 21, 1914 ; 
Bozo F 2, Oued ‘l'amoudat, March 22, 1914. 


(42) Cortyta leucoptera (I[mpsn.). 
Hypaetra leucoptera, Hampson, Proc. Zool. Soc, Lond. 1896, p. 264, 
pl. x. fig. 1 (Aden). 
1 g, Amgid, Feb. 20, 1914; 1 9, Oued Amra, April 4, 
1914; 1 g, Rharis, April 16, 1914. 


(43) Cortyta fasciolata (Warr.). 
Pericyma fasciolata, Warren, Noyit. Zool. vol. xii. p. 24, pl. iv. figs. 11, 
21 (1905) (Nakheila, Atbara). 
1 9, Amgid, Feb. 16-18, 1914; 1 2, Ain Tahart, Feb. 21, 
1914; 1 ¢, Rharis, April 16, 1914. 


(44) Cortyta impar, Hmpsn. 
Cortyta impar, Hampson, Cat. Lepid. Phal. Brit. Mus. vol. xiii. p. 317. 
no. 8129 (1913) (Punjab). 


1 9, Ain Tahart, April 16, 1914. 


(45) Cortyta piingleri, sp. n. 

Q?. Allied to metavantha, Hmpsn., but at once distin- 
guished by the large apical dark spot. 

Basal 4 of fore wing slate-grey, median 2 sandy brown, 
outer } pale sandy ; “ante- and postmedian lines strongly 
sinuate, black. 

Hind wing buff, marginal line black ; a clouded obsolescent 
band runs in from above tornus to median vein near cell. 

Length of fore wing 14-15 mm.; expanse 81-33 mm. 

1 2, Oued Dehin, March 20, "1914 ; 1 ?, Oued Gif- 
Aman, March 21, 1914. (Type, Oued Gif. Aman.) 


256 Lord Rothschild on Lepidoptera collected on 


PuHYTOMETRINE. 


(46) Phytometra ni deserticola (Rothsch.). 
Plusia ni deserticola, Rothschild, Novit. Zool. vol. xx. p. 129 (1913) 
(E1 Golea). 
1 ¢, Amgid, Feb. 16-18, 1914; 1 ¢, Oued Almra, 
March 14,1914; 2 gg, Ain Tahart, March 21, 1914. 


(47) Phytometra gamma (Linn.). 


Phalena gamma, Linneus, System. Nat. ed. x. p. 515. no. 91 (1758) 
(Sweden). 


1 g, Slassel- Dhanour, Dec. 29, 1913. 


Nocrvrvz. 
(48) Pandesma anysa terrigena (Chr.). 


Pericyma terrigena, Christoph, Hor. Soc. Entom. Ross. vol. xii. p. 264. 
no. 21, tab. vi. fig. 27 (1876) (Krasnowodsk). 
1g, 1 9, I-n-Kelemet, Feb. 6-8, 1914; 16,4 ? 9, 
Amgid, Feb. 13, 1914; 1 ¢, Ain Tahart, Feb. 21, 1914; 
1 g, Oued Almra, March 14, 1914; 16, Oued Ag’elil, 
March 18, 1914. 


(49) Imitator straminea (Bang-Haas), 
Palpangula straminea, Bang-Haas, Iris, vol. xix. p. 135, tab. v. fig. 11 
(1906) (Gafsa, Tunis). 

583,42 9, 25 kil. 8. of Bledet Ahmar, Dec. 16, 1913; 
49 9,20 kil. S. of Ouargla, Dec. 24,1913; 7g gd, 219 9, 
50 kil. S. of Ouargla, Dec. 25, 1913; 3 2 9, Slassel Dha- 
noun, Dec. 29, 1913; 1 g, Hassi Abbou, Jan. 16, 1914; 
6 36S, 23 2 Y, Oued Abbou, Jan. 17,1914; 2 2 Gas 
massinin, Jan. 30, 1914; 2 6 ¢, 5 2 3, I-n-Kelemet, - 
Feb. 6-8, 1914; 5 6 g,6 2 ¢, Amgid, Feb. 16-18, 1914. 


(50) Anwmeta major, Rothsch. 


Anumeta major, Rothschild, Novit. Zool. vol. xx. p. 180. no. 79 (1913) 
(N. of El Golea). 

In ‘ Novitates Zoologicee,’ vol. xxii. p. 234, under no. 46 I 
stated I had received from Herr Geyr von Schweppenburg 
10 6g and5 2 @ of this species. On close examination 
this proves to be erroneous. Of Herr Geyr’s 15 specimens 
10 g g and 2 2 @ prove to belong to a new species described 


a Journey to the Hoggar Mountains. 257 
below, while 2 g g and 1 ¢ only belong to major. The g 


of major is similar to the 2, but has the fore wings much 
more closely sprinkled with lavender-grey scales, giving it a 
paler and more mealy appearance. 


2664,1 2, Ain Taiba, May 23-25, 1914. 


(51) Anumetu spatai, sp. n 


6. Antenne brown ; head, thorax, and abdomen buffish 
cream-white, as OPPOSED to the SHARPLY DIVIDED brown and 
grey head and thorax and cream-white abdomen in g major. 

Fore wing buffish sand-colour; two streaks on costa, a 
large streak from base to end of cell along median vein, and 
a broad postdiscal band much indented pale brown; this 
postdiscal band is edged outwardly by a whitish-buff line; a 
subapical spot and a terminal row of wedge-like dots black. 

Hind wing: basal half, abdominal margin and fringe 
cream-white ; rest of wing pale wood-grey ; a large whitish 
subterminal patch between tornus and vein 3 in which is a 
large oval or quadrate black spot ; a crenulate dark brown 
terminal line. 

? similar but darker, and markings on fore wings much 
stronger ; basal half of hind wing rusty wood-grey. 

Length of fore wing, ¢ 20 mm., 9 21 mm.; expanse, 
3 45 mm., ¢ 48 mm. 


facia at 2p med. Apt 21, 19143 2d Fok, 
Tahihout, May 1, 1914; 1 ¢, Ain Taiba, May 23-25, 1914 


(Type 3, Amgid.) 


(52) Anumeta atrosignata harterti, Rothsch. 


Anumeta henketharterti, Rothschild, Novit. Zool. vol. xx. p. 469 (1913) 
(S. of El Golea). ~ 


In vol. xxii. p. 234, under no. 46, I drew attention to the 
faet that Sir George Hampson, in his forthcoming volume xiv. 
of the ‘Catalogue,’ is uniting both splota, Ersch. and my 
harterti as identical with atrosignata ot Walker. I cannot 
agree with him in this, Although desert insects are certainly 
very widespread, I tind the species of the genus Anumeta 

vary locally very considerably. ‘Lhe truth is that atrosignata 
is divisible into three quite recognisable local races, and must 
stand as follows :— 


Anumeta atrosignata atrosignata, Walk.—Western India, 
Scind, 
Much paler and smaller, markings indistinct. 


258 Lord Rothschild on some Lepidoptera. 


Anumeta atrosignata spilota, Krsch.—Transcaspia. 
Larger, much darker, fore wings distinctly marked. 


Anumeta atrosignata harterti, Rothsch.—Central Western 

Sahara. 

Much brighter coloured, more sandy red, and bands on 
fore wing extremely strongly marked. 


4466,1 9, Ampid, Feb. 19 & April 21, 1914 35iee 
Aceksem, April 13, 1914 ; he spi. Me ‘Tahihout, April 19 & 
May 1, 1914. 

(53) Anumeta sabulosa, Rothsch. 


Anumeta sabulosa, Rothschild, Novit. Zool. vol. xx. p. 129. no. 78 
(1913) (South Oued Mya). 


8 6 g,1 2, Amgid, Feb. 19 & April 25, 1914; 2 9 9, 
Oued Dehin, March 20, 1914 ; Ain Tahaut, ‘April 19, 1914. 


(54) Anumeta hilgerti (Rothsch.). 


Palpangula hilyerti, Rothschild, Entom. Zeit. Stuttgart, vol. xxiii. 
p. 142 (1909) (Bordj Ferjan). 


1 9, Timassinin, Jan. 26,1914; 3 6 bg, 6 2 9, Amgid, 
Feb. 16-18 & April 22, 1914; 1 g, Oued Amra, March 15, 
1914; 1 g,1 2, Oued Gif-Aman, March 21, 1914; 1 g, 
2 2 2, Oued Dehin, March 20, 1914; 2 9, 20 kil. N. of 
Idelés, March 31, 1914; 1 2, Ain Taiba, May 23-25, 1914. 


(55) Apopestes cataphanes roseata (Rothsch.). 


Spintherops roseata, Rothschild, Novit. Zool. vol. xix. p. 126 (1912) 
(Ghardaia). 


1 g, Oued Abbou, Jan. 17, 1914. 


(56) Apopestes dilucida rosea (Staud.). 


Spintherops dilucida, var. rosea, Staudinger, Stett. Entom. Zeit. 
vol. xlix. p. 63 (1888) (Biskra). 


1 g, 20 kil. S. of Ouargla, Dec. 24, 1913; 1 g, Oued 
Abbou, Jan. 19, 1914. 


(57) Tathorhynchus exsiccata (Led.). 


Spintherops exsiccata, Lederer, Verhand. zool.-hot. Gesell. Wien, 1856, _ 
p. 204, pl. ii. fig. 12 (Syria). 


1 g,1 9%, Amgid, Feb. 16-18, 1914 ; 1 3, Oued Ag’elil, 
March 19, 1914. 


[To be continued. | 


On the Tabanide of the Australian Region. 259 


XXXII.—Notes on the Tabanide of the Australian Region. 
By Gerrruve Ricarpo. 


[Concluded from p. 40.1] 


Tue genera Silvius, Chrysops, and Ectenopsis are included 
in this paper, with four new genera, all in the Pangonine 
division of the Tabanide, and, with the last group of the 
Tabaninez, comprising the subgenus Therioplectes, added, 
concludes the work on the family of Tabanide. 

More material to add to the Brit. Mus. Coll. will be most 
welcome, and will be gladly identified by the writer of this 


paper. 
PANGONINE. 


Sitvius, Meigen. 


Syst. Beschreib. iti. p. 27 (1820). 
See Ricardo, Ann, & Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) viii. p. 296 (1901). 


The species of Silvius as yet recorded from Australia 
are :— 

Silvius marginatus, 2, Walker. 

? Silvius nitescens, g, Walker. 

Silvius silvester, Bergroth. 

Silvius marsoni, Summers. 

Silvius alcocki, Summers. 

Silvius strangmanni, Summers. 

Silvius lunulatus, Bigot, described by him under Tabanus. 

Silvius lurida, Walker, described by him under Pangonia. 

To these four new species are now added. 

All the old species are represented in the Brit. Mus. Coll. 
except Bergroth’s species, of which I have no knowledge ; it 
is described as from Central Queensland, a small blackish 
species with two black-brown discal spots on the abdomen. 

On the species from New Guinea, see Ricardo, ‘ Résultats 
Expéd. Sci. Néerlandaise, Nouvelle Guinée,’ vol. ix., Zoologie, 
livr. 3, p. 387 (1913). 


Silvius lunulatus, 2, Bigot, Mém. Soc. Zool. de France, v. 
p- 688 (1892) [ Tadanus]. 


This female type in the Verrall Coll. is not a Tabanus 
species, but apparently a species of Silvius, though, the 
autennal third joint, the palpi, and proboscis being broken 


260 Miss G. Ricardo on the 


off, it is difficult to decide; but ocelli and) small spines on 
the tibize are present. 

It is a brownish-coloured small fly, with paler segmenta- 
tions on the abdomen, covered with white hairs, and the 
thorax has grey tomentose stripes. The forehead is parallel, 
with a small reddish-brown frontal callus, reaching the eyes, 
which are bare. Legs reddish yellow. Wings clear. 

Length 11 mm. 


Silvius lurida, 3, Walker, List Dipt. 1. p. 140 (1848) [ Pan- 
gonia| ; Ricardo, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) v. p. 121 
(1900). 


Type (female) from Port Stephen, New South Wales, 
with a note, “‘ Very troublesome to man and cattle,” and 
another female from Swan River, W. Australia. 

This type and the other female are both in bad condition, 
but as they clearly possess ocelli and spines on the hind 
tibize, they do not belong to any genera of the Tabanine, 
and the antenne having only five divisions on the third joint 
precludes them from belonging to the genus Pangonia. The 
shape of the palpi, which are long and slender, with trun- 
cated tips as in Silvius marsoni and other species of Silvius 
from: Australia, leads me to place them in this genus. 

A rather large species compared with others of the genus. 
Face reddish, covered with grey tomentum. Beard white. 
Palpi \ong and slender, cylindrical, slightly dilated, and con- 
cave at base, with the tips truncated, yellowish in colour, 
about a third of the length of proboscis. Antenne reddish, 
the third blackish; the first joint short, with some black 
pubescence, the second very small, cup-shaped, the third 
with the first division large and broad, the last four joints 
very small. Subcallus shining red, with traces of gre 
tomentum, protuberant and large. Forehead parallel, hardly 
more than three times as long as it is broad, with a large, 
broad, shining reddish stripe as frontal callus, ending 
posteriorly in a short point. yes bare. Ocelli distinct. 
Thorax appears reddish, with three dark stripes, covered with 
grey tomentum; it is probably very much denuded. Seu- 
tellum reddish. Abdomen reddish yellow, with traces of grey 
tomentum on the segmentations and on dorsum of apical 
segments; it is also much denuded. Legs reddish, the tarsi 
dusky. Wings clear, veins and stigma yellowish, the poste- 
rior cells all widely open, no appendix. 

The above description is of the type only; the other 
female is probably identical, but the forehead seems narrower 


Tabanidee of the Australian Region. 261 


and the subcallus and frontal callus are darker in colour ; 
the spines on hind tibiz are present, though small; in the 
type the hind legs are destroyed. 

Length of type 143 mm.; other female 13, and its pro- 
boscis 3 mm. 


Silvius doddi, 2? , sp. n. 


Type (¢, from Mr. Wainwright’s Collection) from Ku- 
randa, Queensland, Sept. 1910 (F. P. Dodd), and another, 
Two females in German Ent. Museum Collection from 
Herberton, 3700 ft. (Dodd), and Cairns, N. Queensland ; 
also a male from Herberton. 

A small yellowish-brown species; antennze and _ legs 
ycllowish. Wings tinged yellowish brown. 

Length 94 mm., others 8 mm. 

Face brown, with some paler tomentum and brown hairs on 
cheeks ; furrows on each side of face deep, beard brownish. 
Palpi slender, the same width throughout, curved, yellowish, 
with dense but short dark pubescence, not quite so long as 
the proboscis. Antenne bright reddish yellow, the first two 
joints paler yellow, with black pubescence, the third joint 
with the first division wide, the angle representing the tooth 
on the middle of upper border, the last four divisions small 
and narrow. Forehead almost parallel, slightly wider ante- 
riorly, more than four times as long as it 1s wide, yellowish 
brown, with some blackish hairs, the frontal callus brown, 
almost lineal, the ocelli prominent. Therax and scutel/um 
reddish brown, with traces of grey tomentum and with 
scattered short yellow hairs; sides and breast the same, 
with black hairs. Abdumen yellowish or reddish on the first 
three or four segments, then becoming dark brown with 
the segmentations greyish and the sides yellowish; the 
brown colour appears more or less on the paler segments ; 
pubescence chiefly black and unnoticeable, some yellow hairs 
fringing the posterior borders of the last segments ; under- 
side yellowish, dark at apex. Legs reddish yellow, with 
black pubescence. Wings tinged most deeply on anterior 
part ; stigma brown, veins yellowish, with a short appendix, 
not always present. 

The male is darker, the palpi with long black hairs, 
conical in shape, the face with some long hairs. Hyes 
distinctly pubescent, the hairs reddish. Thorax blackish 
(perhaps discoloured). Abdomen with the first segment 
black. Legs with the femora blackish. 


262 Miss G. Ricardo on the 


Silvius frontalis, 32, sp. n. 


Type (2) and another from Palmerston, N. Australia. 
In German Ent. Museum Collection. 

A species rather similar in general appearance to Silvius 
australis, sp. n., but easily distinguished by the different 
shape of forehead and by the yellowish palpi and legs. 

Length 9-94 mm. 

Face covered with greyish tomentum, a few dark hairs in 
centre and white hairs on cheeks. Beard white. Palpi 
yellowish, with black pubescence, long, cylindrical, curved. 
‘Antenne reddish, the first two joints paler, with black hairs, 
the third dark at apex, with an obtuse angle at base of first 
division, which is large. Forehead same colour as face, 
parallel, about four times as long as it is broad ; the frontal 
callus dark brown, shining, almost square, filling up the 
entire width of forehead, produced posteriorly or with an 
irregular border, from which proceeds a narrow spindle- 
shaped prolongation not quite reaching the ocelli. Eyes 
bare, with two distinct stripes. Thorax reddish brown, with 
four grey tomentose stripes; pubescence on these stripes 
whitish, elsewhere brown. Breast reddish, with grey 
tomentum and white and black hairs intermixed. Scutellum 
reddish, with traces of grey tomentum; a few long brown 
hairs are visible and some short white hairs, Abdomen 
reddish brown, the posterior borders of segments grey, 
tomentose ; pubescence black and rather abundant, at sides 
on the erey bands silvery white ; underside the same, the 
grey bands narrower. Legs yellowish, the femora darker, 
reddish brown, with white pubescence, which is also largely 
present on the tibiz ; elsewhere it is black. Wings clear, 
stigma yellow, veins darker yellow. 


Silvius indistinctus, 2 , sp. n. 


Type (female) and another in Brit. Mus. Coll. from Ade- 
laide River, N. Australia. 

Three females in Berlin Museum Collection from Palmer- 
ston, N. Australia. 

A dull reddish-brown species ; legs and antenne the same 
colour. Abdomen with traces of lighter-coloured segmenta- 
tions. 

Length of type 12 mm., others 9-13 mm. 

Face reddish yellow, covered with grey tomentum ; some 
brownish hairs on cheeks. Beard dirty white in colour. 
Palpi \ong and slender, only slightly stouter at base, ending 
in a rounded point, two-thirds the length of the proboscis, 


Tabanide of the Australian Region. 263 


reddish yellow, with some fine black pubescence. Antenne 
same colour, the first two joints duller, with black hairs, the 
third joint wide at base, with a slight angle, not longer than 
the last four divisions together. Forehead the same colour, 
parallel, about five times as long as it is broad; the frontal 
callus almost square, taking up the whole width of forehead, 
shining blackish brown, with a lineal extension to the ocelli. 
Eyes bare. Thorax mahogany-coloured, with some grey 
tomentum; scutellum and breast the same. <Addomen 
reddish brown, darker at the apex ; traces of paler bands on 
the second and third segments. Legs reddish yellow. 
Wings clear, with yellowish veins. No appendix. 


Silvius australis, 2 , sp. 0. 


Type (female) anda series of females from Stannary Hills, 
N. Queensland, circa 3000 ft. (Dr. T. L. Bancroft), and a 
series of females in German Ent. Museum from Kuranda 
and Cairns, N. Queensland. 

A small brown species, the abdomen with narrow grey 
bands ; antenne dull reddish. Legs blackish. Wings 
hyaline. 

Length 9 mm. 

Face covered with grey tomentum, a few white hairs on 
cheeks. Beard white. Palpi long, cylindrical, more than 
half the length of proboscis, slightly curved, reddish brown 
or blackish. Antenne dull reddish, darker at apex, the first 
two joints with black hairs, the first division of third joint 
large, with an obtuse angle in place of tooth. Forehead 
same colour as face, broader anteriorly than at vertex, so 
that its length is only about double the width, measuring 
from the widest part above antenne. Frontal callus 
brownish black, large, an elongated club-shape, the lower 
end reaching the ocelli and ending in a short point. yes 
bare. Thorax brown, with two distinct grey stripes, sides 
also grey. Breast greyish. Scutellum brown, with grey 
tumentum. Abdomen brown or blackish brown, the poste- 
rior borders of segments covered with grey tomentum, the 
pubescence dark on the brown, white on the tomentose 
borders ; underside almost wholly covered with grey 
tomentum, the apex blackish. Legs blackish. Wings 
hyaline, no appendix, veins and stigma brown. 

This species must be nearly allied to Silvius silvester 
(Bergroth), but in the description no mention is made of the 
forehead and the antennz are described as blackish and the 
abdomen with yellow-haired bands. The type came from 
Central Queensland. 


264 Miss G. Ricardo on the 


Mr. Marshall informs me that this species has been found 
at Cape York by Dr. MacGillivray, 


Silvius notatus, 2, sp. n. 


Type (female) from Kalamunda, S.W. Australia, 850 ft., 
March 1914 (R. £. Turner), 1914, 258. 

A badly preserved female from Mallee District, Victoria, 
in Mr. French’s Coll. is probably a specimen of this species. 

A black species, with four small white-haired spots on the 
abdomen, subeallus shining, forehead fairly broad. Palpi 
sleuder, with truncated tips, as in several species from 
Australia. 

Length 13 mm. 

Face covered with grey tomentum and with rather thick 
brown hairs on each side bordering the cheeks and a few in 
the centre. Palpi reddish yellow, wider at base and con- 
cave ; the long slender point is longer than the basal half ; 
pubescence consists of short black hairs, which are also 
present at the tip. Beard dirty white. Antenne reddish 
brown, the first two joints with black hairs, the third with 
its basal division broad, showing a very slight angle, the last 
four joints very small. Subcallus_ protuberant, reddish 
brown and shining. Forehead slightly narrower anteriorly, 
about four times as long as it is broad, the ocelli very 
distinct, with grey tomentum round them, pubescence on 
forehead black. Thorax blackish, with grey tomentum, 
forming four stripes ; sides reddish, with brownish hairs and 
white ones below on the breast, on dorsum with blackish- 
brown hairs. Scutellum same as thorax, with a fringe of 
chiefly white hairs. dédomen blackish, covered with some 
grey tomentum, and with white hairs at sides ; the four spots 
are situated on the third, fourth, and fifth segments in the 
middle of each segment, with their base resting on the 
posterior border, being im shape short, triangular ; there are 
traces of one on the second segment; all the segmentations 
with white hairs; elsewhere the pubescence is_ blackish. 
Legs obscurely reddish yellow, the femora blackish, with 
white hairs; pubescence otherwise black. Wings clear, 
veius brown. 


Curysors, Meigen. 
Nouvelle Classification, p. 28 (1800). 


Only two species of this genus have been recorded from 
the Australasian Region—Chrysops testaceus, Macq., and 


Tabanidee of the Australian Region. 265 


Chrysops albicinctus, v. d. Wulp. This last is from New 
Guinea, the former from ‘Tasmania. 
One new species is now described. 


Chrysops australis, 2 , sp. n. 


Type (female) and another from Herberton, Queensland, 
3700 ft. (Dodd), in German Ent. Myseum. 

Type (male) and others from Kuranda and Herberton in 
Mr. Wainwright’s Coll., by the same collector. 

A species with the usual dark brown band on wing, 
divided by a clear, distinct, narrow band from the pale 
brown apex. Abdomen brownish, with a pale yellow band 
on the second segment and a median yellow short stripe. 

Length 10 mm. 

Face honey-yellow, covered with grey tomentum, bare and 
shining in the centre. Palpi reddish yellow. Antenne 
long and slender, the first two joints honey-yellow, with 
some black pubescence, about equal in length, the third 
equal in length to the two joints combined, stouter, the 
first division as long as the four succeeding ones, which are 
equal in size ; the colour of this third joint is rather a darker 
shade than the others, and some very fine pubescence is 
apparent. Forehead black, with grey tomentum; the 
frontal spot is represented by a large brownish tubercle, not 
reaching the eyes; forehead broad; ocelli distinct. yes 
bare. Thorax reddish brown, shoulders with golden-yellow 
pubescence, which is continued in an oblique stripe on the 
breast; there is a tuft of similar hairs at base of wings. 
Scutellum same colour as thorax. Abdomen blackish brown, 
more reddish brown towards the apex; the dark colour on 
the second segment is represented as a half-circle, deeply 
indented on its posterior border by the median yellowish 
spot, all the anterior half of the segment and its sides being 
pale yellow or whitish; on the third and fourth segments 
the median spots are long and narrow ; underside with the 
base of abdomen pale yellow. Legs reddish yellow, with 
black pubescence, the tarsi pale yellow, tibiz a little incras- 
sate. Wings with the fore border and the transverse band 
brown, and the whole apex paler brown, divided from the 
band by a white narrow band running across from the base 
of the fork of the third vein. 

Male identical. Palpi with long brown hairs. Hyes 
contiguous, the large facets pale brass-colour, with two dark 
spots and a curved dark band on the outer posterior border 
of each eye, the small facets brown. Thorax and scutellum 


Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol. xvi. 19 


266 Miss G. Ricardo on the 


lighter in colour. Abdomen with the first segment more 
yellowish, and with hardly a trace of the blackish-brown 
band on posterior border; the dark colour on the second 
segment does not join in the centre, but is represented as a 
narrow black stripe on each side of the yellow spot, with the 
apex converging towards the centre. 


Ectenopsis vulpecula, 8 9, Wied. Ausszweifl. Ins. i. p. 195 
(Chrysops) (1828); Macq. Dipt. Exot.i. p. 116 (1838) ; 
Loew, Dipt. Siidafrik. 1. p. 15 (1860); Ricardo, Ann. & 
Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) vil. p. 297 (1901). 

Pangonia angusta, 3, Macq. Dipt. Exot., Suppl. ii p. 27 (1847). 

Corizoneura angusta, 2, Bigot, Mém. Soc. Zool. de France, v. p. 617 
(1892). 

Corizoneura rubiginosa, 3 , Bigot, U. c. p. 617. 


Types of Pangonia angusta (three males), Macq., in the 
Verra!l Coll., from New South Wales in very poor condition. 

Type of Corizoncura angusta (female), Bigot, in the same 
Coll., from Australia. 

Type of Corizoneura rubiginosa (male), Bigot, from Aus- 
tralia, in same Coll. 

A series of females from Stannary Hills, N. Queensland 
(Dr. T. L. Bancroft), 1909. 145, in Brit. Mus. Coll. 

One female from Kuranda, N. Queensland, in the German 
Ent. Museum. 

Two males from Kuranda and Herberton, N. Queensland 
(Dodd), in Mr. Wainwright’s Coll. 

Wiedemann described this species under Chrysops, but 
Macquart formed the genus Kctenopsis for it, considering 
that the prolongation of the face was its most striking 
characteristic. Loew remarks that Macquart had probably 
not seen the species, the type of which, described from an 
unknown Iceality, was in the Berlin Museum; and Loew 
considered the creation of a new genus unnecessary. A 
long series of the females of the species being now in the 
Brit. Mus. Coll., I have been able to establish the identity of 
Bigot’s two types with it, and find that the antenne have 
the third joint with eight divisions, which will necessitate 
removing it to the first division of the Pangonine, and pre- 


cludes it being kept in the genus Chrysops. It must evidently _ 


be kept as a separate genus, reverting to Macquart’s name. 
The generic characteristics are the form of the antenne, as 
above stated, the shape of the face, which is convex and 
short, the forehead being long and concave and broad; the 
proboscis is short, the palpi small, cylindrical. yes bare. 


Tabanidee of the Australian Region. 267 


Abdomen long and narrow. Wings rather large, with the 
first posterior cell not at all narrowed at border. 

A slender reddish-yellow species ; the antenne black at 
apex. Legs black and yellow. Wings clear. 

Length 11 mm. ; proboscis 1§ mm. 

Female. Face and forehead raw-sieuna in colour; the ar- 
tenne situated beyond the middle of the head, nearer the 
mouth; the face is short, convex, separated by a deep furrow 
from the small cheeks, quite bare ; a few very short hairs 
are visible just below the anteunz. Palpi the same colour 
as face, but becoming darker towards the apex, with short 
black pubescence. Beard almost nil, represented by a few 
short reddish hairs. Antenne same colour as face, the first 
two joints with some black hairs, the first joint short, the 
second only half its length, the third with the last four 
divisions deep black; the basal division is almost square, 
nearly as long as the second joint, the next three divisions 
small, the last four rather larger. Forehead wide, with no 
callus, wider anteriorly, about half as long as the length ; 
between the subcallus and the vertex the forehead i is concave ; 
ocelli distinct. Hyes quite bare. Thorax, scutel/um, Ae 
abdomen raw-sienna in colour, bare, a few same-coloured hairs 
on abdomen. Halteres black. . Wings rather large, clear ; 
appendix present, stigma blackish, veins black. Leys rather 
variable in colour, black, the femora usually yellowish, 
darker at their apices, all cox yellowish. 

Bigot’s type (angusta) has the legs entirely yellow, the 
tarsi a little darker. Wiedemann describes the ‘legs as all 
black. 

Male very similar, more hairy. Pulpit almost the same in 
shape, with longer and more numerous black hairs ; face 
also covered with brown hairs. yes with larger facets 
covering most of their surface, only leaving the lower third 
with small ones. Thoraxv rather darker in colour, with 
brown long pubescence; scutellum with yellowish hairs. 
Abdomen with long yellowish hairs at sides, somewhat darker 
at the apex. Legs with the femora yellowish or often largely 
black. In Bigot’s types (angusia) they appear almost 
wholly reddish yellow. His type rudiginosa is in very bad 
condition, and the three male types of anyusta are little 
better. 


CNOPROSOPON, gen. nov. 


Formed for two females from Blue Mts., New South 
Wales, in Mr. Wainwright’s Coll. 
The most striking characteristic in this species is the 
Ee 


268 Miss G. Ricardo on the 


enormously large palpi in the type; unfortunately only the 
small first joint remains in the other female. The antenne 
are small, the third joint with eight divisions, the first one 
small, stout, the others very small ; the first two joints have 
heavy black pubescence. The forehead is very wide and 
coneave, narrower at the vertex. Ocelli very distinct. 
Spines on hind tibiz small, but very stout. Wings large, 
with all posterior cells open. 


- 
Cenoprosopon wainwrighti, 2, sp. n. 

A large fulvous-coloured species, with wings tinged 
brown. “ 

Length 16} mm., the other female 15 mm. ; proboscis 
2mm. 

Face amber-brown, with yellowish tomentum, the large 
tubercular upper part devoid of tomentum, with short black 
hairs and a bunch of them on the upper part of cheeks. 
Beard pale yellow. Palpi amber-brown, the first joint paler, 
short, stout; the second joint very large, flattened, club- 
shaped, curved, narrow at the extreme base, becoming wider ; 
the whole surface on outer side covered with short black 
hairs, the inner side almost bare, the proboscis about a third 
longer than these palpi. Antenne situated on the pro- 
tuberant subcallus, the first two joints the colour of the 
face, the third joint redder, dusky at its extreme apex ; the 
first joint short and stout, covered with stout black hairs, 
the second one the same, about half its length; the third 
joint with a ring-like first division, the second short and 
stout, the remaining ones narrower and very small. re- 
head very wide, a third narrower at the apex,.hollow in the 
centre, same colour as the face, devoid of pubescence. 
Ocelli large. yes small, with greenish reflections, bare. 
Head small in comparison with the size of insect. Thorax 
Sudan-brown, with two yellowish tomentose lateral stripes 
and a very narrow indistinct median one; the yellowish 
tomentum appears at sides and on the posterior half of 
dorsum, and wholly covers the scutellum ; the pubescence 
consists of very short biack hairs, on the scutellum of longer 
yellowish hairs. Abdomen amber-brown, but not very 
uniform in colour; an indistinct dark median stripe is 
visible, pubescence almost nil, a few short white hairs on the 
segmentations. Legs raw-sienna, the tibize somewhat paler ; 
coxze with some short black hairs; pubescence elsewhere 
yellowish. Wings large, brownish, becoming paler on the 


posterior border; veins reddish yellow; appendix rudi- 


~~?’ 


Tabanidee of the Australian Region. 269 


mentary. ; all posterior cells open, but the fourth is narrower 
at the border. 


DrmMop.tatus, gen. nov. 


Formed for the male type named Corizoneura trichocera 
by Bigot ; females are now to hand which are identical with 
this male. There are also three male specimens of evidently 
another species of this genus, which are described below ; 
and there are two males of different species apparently from 
Brisbane and Mackay in the Brit. Mus. Coli. which I do not 
propose to describe. 

The species are distinguished in the females by the club- 
shaped palpi and by the broad concave forehead, in the males 
by the very hairy face, palpi, and antenna, in both by the 
rather flat abdomen and large wings. Ocelli large and 
distinct. Spines on hind tibiz. Antenne with at least eight 
divisions on the third joint, having a short first joint, the 
second one only half its length, the third very slender, com- 
posed of a small almost square first division, the following 
ones very small and narrower. ‘The females may be distin- 
guished by the smaller club-shaped palpi and by the face, 
which is very much produced under the antenne, almost 
reaching the upper border of the first antennal joint. 

The genus is allied to Hctenopsis in the shape of the fore- 
head in the female ; but is at once distinguished from it by 
the very much larger palpi, and in the male by the larger 
first antennal joint, which with the second joint is very 
much more hairy. 


Demoplatus trichocerus, 8 ?, Bigot, Mém. Soc. Zool. de 
France, v. p. 616 (1892) [Corizoneura]. 

Type (female) from Herberton, Queensland (Dodd), in 
the Germau Ent. Museum, and another female in the same 
collection from Kuranda, Queensland. 

Type (male) from Australia in the Verrall Coll. and two 
other males from Kuranda and Herberton in German Ent. 
Museum. 

A reddish-brown species, with the cross-veins of the pale 
brown wings shaded dark brown. Legs honey-yellow or 
reddish yellow. 

Length, females 12-13 mm., males 12-13 mm. ; proboscis 
hardly more than 1 mm. 

Female.—Face Sudan-brown, very short, tuberculous in 
centre, some black bristly hairs on the outer borders, in the 
groove dividing the face from the cheeks. Beard consists of 


270 Miss G. Ricardo on the 


fairly long fine brownish-black hairs. Proboscis short. 
Palpi large, almost as long as proboscis, the first joint short, 
the second long, club-shaped, with black hairs, thick towards 
their apices, in colour similar to the face. Antenne some- 
what paler and more yellow, the first two joints with long 
black hairs, the third with short ones on every division on 
outer side, the last divisions dusky in colour. Forehead very 
wide and concave, the most striking characteristic of the 
genus, same colour as face, with a very few black hairs, 
slightly narrower at the vertex. Ocelli large and distinct. 
Eyes bare. Thorax and abdomen Sudan-brown, the abdomen 
rather darker. Thora# with a round waxy-yellow spot on its 
anterior angles, covered with some reddish-yellow tomentum 
and a very few black hairs ; traces of rufous-coloured hairs 
on the posterior border. Scutel/um more yellow in colour, 
Abdomen fiat, with some appressed reddish-yellow pubes- 
cence, Legs antique-brown, some long black hairs on cox 
aud femora, elsewhere chiefly reddish yellow. Wings large, 
longer than the abdomen, pale brown, tinged yellow on the 
fore border ; all cross-veins shaded; appendix, if present, 
short; all posterior cells widely open. 

Male identical in colour. Face not tuberculous nor very 
short, long brownish-black hairs below antenne on centre, 
covered with greyish tomentum. Beard composed of sparse 
white hairs. Pa/pi slender, cylindrical, the first Joint short, 
the second long, with deuse short pubescence, reddish yellow, 
not so long as the proboscis. The frontal triangle is very 
small, the eyes joining almost their whole length. Ocelli 
large, on a protuberant tubercle. Wings with the appendix 
more marked than in females. Genital organs prominent 
beyond the sixth segment, 


Demoplatus australis, 3, sp. 0D. 


Male (type) from Katoomba, Blue Mts., 3400 ft., New 
South Wales (Dodd), 1912, and another, both in German 
Ent. Museum ; also another male from the same place in 
Mr. Wainwright’s Coll. 

A dark-coloured species, with brownish wings, darkest on 
the fore border. Legs and antenne reddish yellow. 

Length 12 mm. ; proboscis 14 mm. 

Face brownish, with greyish-yellow tomentum, somewhat 
produced below the antenne, forming a large tubercle 
covered with long black hairs, which are also present on the 
cheeks. Beard silver-white. Pa/pi a little more than half 


the length of the proboscis, reddish-yellow, the first jomt 
i 


Tabanidee of the Australian Region. 271 


covered with grey tomentum; pubescence on the second 
joint consists of short black hairs on the upper and lower 
sides and of longer ones on the first joint, which is short, 
stout ; the second joint long, cylindrical. Antenne situated 
on a slightly raised tubercle, the same colour as palpi, dusky 
at apex, the first two joints with long black hairs, the third 
with only a few short black ones on apical joints; the third 
joint has the first division small, ring-like, the second larger, 
almost square, the remaining narrower and small. Frontal 
triangle small. yes bare ; ocelli large.. Thorax blackish, 
but covered with olive-coloured tomentum and with fairly 
thick pale fulvous hairs; sides with the same hairs; breast 
with white hairs. Scuted/wm identical, the hairs on posterior 
border white. Abdomen narrow, flat, the genital organs 
protruding, reddish, the abdomen itself blackish, with very 
narrow reddish segmentations on some of the segments ; 
pubescence apparently sparse, consisting of long white hairs 
on the posterior borders of segments; underside more 
reddish in colour, with white pubescence. Legs much the 
same colour as the antennz, Mars-yellow; coxe blackish, 
with olive-coloured tomentum and long white hairs ; pubes- 
cence on femora reddish, with long white hairs on underside, 
on tibiz and tarsi chiefly black. Wings large, longer than 
abdomen, the brown colour most intense on the anterior 
half, fading away on the posterior border; veins brown, 
small appendix present, all posterior cells widely open. 

Mr. Marshall gives me the following additional localities 
for this species, the collectors being Dr. J. Burton Cleland 
and Dr. E. W. Ferguson :—2 ¢g, Mailson Island, Hawkes- 
bury River, 31.111. 15, 1l. iv. 15. Taken resting on bracken. 
Eyes of a rather dull coppery red. 


PsEUDOTABANUS, gen. nov. 


‘Formed for two species from Queensland. 

Ocelli and spurs on hind tibie present. Antenne with 
eight divisions on the third joint, which is broad and 
Tabanus-like at the base, with the three divisions after the 
first basal one indistinct; the last four divisions small and 
distinct, the first joint very short, hardly more than half 
the length of the first four divisions of the third joint; the 
second smaller, cup-shaped. Palpi two-thirds the length of 
the proboscis, Tabanus-like. Wings with all posterior cells 
open; no appendix. 

The species resemble in general appearance species of the 


genus Tabanus, Proboscis short. 


272 Miss G. Ricardo on the 


Pseudotabanus distinctus, sp. 0. 


Type (female) in Brit. Mus. Coll. from Inkermann, near 
Townsville, N. Queensland (W. Stalker), 1908, 151. 

Black; the abdomen with yellowish bands. Antenne 
and legs black. Wings grey, tinged deep brown on the fore 
border and more widely so at the apex on the submarginal 
cell, 

Length 14 mm.; proboscis 2 mm. 

Face covered with grey tomentum and with some silvery- 
white short hairs in the centre and on the cheeks. Beard 
same colour. Palpi rather long, two-thirds the length of 
proboscis, blackish, a little stout at base, ending in a long 
point. Antenne same colour, the third jomt with an angle 
at base on its first division, the first two joints with a few 
dark hairs. Forehead more yellowish in colour than the 
face, parallel, about five times as long as it is broad; the 
frontal callus long, almost lineal, slightly enlarged ante- 
riorly, reaching the ocelli. Eyes bare. Thorax black, with 
two lineal grey tomentose stripes, posteriorly, with a narrow 
grey border which extends up the sides as far as the suture. 
Shoulders above this latter are yellowish. Breast and sides 
blackish, with grey tomentum and white hairs. Scutellum 
black, with a few white hairs. Abdomen blackish brown, the 
posterior borders of all segments brownish yellow fading 
into grey; there is also a narrow band on anterior border of 
second segment; the bands are widest on the first two 
segments ; pubescence on bands yellowish white, elsewhere 
black ; underside same as dorsum. Legs wholly blackish 
brown. Wings with no appendix, fore border narrowly 
yellow as far as the stigma, which is brown. 


Pseudotabanus queenslandi, sp. n. 


Type (female) from Kuranda, Queensland (F. P. Doda), 
1914, 381, in Brit. Mus. Coll. 

Another female from Endeavour River, Queensland, in 
Mr. French’s Coll. 

A blackish species, with median grey spots and bands on 
abdomen. 

Length 145 mm. 

Face covered with ashy-grey tomentum, convex in the 
centre, diyided from the cheeks by a deep furrow ; pubes- 
cence on face scanty, consisting of a few short white or 
yellow hairs. Beard white. Palpi same shape as those of 
Pseudotabanus distinctus, black, two-thirds the length of the 


Tabanidee of the Australian Region. 273 


proboscis. Antenne black, the first two joints with black 
hairs ; the third joint in type is imperfect; in the other 
female the basal divisions are fairly distinct, the basal 
division broad, forming a slight angle. Hyes bare. Fore- 
head parallel, same colour as face, about five times as long 
as it is broad ; the frontal callus blackish, very narrow, con- 
tinued nearly | to the vertex, ending in a fine point. Ocelli 
distinct. Thorax blackish, with two distinct grey tomentose 
broad stripes, with appressed white and fulvous pubescence, 
longer at sides and on posterior border. Scutel/um covered 
with grey tomentum, leaving a dark brown spot in the 
middle, with fairly long white pubescence. Abdomen 
blackish, the median spots triangular, large on the second, 
third, and fourth segments, their apices not quite reaching 
the anterior borders ; a narrow band of white hairs is con- 
tinued from each spot to the side, where it broadens out 
into a wider spot continued up the side of segment; sides 
with long white hairs; pubescence on the grey spots white, 
elsewhere black ; underside with white-haired bands, matching 
those on the dorsum. Legs black, the pubescence on the 
coxe and underside of femora white, elsewhere black. 
Wings clear, tinged faintly with brown on the fore border, 
more widely so towards the apex ; veins yellowish brown. 

The species bears a great resemblance in the shape of the 
frontal callus and forehead and in the markings of the wings 
to Pseudotabanus distinctus. 


PsEUDOPANG ONIA, gen. nov. 


This genus is very distinct from any other genus known 
to me in the Pangonine in its general appearance and in the 
form of the antenne, which have three joints as usual, but 
the third joint has only four divisions. 

_Antenne are small, situated on a rather protuberant 
tubercle ; the first two joints short and stout, the second 
shorter than the first ; the third twice as long, composed of 
four divisions, the first one being stout, conical, the re- 
maining three very narrow, each about the length of the 
basal joint. Palpi are small and narrow. Probuscis short. 
Face short, nearly horizontal. Forehead narrow and furrowed. 
Ocelli prominent on vertex. Abdomen large and _ fiat. 
Pubescence very scanty. Hind tibize with one stout spine. 
Wings large, longer than the abdomen ; all cells except the 
anal one widely open; no appendix. 


274 Miss G. Ricardo on the 


Pseudopangonia australis, sp. u. 


Type (female) from Burpengary, 8. Queensland (Dr. T. L. 
Bancroft), 1904, 93, in Brit. Mus. Coll. ; and another female 
from Richmond River, New South Wales, in Mr, Froggatt’s 
Coll. 

A curious-looking humpbacked large fly ; the thorax a 
pinkish buff, the abdomen ochraceous tawny, with a brownish 
median stripe and apex. Wings tinged brown. 

Length 20-23 mm.; proboscis 1 mm. 

Face tawny, covered with grey tomentum, devoid of hairs. 
Beard white. Papi reddish yellow, with black hairs, two- 
thirds the length of proboscis. Antenne situated on a slightly 
elevated tubercle, dull reddish yellow ; the first two joints 
with black hairs, the third with a few at sides of small joints - 
and at apex. Forehead same colour as face, with a furrow 
on each side and no defined frontal callus, parallel, about 
six times as long as it is broad. Thorax large, with buff- 
coloured hairs on dorsum and at sides; breast covered with 
grey tomentum and with white and brown hairs. Sceutellum 
same as thorax. Abdomen with a brown median stripe 
and brown at sides, the last four segments brownish with 
grey tomentum; pubescence short, not noticeable, chiefly 
pale or yellow on the yellowish parts and brown elsewhere ; 
underside brownish covered with grey tomentum. Legs 
reddish brown, with black pubescence. Wings longer than 
body, large, tinged brown, chiefly on the fore border ; veins 
yellowish; stigma not distinct ; no appendix ; all posterior 
cells widely open. 


TABANINZE. 


Tapanus, Linn. 


Group XI. 
Species with pubescence on the eyes ( 7hertoplectes). 


This group appears to be very well represented in this 
region, and is a very difficult one as regards the separation 
of nearly allied species, especially those in the group con- 
taining Tabanus circumdatus and Tabanus antecedens, Walker. 
Mr. Arthur White has kindly allowed me to examine his 
specimens of this group from Tasmania, some of which 
appear to be new species, and he has a good series of 
Tabanus gentilis, Erichson. 


Tabanidee of the Australian Region. 275 


The following species I have not been able to identify :— 


Tabanus nigriventris, Macq., from Sydney Island, the type 
of which is apparently lost, probably belongs to this group, 
as the author speaks of the eyes being tomentose. 


Tabanus brevivitta, 8, Walker; this type is not to be 
found in the Brit. Mus. Coll., and should be deleted from 
the list. 


Tabanus macrophthalmus, & , Schiner. 


Tabanus gregarius and Tabanus esculans, Erichson, both 
from Tasmania, cannot be identified from the descriptions ; 
they may be synonyms of Tabanus circumdatus, Walker. 


Tabanus bifasciatus, Macq. Hist. Nat. Dipt.i. p. 201 (1884), 
is not known to me; the type is apparently lost. It is 
described as having the first posterior cel! of the wing 
closed, a characteristic not met with in any of the described 
species of Tabanus from this region, which inclines one to 
think it might be aspecies of the Pangonine division. It is 
deseribed as black, with small white indistinct spots on the 
abdomen. Wings brownish, the veius shaded, the centre of 
the cells nearly hyaline. 

Length 20 mm. (10 lines). , 

No mention is made of the eyes, which are probably bare. 


Tabanus microdonta, 9, Macq. Dipt. Exot., Suppl. i. p. 33 
(1846). 


Type (female) from Tasmania, and another female from 
New Holland (M. Serville Coll.). 

This type in the late Mr. Verrall’s Coll. is in fair preserva- 
tion, as is the other female ; they are distinguished by the 
frontal callus, which is large, with no lineal extension, but 
extends as a broad stripe nearly three-quarters of the length 
of the forehead, ending in an obtuse point. There is also 
no appendix present on the wings in either female. A 
blackish species, with some reddish colour on the abdomen. 

Length 13-15 mm. 

Face covered with brownish-grey tomentum and with 
brown hairs. Beard brown, a few white hairs below. Palpi 
small and not very stout, about the same width throughout, 
ending in a short point, dirty yellow in colour, with rather 
numerous black hairs. Antenne blackish, but the first two 
joints and the base of third reddish ; the latter has hardly 
any angle representing a tooth on its upper side, the first 
two joints with black hairs. Forehead same colour as face, 


276 Miss G. Ricardo on the 


parallel, about five times as long as it is broad ; the frontal 
callus is pitchy brown in colour, furrowed in the centre, not 
reaching the eyes ; black hairs at sides of forehead. yes 
distinctly pubescent. Thorax blackish. Abdomen blackish, 
the sides of the first three segments tawny, the segmenta- 
tions narrowly pale; underside tawny. Legs dull reddish, 
duskier at tips. Wings clear, veins brown, stigma yellowish 
brown. 


Tabanus regis georgii, Macq. Dipt. Exot. i. p. 132 (1838). 


The type (female) from Port du Roi George, New Holland, 
was seen by me in the Paris Museum a few years ago, in bad 
preservation ; however, I identified four females in the Brit. 
Mus. Coll. as this species, and feel confident they are this 
species, which may possibly be identical with Yabanus post- 
ponens, Walker; the only difference in these from the 
Walker type is the shape of the frontal callus, which is much 
broader, though not reaching the eyes, with hardly any lineal 
extension in three of the specimens; the colour is a dark 
brown, the femora are rather dusky at their base. The 
stripes on the thorax are more distinct and appear as six in 
number, the specimens being in good preservation. They 
come from Inkerman, near Townsville, N. Queensland (W. 
Stalker), 1908, 151, and 8. Queensland (Dr. T. L.Bancroft), 
1908, 72. 


Tabanus oculatus, ¢ , Ricardo. 


Tabanus pusillus, Macq. Dipt. Exot., Suppl. v. p. 49 (1854), nomen 
bis lectum. 


Type (female) in the late Mr. Verrail’s Coll. from Sydney, 
New South Wales. 

Two females in Brit. Mus. Coll. from §8. Queensland 
(Dr. T. L. Bancroft), 1908. 

The type, which is in bad preservation, was described by 
Macquart as having the eyes naked, evidently an oversight 
on his part, as the pubescence on the eyes of the type is 
distinct, though very sparse and very indistinct in one of the 
fresh females. It is very similar in general appearance to 
my new species Tabanus germanicus from N. Australia, in 
which the eyes are quite bare. 

A small brown species, with inconspicuous yellow hairs on 
the abdomen ; the antenne and legs reddish yellow. Wings 
clear, with an appendix. 

Length 11 mm. 

Face covered with grey tomentum, ground-colour yellowish; 


Tabanide of the Australian Region. 21% 


hairs on face white. Pa/pi cream-coloured, slender, ending 
in a long point; pubescence chiefly white, a few black hairs 
on upper border. Antenne reddish, the first two joints 
yellower with black pubescence, the third rather short, broad 
at base, with very slight tooth. Subcallus yellowish, covered 
with grey tomentum. Forehead broad, parallel, about three 
times as Jong as it is broad anteriorly, covered with brownish- 
yellow tomentum and with some few black hairs. Frontal 
callus shining chestnut-colour, pear-shaped, not reaching the 
eyes, with a short lineal extension. yes with slight pubes- 
cence. Thorax olivaceous black, covered with some grey 
tomentum and with recumbeut, short, golden, inconspicuous 
pubescence ; the longer hairs at sides brownish. Scutellum 
identical. Abdomen darker than thorax, covered with 
isabella-coloured tomentum, and with short golden hairs on 
the posterior borders of segments, the first two segments 
reddish at the sides ; underside hghter in colour, covered 
with greyish tomentum. Legs cinnamon-coloured, the 
femora darker, with grey tomentum and white hairs; pubes- 
cence otherwise chiefly black, apical tarsal joints blackish. 
Wings clear, stigma pale yellow, veins darker, appendix 
present. 

Mr. Marshail gives me the following additional localities, 
the collectors being Dr. J. Burton Cleland and Dr. E. W. 
Ferguson :—four females, 1. & 11.1915; one female, 5. xii. 14, 
Milson Island, Hawkesbury River; one female, Sydney, 
20. x11.14. Eyes of a dull brown colour in life. 


Tabanus vetustus, 9, Walker, List Dipt. i. p. 179 (1848). 


Type (female) from Swan River, West Australia. 

Another female from Encounter Bay, 8S. Australia, 1907 
(Dr. J. B. Cleland), with the following note :—‘ Bites 
‘severely ”; and another female from unknown locality. 

A medium-sized pale-coloured species, not unlike the 
European Tabanus fulvus in general appearance. Forehead 
with no callus. Tibiz reddish yellow. Abdomen covered 
with short grey pubescence. 

Length 15 mm. 

Face covered with ashy-grey tomentum and with some 
short white pubescence. Palpi pale chamois-coloured, stout 
for more than half their length, ending in a slender point, 
pubescence scanty, pale-coloured. _ Antenne reddish yellow, 
the last four divisions of the third joint black; third joint 
wide at base, with the angle representing the tooth not quite 
halfway up on the outer border, the first two joints paler in 


278 Miss G. Ricardo on the 


colour, with a few black hairs only. Forehead parallel, 
about four times as long as it is broad; when denuded a 
dark callus appears, but in the type there is hardly a trace 
of one. yes hairy. Thorax blackish, covered with fulvous 
or grey pubescence. Scutellum identical. Abdomen with a 
blackish ground-colour, covered with greyish tomentum and 
with short yellowish-grey pubescence, and some longer 
black hairs interspersed ; the posterior borders of segments 
reddish yellow, and the first two segments the same colour 
at the sides; underside very similar. Legs reddish yellow ; 
coxe black, covered with grey tomentum and with white 
hairs ; femora blackish, reddish yellow at extreme hase and 
at apex, covered with grey tomentum and white hairs ; 
pubescence elsewhere yellowish, with some few black hairs. 
Wings clear, veins yellow, appendix present. 

Three females from Bellerive, Tasmania, Feb. 13, 1914, in 
Mr. White’s Coll., are identical, but the third joint of an- 
tenn is wholly black. 


Tabanus imperfectus, ? , Walker, List Dipt. i. p. 179 (1848). 


Type (female) from New South Wales, and two females 
from Mangalore, Tasmania; presented by Mr. Arthur 
White. 

A blackish species, smaller than Tabanus antecedens, 
Walker, and the frontal callus is very much larger, taking 
up the whole of the anterior half of the forehead, with no 
lineal extension. 

Length of type 10 mm. ; the other females are somewhat 
smaller. 

Face covered with grey tomentum and with long white 
hairs, some black hairs intermixed. Pa/pi pale dull yellow, 
very hairy, a little stout at base, with long black hairs above 
and white ones below. Antenne in type destroyed, in the 
other females they are blackish ; the first two joints with 
some black hairs, the third with a small angle to represent 
the tooth. _Lyes hairy. Forehead broader anteriorly than 
at the vertex, about a third as wide (anteriorly) as it is long, 
Frontal callus reddish brown, extending from eye to eye and 
reaching more than halfway down the forehead ; at its poste- 
rior end it becomes narrower, euding in a very obtuse point ; 
some black hairs are present on sides of forehead, which is 
covered posteriorly with grey tomentum. Thorax black ; 
in the fresh specimens two narrow grey stripes are apparent, 
very short, not reaching the median suture; shoulders 
aud the sides greyish, pubescence short, black, longer on 


Wea» 


* Ps a Par 


Tabanidee of the Australian Region. 279 


shoulders; the posterior borders of thorax appear grey 
tomentose. Secutellum blackish, with traces of white hairs 
on its borders. Abdomen blackish, all the segmentaticns 
grey tomentose, with white hairs ; traces of white median 
spots appear on the type and are distinct in the fresh speci- 
mens on the second, third, and fourth segments ; pubescence 
elsewhere on dorsum black; sides of the first two segments 
are inclined to be reddish in colour. Legs blackish, femora 
with grey tomentum, the tibize yellowish, as is also the first 
joint of the tarsi ; pubescence black, with long and short 
hairs on the sides of the tibie. Wings clear, an appendix 
present, veins and stigma blackish. 


Tabanus antecedens, 2, Walker, List Dipt.i. p. 178 (1848) ; 
6, List Dipt. v. p. 253 (1854). 


Type (female) from Van Diemen’s Land, and a series of 
females from Mts. of Victoria (C. French), 1900 ; one from 
Tasmania, presented by Mr. A. White; and others from 
Dandenong Ranges, Victoria (French Coll.). 

A blackish species larger than Tabanus imperfectus, W1k., 
with pale slender palpi, a hairy face, dark antenne, and 
forehead parallel or almost so, with a large square frontal 
callus. Abdomen with grey segmentations and often indis- 
tinct, grey-haired, triangular median spots. 

Length 12-13 mm. 

Face covered with ashy-grey tomentum and with black 
hairs, with which are intermixed a few shorter white hairs ; 
lower part of face pale reddish. Palpi pale reddish yellow, 
covered with grey tomentum on basal half and with rather 
long black hairs, intermixed with white hairs on basal half, 
which is stout, the apical half slender, ending in a point. 
Beard composed chiefly of white hairs. Antenne blackish, 
the first two reddish yellow with black hairs, the third rather 
broad at base, with a distinct angle representing the tooth. 
Forehead parailel or slightly narrower at the vertex, the sub- 
callus usually covered with greyish tomentum, often denuded 
aud appearing reddish ; the frontal callus is large, reaching 
the eyes, almost square, shining reddish brown or black, 
with a short extension ; some rather long black pubescence 
is present on the forehead, which is covered with greyish 
tomentum ; at the vertex a tuft of long black hairs is a 
characteristic of this species. Eyes with thick pubescence. 
Thoraz blackish, with four lineal slaty-grey tomentose stripes, 
not always very distinct ; shoulders pale reddish ; pubescence 
on thorax long, black, with some interspersed pale short 


280 Miss G. Ricardo on the 


hairs. Scutellum blackish, with a slaty-grey outer border. 
Abdomen brownish black, with grey tomentum, becoming 
slate-grey on the segmentations ; pubescence consists of 
rather close short black hairs ; in a few specimens from 
Victoria the abdomen is large, reddish brown, instead of 
brownish black, in the type and in others the extreme 
posterior lateral borders of the fifth, sixth, and seventh 
segments are reddish ; underside very similar to dorsum, 
but almost bare. Legs blackish, the tibize reddish, becoming 
blackish at the apex on the fore tibize ; pubescence black, on 
the outer borders of the tibie the hairs are uneven in length. 
WVings clear, with blackish veins, stigma yellowish, appendix 
present. 

Mr. White informs me that this is the commonest species 
in ‘Tasmania. 

The male type of Tabanus antecedens comes from New 
Holland (Hunter), and the antennz are imperfect ; whether 
it is really the male of the above is doubtful. 


Tubanus circumdatus, 2, Walker, List Dipt.i. p. 185 (1848). 


Tabanus nepos, 2, Walker, List Dipt. i. p. 181 (1848). 

Tabanus abstersus, 2, Walker, Dipt. Saund. p. 58 (1850). 

Tabanus brevidentatus, 2, Macq. Dipt. Exot., Suppl. v. p. 28 (1854). 

Tabanus hebes, 9, Walker, List Dipt. i. p. 159 (1848); Surcouf et 
Ricardo, Etude Monographique des Tabanides d’Afrique, p. 214 
(1909). 


The type of circumdatus and nepos are from unknown 
localities, but priority is given to the former, as it is a better- 
preserved more typical specimen of the species; hebes 
was erroneously described as from S. Africa, abstersus is 
from New South Wales (Saunders Coll.), brevidentatus from 
Australia. 

The type of ebes and two other females are very reddish 
and paler in colouring than is usual, but this is probabiy 
chiefly accounted for by the denudation and bad preservation 
of the specimens ; these remarks also apply to nepos. 

This is probably the species mentioned by Mr. Froggatt 
in “ March Flies” (Science Bulletin, no. 3, Sept. 1911, p. 6) 
as Tabanus brevidentatus, “ the common small greyish-brown 
March fly found in the scrub or bush around Sydney.” The 
types of the Macquart species are in the late Mr. Verrall’s 
Coll. 

There are specimens in the Brit. Mus. Coll. from Eidsvoll 
and Burnett River, Queensland (Dr. T. L. Bancroft) ; New 
South Wales (Saunders Coll.) ; National Park, New South 


Cee EO 


Tabanide of the Australian Region. 281 


Wales; and Cleveland, Tasmania (Dr. J. L. Purdy) ; with 
the following note attached to this last specimen :— 

“ March Flies. Very common in Tasmania, especially in 
sheep districts in the Midlands. Bite sharp, like the prick 
of a pin, and especially severe on children, causing swelling 
and slight inflammation. Nuisance has recently become so 
severe as to interfere with school discipline. The least touch 
kills the flics, and after school occasionally a shovelful can 
be swept up.”—Note by Dr. J. S. Purdy, Chief Health 
Officer, Acbart. 

Tabanus edentulus, Macq., is possibly ideutical or very 
nearly related to this species. Tubanus acutipalpis, Macq., 
appears very similar, but is larger in size. Both types are 
in the Paris Museum. Tabanus fraterculus, Macq., is said 
by the author to be related to T. edentulus (the type is lost) 
from Tasmania. A rather variable species in colouring, it 
may be distinguished from Tabanus imperfectus and Tabanus 
antecedens by its larger size and more reddish colour of the 
abdomen. ‘Ihe forehead is very slightly broader anteriorly 
than it is at the vertex, coutrary to the usual rule. 

Length 13-15 mm. 

Face covered with greyish tomentum and with short 
white hairs, a few brown ones usually present on the centre. 
Beard white, afew brown hairs intermixed. Pa/pi yellowish, 
long and slender, stouter on basal half, ending in a long 
point, very hairy; the basal half with some grey tomentum and 
with white hairs, on the apical half they are short and black. 
Antenne reddish, the third joint dusky, the first two joints 
with black hairs, the third joint wholly dusky or dull reddish 
at base; it is rather broad at the base with a small tooth. 
Forehead aud subcallus with grey tomentum, the latter 
often much denuded, appearing reddish or brown; the 
frontal callus almost square, reaching the eyes, with a lineal 
extension, usually reddish brown or reddish yellow. Eyes 
distinctly pubescent in fresh specimens. Thorar aud 
sculellum blackish with grey tomentum and _ yellowish 
recumbent pubescence, intermixed with longer grey hairs 
on anterior part of thorax, and posteriorly and on outer 
border of scutellum; in denuded specimens two uarrow 
grey stripes appear ; shoulders and sides reddish. Abdomen 
dull reddish yellow with grey tomentose segmentations and 
small median triangular grey spots; in many specimens, 
especially those from Queeusland, the colour is more reddish 
brown; pubescence short, black, with white hairs on the 
segmentations and at sides below black hairs ; underside 
reidish yellow, nearly bare, with very short white hairs on 


ann. & May. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol, xvi. 20 


282 Miss G. Ricardo on the 


the segmentations. Legs blackish, the femora with grey 
tomentum ; the tibiz reddish; pubescence black, femora 
with some long white hairs, and the tibia, especially the 
middle pair, with some short white hairs. Wings clear, 
appendix present, veins reddish yellow ; stigma very indis-— 
tinct, pale yellow. 

‘The male | have not been able to identify with certainty. 


Tabanus postponens, 2, Walker, List Dipt. i. p. 179 (1848). 


Type (female) from New Holland. 

A small species with reddish-yellow autennze and legs, a 
broad forehead, widest anteriorly with a small oblong frontal 
callus. Abdomen reddish brown with wide grey tomentose 
bands and median spots. 

Length 12 mm. 

Face covered with yellowish-grey tomentum, a few dark 
hairs in centre. Beard yellowish white. Pa/pi pale orange- 
yellow, slender, stout on more than half their length, ending 
ina long fine ‘point, with rather thick short white pubes- 
cence. Antenne Mars-yellow, the first two divisions with 
some black hairs, the third division incomplete, stout at 
base with an indistinet tooth. Subcallus same colour as 
antennze, shining, but probably from denudation of greyish 
tomentum. Forehead a little wider anteriorly than at 
vertex, covered with grey tomentum, about three times as 
long as it is broad anteriorly ; frontal callus small, oblong, 
not reaching eyes, chestnut-brown, with a short lineal 
extension. yes distinctly hairy. Thorax blackish brown 
covered with greyish tomentum which leaves three dark 
stripes visible, some pale fulvous appressed pubescence on 
dorsum and some longer dark hairs at sides. Scutellum 
same colour. Abdomen reddish brown, the grey tomentose 
bands are present on every segment except the last one, 
about half the width of the segment, extending in the 
middle to an obtuse trianglar spot, largest on the second, 
third, and fourth segments, pubescence on these bands 
yellowish. Legs Mars-yellow, dusky on apices of tarsal 
joints, pubesceuce on femora white, elsewhere black. 
Wings clear, veins avd stigma yellowish brown; small 
appendix present. 


Tabanus basalis, ? , Walker, List Dipt. i. p. 182 (1848). 


‘ype (female) from New Holland, and another female 
from Tamworth, New S. Wales, 12. 12.92, from Froggatt 
Coll. 


Tabanide of the Australian Region. 283 


A small reddish-yellow species with a dull yellowish-grey 
abdominal median stripe ona black ground-colour. Antenne 
and legs reddish yellow. Forehead broader anteriorly. 

Length 94 mm., other female 103. 

Face covered with greyish tomentum and with some 
brown and white hairs. Beard white. Palpi chamois- 
coloured, hairy, slender, only slightly stouter on basal half, 
ending in a point; pubescence yellowish white at base. 
Antenne Mars-yellow, the first two joints with black hairs, 
the third joint with very small angle representing tooth at 
base. Forehead covered with greyish tomentum, distinctly 
broader anteriorly, barely three times as long as it is broad 
anteriorly ; frontal callus large, nearly square, not reaching 
the eyes, with a short thick extension. yes very slightly 
pubescent. Thorax blackish with grey tomentum, shoulders 
reddish, dorsum with some appressed fulvous hairs. Scutel- 
lum identical. Abdomen ochraceous-orange ; ground-colour 
of median stripe and the last segments black, the pale 
colour covered with some grey tomentum ; the median spots 
forming a short nearly continuous stripe from the second to 
the sixth segment, large, triangular-shaped, hardly apparent 
in type owing to denudation; underside wholly pale in 
colour. Legs Mars-yellow, tarsi dusky-coloured ; pubescence 
on femora white, elsewhere black; femora with greyish 
tomentum. Wéings clear, veins pale brown, stigma yellowish ; 
appendix present. 


Tabanus umbripennis, ? , Ricardo. 


Tabanus cinereus, Walker, List Dipt. i. p. 167 (1848), nomen bis 
lectum. 


Type (female) from W. Australia. 

A black species covered with grey tomentum. Antenne, 
palpi, and legs blackish. Recognised at once by the wings, 
which have the cross-veins and longitudinal ones shaded 
with brown. 

Length 16 mm. 

Face blackish covered with grey tomentum and with some 
short white hairs. Beard chiefly brown, some white hairs 
below. Palpi appear blackish covered with dense grey 
tomentum and with short black pubescence, on the inside 
they are reddish yellow. Antenne black, stout, the first two 
joints with short black hairs, the third broad at base with a 
distinct tooth, apical joints are broken otf. Forehead very 
broad, parallel, barely three times as long as it is broad, 


black covered with grey tomentum ; frontal callus pitchy 
20" 


284 Miss G. Ricardo on the 


brown, pear-shaped, with short lineal extension. Eyes with 
traces of pubescence. Thorax black, with some grey 
tomentum on dorsum; shoulders obscurely reddish with 
long dark pubescence. Scufedlum same colour. Abdomen 
similar in colouring, the grey tomentum thick, especially at 
base; there are traces of white pubescence on the segmenta- 
tions laterally, with black hairs at apex and on the sides. 
Legs with dark pubescence. Wings grey, on fore border 
yellowish brown, at base pale brown ; all the veins shaded 
with dark brown, which appears as blotches round all 
the cross-veins ; stigma brown, veins brown; appendix 
present. 

Judging from the figure of the wing of Tabanus funebris, 
Macgq., this is a different species. 


Tabanus dubiosa, 3 , sp. 0. 


Type, a female, and another from Burnett River District, 
Queensland (Dr. T. L. Bancroft), 1912, 242. One female. 
from Katoomba, Blue Mts., New S. Wales, in Mr. Wain- 
wright’s Coll. 

A small black species with well-marked grey spots and 
segmentations on abdomen. Antennz, palpi, and legs 
black. . 

Length 13 mm. 

Face covered with greyish tomentum and with some 
brown hairs, among which are a few white ones. Beard 
white. Palpi black, some grey tomentum on the basal half, 
which is stout, ending rather abruptly in a long point ; 
pubescence black, a few white hairs on basal half. Antennz 
dusky brown, a dull reddish brown on the basal division of 
the third joint ; pubescence on the first two joints black, the 
tooth of third only represented by an angle. Forehead 
broader anteriorly than at vertex, about three times as long 
as it is broad, covered with greyish tomentum ; the frontal 
callus blackish, shining, large, almost reaching the eyes, 
oblong, the lineal extension ending in a point. Thorax 
blackish covered with grey tomentum, and with short dense 
grey pubescence, so disposed that the black ground-work 
appears as stripes, sides with white hairs ; shoulders reddish 
with brown hairs, pubescence on breast grey. Scutellum 
blackish with long white hairs on posterior border. Abdo- 
men black, the posterior border of each segment except the 
first one with a narrow grey tomentose band, extended in 
the middle as a median spot; the black pubescence on dorsum 
short and dense, on the bands white; underside similar, but 


Tabanidee of the Australian Region. 285 


no median spots are visible. Legs black, knees reddish ; the 
cox covered with grey tomentum and with long white hairs ; 
pubescence elsewhere black. Wings clear, stigma very pale 
yellow, veins brown ; short appendix present. 


Tabanus froggatti, sp. n. 


Type (female) from south coast, New South Wales, 
5. 3.1910, in Mr. Froggatt’s Coll. 

A black species with very narrow pale segmentations and 
some median spots on abdomen, distinguished by the greater 
narrowness of the forehead at the vertex than anteriorly, as 
is usual, and by the long hairs on face and palpi. Wings 
shaded on the cross-veins. 

Length 13 mm. 

Face covered with grey tomentum and with long black 
hairs in the centre and on cheeks at sides; a few long white 
hairs appear on the fovez and continue round the base of 
face above the beard, which is black with a few white hairs 
intermixed below. Pa/lpi dull reddish yellow, clothed with 
long black hairs, thickest and longest at the base, which is a 
little stout, the palpus ending in a long point, so that the 
palpi are long and slender. -Antenne black, the first joint 
cylindrical, the second round, not half the length of the 
first; both with some grey tomentum, and with long black 
hairs ; the third joint short with no distinct tooth, the first 
division broad, once and a half longer than the last divisions, 
which are very narrow. Subcallus shining brown, but 
covered with ashy-grey tomentum almost entirely.  Fore- 
head twice as wide anteriorly as it is at vertex ; the frontal 
callus shining brown as the subcallus, taking up the whole 
width of forehead and furnished with ashort stout extension, 
the remainder of the forehead covered with yellowish-grey 
tomentum and with long black pubescence; vertex and 
hind part of head with similar pubescence. Eyes thickly 
covered with pale hairs. Thorax shining black, with some 
short, white, appressed pubescence and long black hairs 
at shoulders and on sides. Scutellum similar. Abdomen 
shining blackish brown, the segmentations very narrowly 
grey tomentose and with short white pubescence ; a grey 
tomentose median spot is visible on the second segment and 
a smaller one on the third, dorsum with black pubescence 
and some yellowish-grey tomentum ; underside more choco- 
late-brown, and devoid of pubescence. Legs blackish, the 
knees and basal third of fore tibiz yellowish red, the knees 


286 Mr. R. E. Turner on Fossorial Hymenoptera. 


and two-thirds of the middle tibiz the same colour; pubes- 
cence on legs black ; fore coxe covered with yellowish-grey 
tomentum and with long black hairs. Wings clear, the 
veins brown, the cross-veinus all shaded narrowly with brown, 
stigma yellowish brown; appendix present. 


Tabanus gentilis, Erichson, Archiv. f. Naturgesch. viii. 
p. 271 (1842). 


This species by reason of its spotted wings is more easily 
identified than the other two species by the same author, and 
has been found by Mr. Arthur White in Tasmania, who has 
kindly given a specimen to the Brit. Mus, Coll. 

My new species, Vabanus froggatti, is nearly related to T. 
gentilis, both species having the same-shaped forehead, quite a 
distinctive featureinthem. This species is distinguished from 
my species by its reddish antenna and legs; the palpi are 
also lighter in colour, and the hairs on the face and the 
beard are more largely white than black. The chief differ- 
ence is in the wings, which in this species are more distinctly 
spotted, all the cross-veins on the upper part of wing having 
dark spots round them. 


XXXITI.— Notes on Fossorial Hymenoptera.—X VII. On new 


Ethiopian Species. By Rowzanp HK. Turner, F.Z.S., 
F.E.S. 


Family Crabronide. 
Subfamily Szrzrmvz. 
Sphecius milleri, sp. 1. 


9. Nigra; capite, antennis, pronoto, mesonoto lateribus, tegulis, 
scutello pedibusque ferrugineis; clypeo, segmentoque primo 
secundoque dorsalibus macula magna utrinque flavis, segmenti 
secundi maculis strigam nigram transversam includentibus ; alis 
flavo-hyalinis, venis ferrugineis, 

Long. 25 mm. 


?. Clypeus with a large, flattened, rather indistinctly 
margined, subtriangular area in front; eyes converging 
towards the clypeus, posterior ocelli rather more than twice 
as far from each other as from the eyes. Antenne inserted 
as far from each other as from the eyes, the scape short, 
about half as long as the second joint of the flagellum, 


Mr. R. E. Turner on Fossorial Hymenoptera. 287 


which is half as long again as the third, the flagellum 
thickened towards the apex. Thorax finely and very closely 
punctured, clothed with short greyish pubescence ; abdomen 
more sparsely punctured. Hind calcaria broad, blunt at the 
apex, as long as the second and third joints of the hind 
tarsus combined. Second abscissa of the radius very short, 
about one-quarter of the length of the first transverse 
cubital nervure, and a little shorter than the- distance 
between the two recurrent nervures on the cubitus, the 
second recurrent nervure received as near to the first as 
to the apex of the second cubital cell. The abdomen is 
not much broadened to the base, much less so than in 


grandidiert. ; 
Hab. Ambirisao, N. Rhodesia; October (F. V. Bruce 
Miller). 


In the shape and markings of the ab!omen this species 
approaches the S. American S. spectabilis, Tasch. The form 
of the clypeus is near S. grandidiert, Sauss., from which it 
differs much in colour, in the more slender form, in the less 
dilated hind calcaria, and in details of neuration. 


Subfamily Areacrivz. 
Ammatomus spiniferus, Buyss. 
Gorytes spmiferus, Buyss. Ann. Soc. Ent. France, p. 359 (1897). @. 


Ammatomus africanus, ‘Turn. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) x. p. 374 
(1912). 9. 


Arpactus (Hoplisoides) marshalli, sp. n. 


6. Ferrugineus; mandibulis, clypeo, orbitis internis, scapo subtus, 
pronoto, scutello dimidio apicali, segmento dorsali primo fascia 
lata apicali lateribus dilatata, quarto fascia apicali, secundo 
tertioque fascia angustissima apicali flavis; alis hyalinis, area 
radiali infuscata, stigmate testaceo, venis nigris. 

Long. 9 mm. 


gd. Clypeus broad, transverse at the apex, labrum 
shallowly emarginate in the middle; eyes ‘slightly con- 
vergent towards the clypeus, posterior ocelli almost twice as 
far from each other as from the eyes. Second joimt of the 
flagellum longer than broad, joimts 3-10 as broad as long, or 
broader; a distinct sulcus from the anterior ocellus to the 
base of the antenne. Head finely and not very closely 
punctured, thorax and abdomen with larger punctures, pro- 
notum and first dorsal segment shining and almost smooth, 
the triangular basal area of the median segment rather 
coarsely obliquely striate. Mesonotum broad and robust ; 


288 Mr. R. E. Turner ox Fusserial Hymenoptera. 


median segment short. First abdominal segment gradually 
broadened from the base; pygidium broadly triangular, 
without a distinct pygidial area. Anterior tarsi without a 
comb. Carina of the mesosternum as in aglaia, Handl. 
Cubitus of the hind wing interstitial with the transverse 
median nervure ; second abscissa of the radius as long as the 
first. 

Hab. Chirinda Forest, Gazaland; March 1907 (G. A. K. 
Marshall). 

This is a more robust species than aglaia, Handl., or 
thalia, Wandl. The penultimate joint of the antenne is 
slightly excavated beneath, but not as strongly as in aglaia. 
‘The yellow apical bands on the second and third dorsal 
segments are extremely narrow, almost obsolete. The thorax 
is more sparsely punctured than in aglaia, 


Arpactus nyasicus, sp. Ni. 


¢. Niger; antennis, mesonoto, segmentoque dorsali secundo fascia 
lata basali ferrugineis; clypeo, mandibulis basi, scapo subtus, 
orbitis interioribus anguste, pronoto, mesonoto lateribus, fasciis- 
que duabus longitudinalibus, tegulis, mesopleuris antice, scutello 
fascia apicali, postscutello, segmento mediano fuscia lata obliqua 
utrinque, metapleuris antice, segmento dorsali primo macula 
basali, fasciaque apicali interrupta et lateribus valde dilatata, 
segmentis 2-5 fascia lata apicali, sexto omnino, segmento 
ventrali primo, secundo macula triangulari utrinque, coxis supra, 
femoribus subtus, tibiisque subtus flavis; femoribus tibiisque 
supra tarsisque fusco-ferrugineis; alis hyalinis, venis fuscis, 
stigmate testaceo, cellula radiali valde infuscata. 

Long. 11 mm. 


g. Antenne simple, the second joint of the flagellum 
longer than the scape, equal to the third joint. Clypeus 
very slightly convex, the apical margin straight ; a distinct 
groove running from the anterior ocellus to the antenne. 
Eyes converging towards the clypeus, but not quite as 
strongly as in natalensis, Sm. ‘The whole insect shining, 
the punctures microscopic ; head and abdomen clothed with 
a fine silky pubescence; a transverse row of large punctures 
at the base of the scutellum; four indistinct longitudinal 
grooves from the anterior margin of the mesonotum ; the 
marginal and median grooves of the smooth basal area of 
the median segment striated. First abdominal segment 
slender, distinctly constricted at the apex. Second abscissa 
of the radius a little longer than the first ; second recurrent 
uervure received a little farther from the apex of the second 


Mr. R. E. Turner on Fossorial Hymenoptera. 289 


cubital cell than in natalensis. Cubitus of the hind wing 
originating before the transverse median nervure. 

Hab. Nyasaland, S.W. of Lake Chilwa; January 16, 
1914 (S. A. Neave). 

This belongs to the group of natalensis, Sm., and effugiens, 
Brauns, but differs much in colour. ‘The mesonotum is 
marked in front by four shallow grooves instead of low 
carin as in the two species referred to. 


Arpactus fugaz, sp. n. 

2. Brunneo-ferruginea ; fronte, vertice, mesonoto fascia longitudi- 
nali, scutello basi, postscutello basi, segmento mediano area basali, 
mesosternoque nigris; pronoto, scutello postscutelloque fascia 
apicali, segmento dorsali secundo fascia lata apicali, quarto fascia 
apicali, quintoque omnino flavis; alis hyalinis, venis fuscis, stig- 
mate testaceo, area radiali valde infuseata. 

Long. 15 mm. 


9. Eyes slightly, but not strongly, converging towards 
the clypeus ; second and third joints of the flagellum about 
equal, longer than the scape; front marked with a distinct 
longitudinal groove. Mesonotum marked anteriorly with 
four short and distinct grooves; the transverse, crenulate, 
groove at the base of the scutellum very strongly marked ; 
the marginal and median grooves of the minutely punctured 
and pubescent basal area of the median segment marked 
with distinct strize. The whole insect very minutely punc- 
tured and clothed with very fine pubescence, more sparsely 
punctured on the head. First abdominal segment slender, 
gradually widened from the base; pygidial area shining, 
with a few scattered punctures, triangular, the sides longer 
than the base. Second abscissa of the radius as long as the 
first. 

Hab. Makindu, British East Afiica; December 16, 1911 
(S. L. Hinde). 

This belongs to the natalensis group, and seems to be very 
near effugiens, Brauns, but has shallow grooves on the meso- 
notum, instead of low carinz, no yellow band on the third 
dorsal segment, and the eyes can hardly be described as 
“stark konvergent.’” In other points the description of 
effugiens agrees fairly well with fugaz. 

The African species of the natalensis group (of which 
Handlirsch gives kod as the type) may be separated as 
follows :— 


1. Second dorsal segment almost entirely yellow, 
at most with a triangular black mark on the 
middle of the apical margin ...... sesecess A, natalensis, Sm. 


290 Mr. R. E. Turner on Fossorial Hymenoptera. 


Apical half or less of the second dorsal seg- 
ment yellow _..sn«ssdenepampame seus hash 2 


2, Mesonotuin with yellow bands ............ A. nyasicus, Turn. 
Mesonotum without yellow bands .......... 3. 
3. Third dorsal segment with a yellow apical 
band. ....!: aos. toon eae ee en oe sea ere ce A, effugiens, Brauns. 


Third dorsal segment without yellowmarkings. A. fugav, Turn, 


Fam. Bethylide. 


The African genera closely allied to Pristocera may be 
divided as follows :— 


1, Apical ventral segment divided from base to 


BPR LS LT Ae AG LS aie creer oes 2; 
Apical ventral segment not divided, pronotum 
strongly depressed transversely close to the 
Posterior MATIN)... |. 514 «jak a+ wine aabtet aS Pristocera, Klug. 
2. Pronotum strongly transversely depressed close 
to the posterior margin; head unarmed .... Mangesia, Kieff. 
Pronotum not depressed transversely ...... 3. 
3. Cheeks armed with a strong spine .......... Nomineia, Kieff. 
Cheeks unarmed .......%..- ee es Kathepyris, Kieff. 


These genera are very close to each other, and perhaps 
would have been better left as one genus till the females are 
better known. The depressed transverse groove near the 
apex of the pronotum is common to Pristocera and Mangesia, 
but the female of the latter differs from Pristocera in the 
structure of the median segment. The development of the 
neuration in all the genera seems to vary considerably, also 
the position of the first recurrent nervure. 

In my keys to the species I only include those which 
I have seen. 


Key to the Species of Mangesia. 


1. Head strongly tuberculate at the posterior 
gngica beneath +11. .). ois licea es bo oes M. tuberculata, Turn, 
Head not tuberculate. . 05.05.0064 2200bes 2. 
2. First recurrent nervure well-defined .... 3. 
First recurrent nervure only faintly indi- 
pated) Tid ses Gree wee Men meee 4. 
3. Entirely black, wings dark fusco-hyaline, M. brevicornis, Turn. 
Head and dorsal surface of the thorax red, 


wings fusco-violaceous .........-. ... MM. atopogamia, Turn. 
A, Antena Orange. 75%) sso. See 2s or ee M. subviolacea, Enderl. 
Antenne black or fusco-ferruginous .... 5. 
5. Black, the mandibles only fusco-ferrugi- 
NOUS His ooo enh epeit> toes bP Merde tape 6. 
Antenne fusco-ferruginous, four apical 
abdominal segments ferruginous red .. M. ruficaudata, Westw. 


6. Space between second and third mandi- 
ular teeth much greater than between 
the others, antenne slender at apex .. MM. communis, Turn, 


Mr. R. E, Turner on Fossorial Hymenoptera. 291 


Space between second and third mandi- 
bular teeth no greater than between the 
others, antenn not slender at apex .... M. atra, Kieff. 


Mangesia subviolacea, Enderl. 
Pristocera subviolacea, Enderl. Arch. f. Naturg. p. 211 (1901). ¢. 
Mangesia fuscipennis, Kieff, Aun. Soc. Sci. Bruxelles, xxxv. p. 210 


(1911). ‘o. 


Mangesia atopogamia, sp. n, 
d. Niger; capite, pronoto, mesonoto scutelloque rufis; flagello 
nigro; alis fusco-cruleis. 
Long. 17 mm. 


do. Mandibles very broad, with five strong teeth; clypeus 
with a distinct median carina; antenne inserted low down, 
close to the base of the clypeus, a tubercle above the base of 
each antenna; the flagellum covered with black pubescence, 
the first joint as broad as long, the third nearly as long as the 
first and second combined and fully half as long again as broad, 
the apical joint longer than the penultimate and about five 
times aslong as broad. Head punctured-rugose, subquadrate, 
rounded at the posterior angles; eyes separated from the 
posterior margin of the head by a distance not exceeding their 
own length; ocelli ina triangle, the posterior pair about four 
times as far from the eyes as from each other. Thorax 
coarsely punctured, the pronotum strongly rounded ante- 
riorly ; median segment coarsely rugose, with a median 
longitudinal carina, the surface of the posterior truncation 
transversely rugcse-striate. Abdomen flattened, smooth 
and shining, the seventh segment very broadly rounded at 
the apex. Neuration similar to that of fuscipennis, Kieff., 
the type of Mangesia ; but the extension of the radius is 
more distinct, and the cubitus is continued beyond the apex 
of the second cubital cell, though broken by a white scar at 
the junction of the first transverse cubital nervure. 

Hab. 8.W. of Lake Chilwa, Nyasaland; January (S. A. 
Neave). 

The head is much more quadrate than in fuscipennis and 
less narrowed posteriorly, the petiole is shorter, being broader 
than long, and only the median carina of the median seg- 
ment is developed. The tarsal ungues are tridentate, as in 
Kieffer’s figure (Ann. Soc. Sci. Bruxelles, p. 201, 1911). 
Superficially this species strongly resembles Elis atopogamia, 
Sauss., which occurs in the same locality, the size and colour 
being the same in both species. 


292. -Mr. R. E. Turner on Fossortal Hymenoptera. 


Mangesia incerta, sp. 1. 
@. Nigra; mandibulis basi fusco-ferrugineis ; tarsis articulis 
duobus apicalibus brunneo-testaceis. 
Long. 13°5 mm. 


9. Wingless; mandibles very broad, tridentate, the upper 
tooth broadly truncate, the outer surface of the broad apical 
portion of the mandibles striate-rugose. Antennze thirteen- 
jointed, the scape strongly arched, the flagellum nearly two 
and a half times as long as the scape, the two apical joints 
longer than broad, the others as broad as long or broader. 
Head subquadrate, slightly rounded at the posterior angles, 
strongly punctured, the punctures sometimes confluent 
longitudinally. Ocelli absent, eyes small, ovate, reaching 
the base of the mandibles. Pronotum about half as broad 
as the head, a little longer than broad, widened rather 
abruptly close to the posterior angles, strongly but rather 
sparsely punctured. Scutellum smooth and shining, tri- 
angular; mesopleurz strongly punctured, showing a dorsal 
lobe on each side of the scutellum. Median segment longer 
than the pronotum, narrowed almost to a point at the base, 
and widely furcate, gradually broadened posteriorly, the 
apical slope oblique, the dorsal surface smooth and shining 
at the base, very sparsely punctured at the apex, with a broad, 
shallow, longitudinal sulcus, the surface of the posterior slope 
rugulose ; sides of the segment almost smooth. Abdomen 
shining, minutely punctured; the first segment as long as 
the second and rounded at the base; six dorsal segments. 
Tarsa] ungues simple ; intermediate tibiz strongly spinose ; 
hind tibiz hairy, but without spines. 

Hab. 8.W. of Lake Chilwa, Nyasaland; January (S. A. 
Neave). ~ 

Although not taken coupled I have no doubt that this is 
the female of a species of Mangesia. It may be distinguished 
from females of Pristocera by the less developed fork at the 
base of the median segment and by the presence of a sulcus 
on the dorsal surface of the segment. The abdomen has 
only six distinct segments, though there is a very small 
seventh segment, which is probably often withdrawn below 
the sixth; in Pristocera there are eight segments. 


Mangesia tuberculata, sp. n. 


3. Niger, albo-pilosus; mandibulis basi fusco-ferrugineis; alis 
fusco-hyalinis ; capite angulis posticis infra tuberculatis. 
Long. 14 mm. 


Mr. R. E. Turner on Fossorial [ymenoptera. 293 


3d. Mandibles broad, with five teeth at the apex; the 
elypeus almost flat, with avery low carina. Head punctured- 
rugose, the hind angles beneath produced into stout tubercles, 
somewhat longer than broad, slightly narrowed posteriorly, 
the eyes separated from the posterior margin of the head by 
a little more than their own length. Pronotum transversely 
rugose, arched anteriorly, a little shorter than the meso- 
notum ; mesopleurz rugose, dorsulum and scutellum coarsely 
punctured. Median segment rugose, with a narrow longi- 
tudinally striated space at the base, three longitudinal carinze 
rather near together running from the base to the apex, the 
space between them transversely striated. Abdomen shining, 
almost smooth. ‘Tarsal ungues bifid, with a blunt lobe at 
the base. Neuration as in swbviolacea. The sides of the 
median segment are strongly striated. 

Hab. Mianje, Nyasaland ; January (S. A. Neave). 

This species may be distinguished by the tubercles on the 
head. The tarsal ungues resemble those of K. nyassica, but 
the basal lobe is more strongly developed. The recurrent 
nervure is received well before the first transverse cubital 
nervure. ‘The pronotum is distinctly trausversely depressed 
on the posterior margin. The wings are hyaline at the base, 
a fuscous cloud spreads itself apically from the stigma. The 
species is near decemdentata, Enderl. (Arch. f. Naturg. 
p. 213, 1901), but in that species the tegule and mouth- 
parts are yellow-brown, the five apical joints of the antenne, 
although much thinner than the preceding joints in fuber- 
culata, are no longer, as is the case in decemdentata. The 
sculpture is also different. Enderlein does not mention the 
shape of the head in his species, but the shape of the man- 
dibles is very similar. A specimen from Calabar in the 
British Museum, which I identify as decemdentata with some 
doubt, is only 10 mm. in length and has a much smaller head, 
rounded at the hind angles and without tubercles, the pro- 
notum is also without a transverse sulcus at the apex ; so 
that if I am right in my identification, decemdentata is a 
Kathepyris. 


Mangesia brevicornis, sp. ni. 


d. Niger, albo-pilosus; alis fusco-violaceis. 
Long. 15 mm. 


¢. Mandibles tridentate ; antenne stout and short, not 
more than half as long again as the head, the second joint of 
the flagellum as long as the first and third combined, joints 
4-7 broader than long, the four apical joints very much 


294 Mr. R. E. Turner on Fossorial Hymenoptera, 


more slender than the others. Head coarsely punctured, a 
little longer than broad, rounded at the posterior angles. 
Pronotum rugose, arched anteriorly, transversely depressed 
on the posterior margin ; mesonotum and mesopleure punc- 
tured-rugose ; scutellum sparsely punctured. Median seg- 
ment irregularly reticulate, transversely striated towards the 
apex, three carinz from the base not reaching beyond the 
middle. Abdomen shining and almost smooth, the sides 
thinly covered with white pubescence. Tibi thickly covered 
with white pubescence ; the tarsal ungues tridentate, the 
basal tooth rather blunt. Recurrent nervure received before 
the first transverse cubital nervure, the latter rather 
indistinct. 

Hab. Mlanje, Nyasaland (S. A. Neave) ; February. 

his may be distinguished from atra by the antenne, 
which are very stout at the base, with the four apical joints 
abruptly narrowed, by the position of the recurrent nervure, 
and the colour of the wings. 


Mangesia communis, sp. n. 


do. Niger; mandibulis fusco-ferrugineis; alis hyalinis, leviter in- 
fuscatis, venis nigris. 
Long. 13 mm. 


3. Mandibles quadridentate, the second and third teeth 
much more widely separated from each other than from the 
other teeth; second joint of the flagellum distinctly longer 
than the third, the apical joints slender but not elongate. 
Head coarsely punctured, rather sparsely on the vertex, 
punctured-rugose on the front, quadrate, the eyes separated 
from the posterior margin of the head by a little more than 
their own length. Pronotum transversely rugose, the ante- 
rior margin raised, the posterior margin strongly depressed. 
Mesonotum and scutellum strongly but rather sparsely 
punctured, the mesopleure rather more closely punctured. 
Median segment irregularly longitudinally striate at the base, 
with a low median carina reaching the apex of the horizontal 
surface, the remainder of the horizontal surface very irregu- 
larly reticulate, the apical slope almost vertical and trans- 
versely striated. Abdomen shining, the sides and apex very 
finely punctured and clothed with thin white pubescence. 
Submedian cell closed; cubital, transverse cubital, and 
recurrent nervures more or less faintly indicated, the first 
recurrent received before the first transverse cubital, the 
second recurrent and second transverse cubital indicated by 
white scars. 


Mr. R. E. Turner on Possoriat Hymenoptera. 295 


Hab. Mianje, Nyasaland, 6500 ft. ; December to February 
(S. A. Neave). 

This is rather near atra, Kieff., but the mandibles are 
different, also the position of the first recurrent nervure, 
which is interstitial in atfra. In that species the antenna 
are stouter, especially at the apex, and the second jomt of 
the flagellum is not longer than the third. 


Key to the Species of Kathepyris. 


1. First transverse cubital nervure present; 
abdomen black 2. 
First transverse cubital nervure obsolete ; 
abdomen light ferruginous ............ K. abdominalis, Turn. 
2. First recurrent nervure interstitial with the 
first transverse cubital nervure ........ K. nyassica, Wieff. 
First recurrent nervure received before the 
first transverse cubital nervure ........ K. decemdentata, Ender). 


Kathepyris abdominalis, sp. nu. 


3. Niger; mandibulis, antennis, abdomine, tegulis pedibusque 
rufo-testaceis ; alis hyalinis, venis rufo-testaceis. 
Long. 7 mm, 


3. Mandibles bidentate ; antennze not stout, 13-jointed, 
the joints of the flagellum (except the first) longer than 
broad, the third joint as long as the second. Head coarsely 
but not very closely punctured, broader than long, the eyes 
separated from the posterior margin of the head by a distance 
not exceeding their own length. Pronotum longer than 
the mesonotum, much narrowed in front, the anterior margin 
straight, closely punctured ; mesonotum and scutellum more 
sparsely punctured ; mesopleuree finely rugose, with a shining 
patch below the base of the hind wings. Median segment 
longer than broad, finely rugose at the base, smoother at the 
apex, with two low, parallel, longitudinal carine. Abdomen 
smooth and shining. ‘Tarsal ungues bifid. Submedian cell 
only indistinctly enclosed on the outer and lower margins, 
The apical ventral segment is divided longitudinally. 

Habs Mt. Kokanjero, 8S.W. of Elgon, Uganda Protecto- 
rate, 6400 ft.; August (S. A. Neave). 

The cubital, transverse cubital, and recurrent nervures are 
indicated by faint scars, the transverse cubital being practi- 
cally obsolete; the first recurrent joins the cubitus before 
the position of the first transverse cubital. 


296 Mr. R. E. Turner on Fossorial Iymenoptera. 


Genus NominetrA, Kieff. 
Nomineia, Kieff. Ann. Soc. Ent. France, Ixxx. p. 453 (1911). 


Type, N. africana, Kieff. 
This genus may be distinguished by the long spines on the 
cheeks, but is very close to Pristocera and Kathepyris. 


Key to the Species. 


1, Recurrent nervure interstitial with the first 


transverse cubital nervure, well developed .. NV. spinigera, Turn, 
Recurrent nervure received before the first ; 
transverse cubital nervure, indistinct ...... NV. armaticeps, Turn, 


Nomineia spinigera, sp. n. 


¢. Niger, albo-pilosus ; alis fusco-hyalinis ; genis infra acute tuber- 
culatis, pronoto antice angustato, margine antico anguste trun- 
cato. 

Long. 12°5 mm. 


3. Mandibles long, strongly bent before the apex and 
bidentate ; clypeus with a carina, head coarsely punctured, 
somewhat broader than long, subrectangular, rounded at 
the posterior angles, cheeks beneath with a stout and long 
spine, which is touched by the point of the long mandibles 
when they are closed. Pronotum strongly narrowed ante- 
riorly, nearly as long as the mesonotum, the anterior margin 
short and transverse. Thorax strongly but rather sparsely 
punctured, very sparsely on the dorsulum, the mesopleurze 
rugose. Median segment with a distinct triangular basal 
area occupying most of the dorsal surface, the hase longi- 
tudinally striated, the apical portion obliquely striated at the 
sides, with a low longitudinal carina in the middle, on each 
side of which are short transverse striz on an elongate-ovate 
surface ; the segment is broader than long, rounded at 
the posterior angles, and vertically truncate posteriorly. 
Abdomen shining and almost smooth, with white hairs 
on the sides. Neuration as in fuscipennis. Tarsal ungues 
tridentate, the basal tooth obtuse. Recurrent nervure inter- 
stitial with transverse cubital nervure. 

Hab. Simba, British East Africa, 3350 ft.; April (S. 4. 
Neave). 

A genus easily distinguished by the spine on the cheeks 
and the very long mandibles. 


Pristocerus rosmarus, Stadelm., is very near this species, 


Mr. R. E. Turner on Fossortal Hymenoptera. 297 


but the description of the pronotum does not correspond, 
the two deep transverse furrows and the longitudinal sulcus 
mentioned by him being absent in the present species. The 
spines on the cheek are very similar in the two species. 
P. rosmarus has been transferred by Stadelmann to his 
genus Dicrogenium, which is placed by Ashmead in his family 
Cosilide. I have not seen specimens of the genus, which is 
said to be without the lobe of the hind wing characteristic of 
the Bethylide. But I am inclined to look on the genus as 
an aberrant Bethylid, rather than transfer it to the position 
assigned to it by Ashmead. 


Nomineia armaticeps, sp. n. 


gd. Niger, rugose punctatus; tegulis fuscis; alis hyalinis, leviter 
infumatis ; genis spina acuta armatis. 
Long. 8 mm. 


g. Mandibles tridentate, the inner tooth not well defined, 
very short and blunt; second joint of the flagellum no longer 
than the third, the apical jomts not much narrowed. Head 
much broader than long, front rugose, vertex coarsely punc- 
tured; eyes separated from the posterior margin of the head 
by a distance scarcely equal to their own length; cheeks 
armed beneath with a strong spine. Thorax coarsely punc- 
tured, mesopleure rugose; pronotum much narrowed in 
front, the anterior margin straight. Median segment broader 
than long, longitudinally striated at the base, the triangular 
dorsal area well marked, the sides of the area finely obliquely 
striated, the sides of the segment and surface of the apical 
truncation rugulose. Abdomen smooth and shining, with 
sparse white pubescence on the sides and ventral surface, the 
apical segment punctured. ‘Tarsal ungues bidentate. Sub- 
median cell incompletely closed, the nervures at the apex 
indistinct ; recurrent nervure and first transverse cubital 
nervure indistinctly indicated, not interstitial. An indistinct 
nervure from the apex of the radius reaching nearly to the 
margin of the wing. 

Hab. Harar, Abyssinia (G. Kristensen). 

This is very nearly related to N. spinigera in the structure 
of the head and pronotum, but the mandibles are shorter. 
In both the transverse depression at the posterior margin of 
the pronotum is absent. In the present species the neura- 
tion is less developed than in WN. spinigera, the submedian 
cell being imperfectly closed, the recurrent and transverse 
cubital nervures only indicated, and not interstitial as in 
N. spinigera. 

Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol. xvi. 21 


998 Mr. R. E. Turner on Fossor‘al Hymenoptera. 


PsEUDOCALYOZA, gen. nov. 


g. Antenne twelve-jointed, joints 2-6 of the flagellum 
strongly produced at the apex on the outer side, but without 
a long lamella; pronotum long, narrowed anteriorly, not 
margined, and without a groove on the posterior margin ; 
mesonotum with two longitudinal furrows on each side, 
scutellum with a fovea on each side at the base; median 
segment margined at the apex, with five longitudinal carine ; 
tarsal ungues bifid, with a blunt lobe at the base; neuration 
as in Calyoza. 


Pseudocalyoza subramosa, sp. 0. 


3. Niger; antennis articulis septem basalibus, mandibulisque 
apice brunneo-ferrugineis; abdomine segmentis quinto, sexto, 
septimoque, quartoque dimidio apicali rufo-fergngineis; alis 
subhyalinis. 

Long. 9°5 mm. 

d. Mandibles broad and short, tridentate at the apex, — 
the outer tooth not much longer than the others. Clypeus 
with a carina; head and thorax closely, but not very coarsely, 
punctured ; head broader than long, the eyes separated from 
the posterior margin by a distance not equal to their own — 
length. Antenne longer than the thorax and median seg- 
ment combined, twelve-jointed, the scape no longer than the 
second joint of the flagellum and strongly curved, first joint 
of the flagellum very short, the other joints not differing 
much in length, joints 2-6 strongly produced at the apex on 
the outer side. Pronotum much longer than the mesonotum, 
strongly narrowed anteriorly ; median segment distinctly 
broader than long, with five longitudinal carine, the lateral 
carine converging a little towards the apex, the space 
between them finely transversely striated. Abdomen shining, 
very shallowly and indistinctly punctured, with seven dorsal 
segments ; hypopygium terminating in two long spines, as in 
Mutillide. 

Hab. Mianje, Nyasaland; November (8S. A. Neave). 

The anteune are somewhat similar to those of Pristocera 
laticornis, Kieff., but in that species the lower discoidal cell 
is closed. The dilatation of the antennal joints reaches the 
ninth joint. Thereis no transverse groove on the pronotum 
in subramosa,. 


Genus Paracatyoza, Cam. 


Paracalyoza, Cam. Deutsch. ent. Zeit. p. 377 (1909). 
Calyozina, Enderl, Ent. Mitth. Berlin, i. p. 263 (1912). 


On the Pucifie Species of Hippoglossoides. 299 


Paracalyoza hirtipennis, Cam. 
Paracalyoza hirtipennis, Cam. Deutsch. ent. Zeit. p. 377 (1909). ¢. 
Calyozina flavipennis, Turn. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) xiv. p. 245 
(1914).” ¢. 

I had overlooked Cameron’s description of this species. i 
do not think that there are sufficient reasons for separating 
the genus from Calyoza. Enderlein seems also to have 
overlooked Cameron’s paper. 


XXXIV.—On the Pacific Species of Hippoglossoides. By 
PETER SCHMIDT, Curator of the Ichthyological Department 
of the Zoological Museum of the Imperial Academy of 
Sciences in Petrograd. 


THE genus Hippoglossoides, Gottsche (Drepanopsetta, Gill), 
“is represented in the Atlantic Ocean, as has been shown by 
Collett (1878) and by Smitt (1893), by only one species— 
Hippoglossoides platessoides, Fabricius, The identity of 
American and European representatives of this speciés, 
formerly distinguished as Aippoglossrides platessoides and 
HA. limandoides, is now conceded apparently by all European 
and American writers. 

Very different at first sight are the conditions in the 
Pacific, where no less than five reputed species of Hippo- 
glossoides are recognized :— 


(1) Hippoglossoides elassodon, Jordan & Gilbert (1880), 
described from Seattle, Tacoma, and Puget Sound, 
and afterwards recorded from the Bering Sea by 
American naturalists, and by me from the Okhotsk 
Sea (Schmidt, 190+). 

(2) Hippoglossoides robustus, Gill & Townsend (1897), 
described from one specimen only from the Berin 
Sea (lat. 56° 14’ N., long. 164° 08’ W., 49 fath.). 
Not found afterwards. 

(3) Hippoglossoides hamiltoni, Jordan & Gilbert (1899), 
described from a specimen from Avatcha Bay, I 
recorded two examples from the Okhotsk Sea near 
Cape Terpeniya (Schmidt, 1904). 

(4) Hippoglossoides dubius, Schmidt (1904), described 


from two specimens (one of them young) from the 
215 


300 Mr. P. Schmidt on the 


North Japanese and Okhotsk Seas, and afterwards 
considered by American and Japanese authors [Jordan 
& Starks (1906), Jordan, Tanaka, & Snyder (1913)] 
to be the representative of a new genus—Cynopsetta, 
Schmidt [this name Cynopsetta was first used by me 
in a preliminary list (Schmidt, 1902) without descrip- 
tion}. J. O. Snyder (1912, p. 439) has identified 
two specimens found in Otaru as nearest to this 
species, but “with some doubt as to whether the 
species itself really differs from Hippoglossoides 
elassodon.” 


(5) Hippoglossoides katakure, Snyder (1911), described 
from Otaru (Hokkaido) from one specimen *. 


The near relationship of these five species has been gene- 
rally acknowledged. ‘Thus, of Jippoglossoides hamiltont, 
Jordan & Evermann (1898, p. 2617) write :— Allied to 
Hippoglossoides elassodon... Its relations with /7. robustus 
are much nearer, but the species are apparently distinct.” 
On the same subject I have written (Schmidt, 1904, 
p- 227) :—“ If we take into consideration that the Atlantic 
Fippoglossoides platessoides, a species nearly allied to Hippo- 
glossoides hamiltont and H. elassodon, is highly variable, 
and has, according to Smitt, D. 76-93, A. 64-73, it is 
doubtful if the separation of H. hamiltoni from HH. elassodon 
is well grounded, inasmuch as there are very few specimens 
for comparison. Having studied my two specimens, I 
believe that 27. hamiltoni may be perhaps regarded as a 
synonym of H. elassodon.” 

Of Hippoglossoides dubius I have written (Schmidt, 1904, 
p- 228) in the same work :—“ It is nearly allied to Hippo- 
glossoides elassodon, J. & G., differing in the more developed 
dentes canini, in the absence of scales on the interorbital 
space and on the snout, in the cycloid scales on the anterior 
part of the body, in the narrower interorbital space, and 
deeper caudal peduncle.” 

Table I. gives a comparison of the principal characters of 


* Huppoglossoides herzenstemi, Schmidt (1904), was described by me 
from the North Japanese Sea as a Hippoglossoides. But in the same 
work I suggested that it might be better to consider it as the representa- 
tive of a new genus—Trotopsetta. Now I amconyinced that this suppo- 
sition was well grounded, inasmuch as it coincides with the opinion of 
American and Japanese ichthyologists [Jordan & Starks (1906), Jordan, 
Tanaka, & Snyder (1913) ]. 


301 


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302 Mr. P. Schmidt on the 


the species of //ippoglossoides as described by different writers, 
and shows that the differences are very uncertain. 

We see in Table I. that the number of rays in the dorsal 
and anal fins of Hippoglossoides robustus (D. 76, A. 60), 
H. dubius (D. 85, A. 67), and H. katakure (D. 80, A. 69) 
lies between the limits of variation of the number of rays in 
H. elassodon {VD. 77-87, A. 59-67), or is very near to these, 
and only in LZ. hamilton (D. 72, A. 56) this number differs 
slightly. The depth of the body seems to be very different 
in EHippoglossoides dubius (33°3 °/, of the total length), but 
it is possible that the American ichthyologists have measured 
the length of the body from the tip of the snout to the base of 
the caudal, as measurements to the tip of the caudal, taken on 
the figures — & Gilbert, 1899, pl. Ixxxiv. ; Jordan & 
Goss, 1889, pl. ii. fig. 5) have given for Hippoglossvides 
hamiltoni 32°8 oy. eal for H. elassodon 35°8 °/, of the total 
length—7. e., nearly the same as in Hippoglossoides dubius. 

A more marked difference seems to lie in the diameter of 
the upper eye; but everybody who has measured flat-fishes 
knows that this is the most variable and uncertain measure. 

If we compare now other morphological features, we shall 
see that they give no good characters for separation of the 
five Pacific species of Hippoglossoides. 

The teeth in the jaws in all the species are in a single 
series. In Hippoglossoides elassodon they are, according to 
Jordan & Gilbert (1880, p. 278), “in the upper jaw... small 
conical, not very sharp .. . somewhat larger in front than on 
the sides and also more widely set,”’ “ lower jaw with a single 
series of rather close-set teeth similar to those in the upper 
jaw or slightly larger; those on the sides smaller than the 
anterior teeth ; number of the teeth about ate In Hippo- 
glossoides robustus, Gill & Town., after Jordan & Evermann * 
(1898, p. 2616), “teeth of the single row mostly separated 
from each other by intervals equal to width of teeth, curved 
inward and uniform on the sides; toward front 4 or 5 
enlarged preceded by twosmaller, leaving the middle toothless; 
in the lower jaw of nearly uniform size and inclining back- 
ward.” In Hippoglossotdes hamiltoni, after Jordan & Gilbert 
(1899, p. 489), “ teeth acute, in a single series in each jaw, 
all except the anterior teeth in each jaw short. At the 
symphysis of lower jaw the teeth are longer and directed 
inward, while in the anterior end of each premaxillary the 


* I have not seen the original description of Gill & Townsend, as this 
yolume of Proc, Wash. Biol. Soc. is wanting in our library. 


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7 


303 


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304 Mr. P. Schmidt on the 


teeth are still more enlarged and the series on each side 
describes a strong curve with its convex side toward the 
median line.” In Hippeglossoides dubius, after my descrip- 
tion (Schmidt, 1904, p. 227), “the teeth are sharp, conical, 
somewhat directed inward, in a single row; on the anterior 
part of premaxillary 6 teeth of middle size and behind 
them on each side a group of 2-3 large canines ; on the 
posterior part are smaller teeth; in the lower jaw are 4 
canines on the symphysis.” In HHippoglossoides katakure, 
after Snyder (1911, p. 546), “teeth are small, slender, in a 
single row on the symphysis, where they are irregularly 
placed, enlarged, and somewhat canine-like.” 

Comparing all these descriptions, we see that the teeth of 
the five species of Hippoglossoides are of the same general 
structure. hey have all on the anterior part of the upper 
jaws and on the symphysis of the lower jaw some enlarged, 
curved, canine-like teeth, directed backward and set not so 
close as other small conical teeth. 

The scales and their distribution are nearly identical in the 
five species; nor do other morphological features give diffe- 
rences sufficient for specific separation. 

This preliminary comparison of diagnoses has convinced 
me that the five Pacific forms of Hippoglossoides cannot be 
regaided as well-defined species. ‘Two of them—Htppo- 
glossoides hamiltoni and A. katakura—I believe to be synonyms — 
ot LHippoglossoides robustus and H. elassodon. It is really 
impossible to find in what J/ippoglossoides hamiltoni differs 
from HH. robustus. 'The differences of four rays in the dorsal 
and anal and of four pores in the lateral line is too insignifi- 
cant, considering the high degree of variation of the fin-rays 
and pores in //ippoglossoides (cf. Table II., p. 303). Jordan & 
Evermann give as distinctive the length of the pectoral—Z the 
length of head (=18°8 °/, of total length) in [ippoglossoides 
robustus and 3 length of head (=16°3 °/, of total length) in 
fl. hamiltoni. But if we take into consideration that the 
specimen of HH. robus/us was 318 mm. long and the specimen 
of H. hamiltont only 170 mm., and that, in general, younger 
forms have comparatively longer pectorals and caudals, we 
shall understand that this difference cannot be regarded as 
sufficient for separation. ‘The wider interorbital space, the 
smaller symphysial knob, the larger nasal tubes of Aippo- 
glossoides hamiltont are also features connected with youth, 
and the roughness of the scales and the form of the anterior 
part of the lateral line is highly variable in Aippoglossordes. 

In the same manner it is impossible to distinguish Hzppo- 
glossoides katakure from H. elassodon. The depth of thie 


Pacific Species of Hippoglossoides. 305 


body seems to be not higher, as Snyder gives, but the same 
as in H. elassodon (40°/, of the length to the base of caudal) ; 
the number of rays in the dorsal is also not greater (cf. 
Snyder, 1912, p. 439) than in this species. Only the lateral 
line seems to form a more abrupt and higher arch ; but this 
feature is highly variable, and one can find in Hippoglossoides 
elassodon all the transitional stages. 


Studying now the Heterosomata of tle Russian seas in the 
Zoological Museum of the Imperial Academy of Sciences in 
Petrograd, I have examined the large material on Pacific 
forms of Hippoglossoides collected by different Russian expe- 
ditions during the last ten years, and I have re-examined 
also my former material. This study brings me to the con- 
viction that in the Pacific Ocean there is, as in the Atlantic, 
only one well-defined species of Hippoglossoides, with three 
highly variable subspecies. 

The material examined consisted of forty-six specimens of 
different sizes ; one part of these was accurately measured on 
a detailed scheme, and percentage values were calculated. 

By these detailed studies I could not find the limits of 
three species which seemed to me to be well defined in my 
first examination twelve years ago. All these species— 
Hippoglossoides elassodon, H. robustus, and H. dubius—were 
represented in our collections, but they were so connected 
through different transitions that it was not possible to separate 
them from one another. They must therefore be regarded 
not as separate species, but as subspecies (or varieties) of one 
speciles—Hippoglossoides elassodon, Jord. & Gilb. 

The most characteristic of these three forms is Hippo- 
glossoides elassodon dubius, which is distinguished by the 
strong, curved, canine-like teeth on the anterior part of the 
premaxillaries and on the symphysis of the lower jaw ; but 
the number and position of these teeth are the same as in 
other forms—only they are more developed, sometimes twice 
as long as the other teeth. All the other features formerly 
considered by me as distinguishing characters lie within the 
limits of variation of both the other forms. 

The number of rays in the fins of Hippoglosscides elassodon 
dubius is also not characteristic ; we find in our collection 
the following variation :— 


D. 77 81 83 84 85 87 90 rays. 
at tn, ALY ae cee, Sl RDePIRIONS, 


A. 57 62 63 65 66 67 rays. 
lL 2 1 F 2. & specimens. 


306 Mr. P. Schmidt on the 


All the specimens of our collection attributed by me to 
ZI, elassodon dubius are 300-431 mm. long, and in the smaller 
specimens I have never found such development of canine- 
like teeth. ‘Therefore it may be supposed that /7/. elassodon 
dubtus is nothing more than older specimens of H. elassodon. 
But, on the other hand, we see that this form is restricted to 
a separate geographical area: all the specimens of our collec- 
tion are fiom Tartar Strait (North Japanese Sea). It may 
be, therefore, that it is a distinct subspecies, and as such I 
consider it for the present. 

The forms Lippoglossoides elassodon elassodon and H. elasso- 
don robustus can be distinguished by the number of rays in 
dorsal and anal. I attribute to the forma typica specimens 
having D. 77-86, A. 60-69, and to Hippoglossoides elassodon 
robustus specimens with D, 67-75, A. 51-59. In our collec- 
tion we find the following distribution :— 


Hippoglossoides elassodon elassodon. 


D. 76 79 81 82 83 84 85 86 rays. 
lod @, &.\2; 2», 2 spectimpns, 


A. 60 61 62 63 64 66 67 68 69 rays. 
1) (bal A 8 ee? Ot? oe et epee 


Hippoglossoides elassodon robustus. 


D. 67 68 69 71 72 73 74 76 V6 77 Taye: 
DS oS yl se ee 


A. 51 52 653 54 55 56 57 59 rays. 
1°27 2) BS BA 2 epecamiens: 


The specimens of H. elassodon robustus having D. 76 and 
D. 77 could be attributed to H/. elassodon elassodon, but they 
lave at the same time a very low number of anal rays (A. 57, 
A. 59), and must be regarded therefore as transitional forms. 
This Table demonstrates sufficiently clearly that we have here 
only one variation row with two maximums, 7. e. two nearly 
connected forms of one species. 

In other respects both forms are also nearly connected, as 
is shown in Table II.* (p. 303), representing the chief 
features. 


* This Table is only an extract of the results of my measurements. 
More complete tables, detailed diagnoses, and synonymy of the Atlantic 
and Pacific species of Hippoglossoides will be published in my monograph 
of Russian Heterosomata, forming a volume of ‘ Faune de la Russie,’ 
published by the Imperial Academy of Sciences of Petrograd. 


a ewe 1 pede eite At itis . 


a Semel 


DP hl on dha nate 


Pacific Species of Hippoglossoides. 307 


If we try now to summarize the facts given above, we shall 
have the following scheme :— 


Genus HiIppoagLossorbes, Gottsche, 1835. 


[= Citharus, Reinhard, 1838,=Drepanopsetta, Gill, 1861, = Pomato- 
psetta, Gill, 1864,= =C; ynopsetta (Schmidt iz Uitt.), J ordan & Starks, 
1906. } 


I. Branchiostegal rays 8. Lateral line single, 

neatly straight. The contours of the 

dorsal and anal fins in the posterior half 

convex. (Atlantic Ocean.) .......:..4- H. platessoides, Fabr. 
II. Branchiostegal rays 7. Lateral line single, 

slightly rising anteriorly or forming a very 

low arch, The contours of the dorsal and 


anal fins in the posterior half concave. [Gilb. 
pe eEEe CACORE Wee ia tg din eiciate of acy- xo Bake * H. elassodon, Jord. & 
a. The prominent teeth in the anterior part 
of the upper and lower jaws large, ((Schmidt). 
PT To eG teen COLD ATO mac” Poeane ae HI. elassodon dubius 


b, The prominent teeth in the anterior part 
of the upper and lower jaws not very 


large. 
#, The number of rays in dorsal fin 76-86, 
mostly 81-83; in anal 60-69, mostly [(Jord. & Gilb.). 
Baa O RT ct ist teen aaa dela etek H. elassodon elassodon 
8. The number of rays in dorsal fin 67-75, 
mostly 71-74; in anal 51-59, mostly [(Gill & Towns.). 
Fi RR Sars pitistcn wacreesin tear ecltiras HH. elassodon robustus 


The synonymy of the three subspecies of Hippog/ossoides 
elassodon, Jordan & Gilbert, will be as follows :— 


1. Hippoglossoides elassodon dubius (Schmidt). 


Cynopseita dubia, Schmidt (in litt.), 1902. 

Hippoglossoides dubius, Schmidt, 1904. 

Cynopsetta dubia, Schm.; Jordan & Starks, 1906. 
Hippoglossoides dubius, Schm.; Snyder, 1912. 

Cynopsetta dubia, Schm.; Jordan, Tanaka, & Snyder, 1913. 


2. Hippoglossotdes elassodon elassodon (Jord. & Gilb.). 
Hippoglossoides elassodon, Jordan & Gilbert, 1880. 


a 5 Bean, 1881. 

- A Jordan & Gilbert, 1883. 

- + Jordan & Goss, 1886, 

3 me Jordan & Evermann, 1898, 
BS 3 Jordan & Gilbert, 1899. 

s | Schmidt, 1902, 1904. 

eS 3 Jordan & Starks, 1906. 


Gilbert & Burke, 1910. 
Hippoglossoides katakure, Snyder, 1911, 1912. 
Hippoglossoides elassodon, Jordan, Tanaka, & Snyder, 1913. 
Hippoglossoides katakure, Sn.; Jordan, Tanaka, & Snyder, 1913. 


308 On the Pacific Species of Hippoglossoides. 


3. Llippoglossoides elassodon robustus (Gill & Town.). 


Hippoglossoides robustus, Gill & Townsend, 1897, 

- $ Jordan & Evermann, 1898. 

= ‘. Jordan & Gilbert, 1899. 
Hippoglossoides hamiltont, Jordan & Evermann, 1898. 
Jordan & Gilbert, 1899. 
Schmidt, 1902, 1904. 
Jordan & Starks, 1906, 
Jordan, Tanaka, & Snyder, 1913. 


It is possible, as I have mentioned above, that more 
detailed investigations of a larger material may prove that 
Hippoglossoides elassodon dubius is merely an age-variation 
of the forma typica. In this case we shall have in the Pacific 
only one species of Hippoglossoides, with two subspecies 
differing in geographical distribution, as Hippoglossoides 
elassodon robustus, according to our collections, belongs more 
to the northern parts of the Okhotsk Sea, while /Hippo- 
glossoides elassodon elassodon (and H. e. dubius) is more 
represented in the southern parts of Okhotsk Sea and in the 
North Japanese Sea (Tartar Strait). 


BIBLIOGRAPHY. 


Bran. 1881. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vol. iv. p. 242. 

CotteTT, 1878. Vidensk. Selsk. Christiania Forhand, no. 14, p. 92. 

GiLBEeR?T and Burke. 1910. Bull. Bureau of Fisheries, Washington, 
vol, xxx. no. 754, p. 95. 

Git and TownsEND. 1897. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, vol. xi. 
p. 234. 

Goenaca. 1835. Wiegmann’s Archiv f, Nat. vol. il. p. 164. 

JorpaNand EverMann. 1898. ‘Fishes of N. and M. America,’ vol. iii. 

. 2615. 

Joma and GILBERT, 1880. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vol. iii. p. 278. 

—. 1883. Synopsis Fish. N. Am. p. 826. 

1899. ‘Fur Seals and Fur-Seal Islands,’ pt. iii. p. 488. 

JorpaN and Goss. 1889, Rep. U.S. Fish. and F. Commiss. vol. xiy. 

. 241, 

J ae und Starks, 1906. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vol. xxxi. p. 189. 

Jorpan, Tanaka, and Snyper. 1913, Journ. Coll. Se. Tokyo Imp. 
Uniy. vol. xxxiii. art. i. p. 820. 

Scumipt. 1902. Isvest. Imp. Russ. Geogr. Soc. vol. xxxviii. p. 521. 

1904. ‘Pisces marium orientalium Imperii Rossici,’ p. 225, 

Smirr. 1893. Hist. Scandin. Fishes, vol. i. p. 421. 

Snyper. 1911. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vol. xl. p. 546. 

1912. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus, vol. xlii. p. 439. 


On the Himalayan Bat known as Murina grisea. 309 


XXXV.— A Special Genus for the Himalayan Bat known as 
Murina grisea. By OLDFIELD ‘l’HOMAS. 


(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.) 


THE teeth of Murina grisea differ so markedly from those of 
the other species of Murina that I think it should be separated 
from them to form a special genus, which might be called 


HARPIOLA, gen. nov. 


External characters as in Murina, except that the wing- 
membrane is attached to the base of the first toe, instead of 
near its claw, as is ordinarily the case in Murina. 

Teeth remarkable for the almost complete suppression of the 
usual specialization of the canine, the upper incisors, canine, 
and premolars being all subequal in size and closely similar 
in shape; the incisors therefore comparatively enormous, 
nearly as large as the reduced canine, tle second one pressed 
close against the front of the latter. Canine scarcely higher. 
than the anterior premolar, which, in turn, is actually larger 
in all dimensions (except in its outer antero-posterior diameter) 
than the second, the converse’ being the case in all species of 
Murina. Below, the incisors are, as usual, quite small, but 
the canine is again reduced, less in height than the first 
premolar—this, in turn, very slightly less than the posterior 
premolar. Upper molars with the metacone so reduced as 
to be scarcely higher than the paracone, which it ordinarily 
far surpasses. 

In transverse area all the anterior teeth, incisors, canines, 
and premolars are remarkably broad and bulky, while the 
molars are unusually narrowed ; as a result, both the canine 
and first premolar are each as broad as the molars, a propor- 
tion unknown elsewhere in the family except in the genus 
Harpiocephalus. 

Genotype. Harpiola grisea (Murina grisea, Peters). 

It is noticeable that the molars, usually so uniform in their 
structure, should in this one subfamily, the Murinine, be so 
variable—the three genera, Murina, Harpiola, and Harpio- 
cephalus, being readily distinguishable from each other by 
their molar structure only. 

The typical species of Harpiola, H. grisea, is unfortunately 
as yet only known by the type-specimen in the British 
Museum, and this, like others of the series collected by 


310 Mr. O. Thomas on 


Capt. Hutton, has undergone certain vicissitudes which have 
affected the condition of the skull. No cranial characters can 
therefore be described, and even the teeth appear to be a little 
distorted and shrunk; but this can in no way affect the 
distinguishing marks on which the genus is based. 


XXXVI.—A new Genus of Phyllostome Bats and a new 
Rhipidomys from Ecuador. By OLDFIELD THOMAS. 


(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.) 


AMONG a small collection of mammals from Baeza, Oriente of 
Ecuador, presented to the National Museum by Mr. Walter 
Goodfellow, there occurs, besides such rarities as Artibeus 
glaucus, Diphylla ecaudata, Nasua judex, and Oryzomys 
balneator, an example representing a new genus and species 
allied to the common Sturnira lilium of the same region. 

It may be described as follows :— 


CorvIRA, gen. nov. 


General characters as in Sturnira, but only two lower 
incisors present. 

External structure apparently quite as in Sturnira, though 
the nose-leaf and ear may show some differences when spirit- 
specimens are examined. Interfemoral membrane similarly 
reduced. No glandular shoulder-tufts perceptible. 

Skull of the general shape of that of Sturnira, but the 
muzzle and interorbital region rather narrower. Angular 
process of mandible shorter, 

Teeth of the same non-cuspidate character as those of 
Sturnira. Upper incisors more disproportionate than in that 
genus, the outer ones smaller and narrower, the inner pair 
longer and slenderer, with a small supplementary basal cusp 
postero-externally ; breadth of the whole incisor-row much 
less than in Sturnira, not equalling the length of the canine. 
Premolars and molars all slightly separated from each other ; 
the premolars evenly oval transversely, their breadth about 
three-fourths that in Sturnira, while their antero-posterior 
diameter is only about half. J subtriangular, with rounded 
angles, more carnassial-shaped than in Sturniva; other molars 
about as in Sturnira. Throughout the series all cusps are 


s 


i SS iss Saad 


ted. “View 


a new Genus of Phyllostome Bats. 311 


obsolescent and rounded as in Sturnira, though perhaps a 
little less so, 

Lower incisors only two, bicuspid, in the narrow space in 
front of the nearly approximated canines. Other lower teeth 
separated from each other, of about the same breadth, but 
shorter antero-posteriorly than their homologues in Sturnira. 

Type. Corvira bidens, sp. n. 

Owing to the extreme isolation of Sturnira, considered by 
Miller as forming a special subfamily, the discovery of, 
another genus allied to it is of much interest. In the more 
triangular shape of m* and rather better developed cusps to 
some of the teeth, Corvira is perhaps slightly less specialized 
than Sturnira, while in the total suppression of the outer 
lower incisors it has a peculiarity unknown in this group of 
the Phyllostomide. 


Corvira bidens, sp. n. 


Size and general appearance very much as in Sturnira 
lilium. Fur close, velvety, hairs of back about 6 mm. in 
length. General colour above dark grey-brown—nearly 
“ blackish brown,’—the individual hairs pale brown for their 
basal half, silvery grey for their next fourth, their tips 
blackish ; the crown blacker, across the shoulders rather 
greyer, the back again blacker, but these differences quite 
slight. Under surface uniformly brown (near mummy- 
brown), the hairs brown to their bases. Legs and feet 
hairy, as in Stwrnira, the feet proportionally rather larger. 
Wings uniformly brown. 

Skull and teeth as described above. 

Dimensions of the type (which is somewhat immature) :— 

Forearm 43 mm. 

Head and body (on skin) 73 ; nose-leaf (dry) 7; ear (dry) 
from internal base 10; third finger, metacarpus 42, first 
phalanx 17, second phalanx 21°5 ; foot (c. u.) 16. 

Skull: greatest length 22°2; condylo-basal length 20 ; 
zygomatic breadth 12°5; interorbital breadth 5:5; mastoid 
breadth 11°7 ; palatal length 10; front of canine to back of 
m® 6°73; breadth between outer corners of m? 7. 

Hab. (of type). Baeza, Upper Coca River, Oriente of 
N. Ecuador. Alt. 6500’. 

Type. Immature male. B.M. no, 15. 7.11.7. Original 
number 19. Collected April 1914, and presented by Walter 
Goodfellow, Esq. 

The peculiar knack possessed by Mr. Goodfellow of 


312 On a new Rhipidomys from Ecuador. 


capturing remarkable novelties, even when unable to make 
considerable collections, is again exemplified by his discovery 
of this interesting bat, which, so like the common Sturnira 
Lilium externally, represents a most distinct new genus. 

So great is this external resemblance of Corvira bidens to 
Sturnira lilium, that the only distinguishing character I can 
at present point out is the decidedly darker colour, especially 
below, all the other features being occasionally found in the 
latter animal. Should any mistake have occurred in the 
allocation of the skin to the skull, the latter should, of course, 
be taken as the type of the new form. 


Rhipidomys equatoris, sp. n. 

Closely related to 2. leucodactylus, but with grey-mixed 
belly. 

Size large, just about as in lewcodactylus. Fur short and 
crisp. General colour above lined greyish with a slight tinge 
of fulvous, but the members of this genus vary so much in 
their range of colour from fulvous to grey that little stress 
can be laid on the exact shade of the fur. Under surface 
uniformly bluish grey, the bases of the hairs slaty, the tips 
dull whitish ; chin and throat-hairs white to the base. Hands 
and feet particoloured as in leucodactylus, the metapodials 
mesially dark brown, the edges and digits white. Tail well- 
haired, wholly dark brown. 

Skull quite like that of R. leucodactylus, and differing 
equally from that of &. lucullus by its smaller size and 
markedly smaller brain-case. 

Dimensions of the type (measured in the flesh) :— 

Head and body 175 mm.; tail 220; hind foot 32; 
ear 21. 

Skull: greatest length 40; condylo-incisive length 37°5 ; 
zygomatic breadth 21 ; nasals 14°4; interorbital breadth 671; 
breadth of brain-case 15°8; palatilar length 17:1; palatal 
foramina 8°4 ; upper molar series 7. 

Hab. San Domingo, W. Ecuador (79° 6’ W., 0° 13’ §.). 
Ait. 1600’. 

Type. Adult female. B.M. no. 15. 1.1.39. Original 
number 414. Collected 8th July, 1914, by Gilbert 
Hammond. Presented by Oldfield Thomas. ‘l'wo specimens, 

This Ecuadorean FRhipidomys differs from the common 
R. leucodactylus of Peru by its grey belly, that species having 
the median ventral area quite white. From R. lucullus, 
which similarly has a greyish belly, it differs by its smaller 
skull, and especially its smaller brain-case. 


ai bier 


On Asiatic Bamboo-Rats. 313 


XXXVII.—Further Notes on Asiatic Bamboo-Rats. 
By OLDFIELD THOMAS. 


(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.) 


SINCE writing my “ Notes on the Asiatic Bamboo-Rats ” * 
I have had, thanks to the kindness of Dr. Annandale, the 
opportunity of examining typical specimens of the species 
described by Blyth as Rhzzomys pruinosus and castaneus, and 
am therefore now able to make a further contribution to the 
subject. 


Rhizomys pruinosus, Blyth f. 


This species was described from Cherra Punji, Khasia 
Hills, Assam, and specimens have since been reterred to it 
from various localities to the eastward as far as Yunnan. 
Now, however, on comparison with the typical specimen 
obtained by Mr. Skipwith at Cherra Punji, I find that the 
more eastern specimens are distinguishable by their greater 
size. The British Museum only contains young specimens 
from the Khasia and Naga Hills; but Mr. Skipwith’s 
specimen, fully adult, hasa palatilar length of only 32°2 mm., 
with length of upper molar series (crowns) 12 mm. ; breadth 
of m? 4:7. Compared with this the eastern form may be 
described as follows :— 


Lthizomys senex, sp. n. 


As in R. pruinosus, but size larger and teeth heavier. 

Colour and general appearance quite as in FR. pruinosus, 
the fur similarly long, soft, slaty blackish, profusely grizzled 
with the white tips to the longer hairs. Under surface paler 
slaty varying towards greyish white. Hands and feet brown. 
Mamme 1—3=8. 

Skull, as gauged by teeth, decidedly larger than in 
R. pruinosus, but no perfect skull, fully adult, of the latter is 
available. ‘lhe zygomata are also decidedly broader (verti- 
cally), the median height being in senex 9 mm., as compared 
with 7°5 in prutnosus and 6°5 in sinensis. On the whole, the 
skull is most like that of R. sinensis, but has a broader and 
lower occipital plane, and, as indicated by its measurements 


above, broader zygomata, 


* Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) xvi. p. 56 (1915). 
+ J. A.S. B. xx. p. 519 (1851). 


Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol. xvi. 22 


314 Mr, O. Thomas on 


Skull-dimensions of the type :— 

Condylo-basal length 67 mm. ; condylo-incisive length 66 ; 
zygomatic breadth 48*7; nasals 25x 8°7; anteorbital fora- 
men 6°25; greatest breadth on frontals 18:7 ; interorbital 
breadth 10°5 ; height of crown from alveolus of m* 27:8 ; 
occipital plane, height from basion 22°5, breadth 33 ; palatilar 
length 37:2; palatal foramina 6°7; upper molar series 
(crowns) 15:2 ; breadth of m? 5:6. 

Hab. Eastern Burma and Yunnan. Type from Yunnan, 
probably from the neighbourhood of Mong-tze. 

Type. Adult female. B.M. no. 12. 7. 25.42. Original 
number 4. Collected 9th June, 1910, by H. Orii. 

Distinguished from R. pruinosus by its greater size, this 
species is separable from R. sinensis by the definitely hoary 
character of its fur, that animal being practically without the 
white-tipped longer hairs which give so marked a character 
to R. pruinosus, latouchei, and senex. In this respect, there- 
fore, 2. sinensis approaches the unicolor soft-furred Chinese 
species 2. vestitus and davidi. 


CANNOMYS. 


The uncertainty about the identity of Blyth’s Rhizomys 
castaneus, said to be from “ Arakan,”’ has hitherto prevented 
consideration of the different species and races of Cannomys. 
Now, however, the examination of the specimen sent by 
Dr. Annandale as typical of castaneus * enables me to make 
a preliminary attempt at the arrangement of the group—but 
it is very far from complete or satisfactory. 

The specimen of C. castaneus is skull no. 403 of the Indian 
Museum, and [ find it closely agrees with examples in the 
British Museum from Thaton, Tenasserim, and is clearly 
the same form. Whether the species is really to be found 
in Arakan remains to be seen when that little-known country 
is properly explored. 

Thanks to the splendid work of the Bombay Natural 
History Society, series of these red bamboo-rats have been 
obtained on the Chindwin, in the Shan States, and on 
Mt. Popa, thus effectively supplementing those which the 
Museum possessed trom Sikkim, Manipur, Siam, Tenasserim, 
&e. 

Externally there is little difference between the different 
local forms. All are of similar proportions and all, with one 
exception, have the coat washed terminally with some shade 
of rufous, which may be brighter in some and deeper in others, 


* Rhizomys castaneus, Blyth, J. A. 8. B. xii. p. 1007 (1843), 


Asiatic Bamboo-Rats. 315 


but the difference is never beyond the range of individual 
variation. On the analogy of other burrowing rodents, one 
might have expected to find a considerable number of 
plumbeous individuals in all districts, but, curiously enough, 
these only occur in a single race—that of the Shan States 
plateau,—and there they are in a majority, a small minority 
of the individuals only being of the normal rufous coloration. 

Even in the skull the differences are few in number and 
not very striking. General size and size of teeth are the 
most important, the other cranial proportions being much the 
same in all. 

The following are the names and characters of the different 
races I recognize. For the use of the words connoting size, 
justification must be sought in the table of cranial measure- 
ments (p. 316). All the characters are based on series, and 
in every locality occasional individuals may be found not quite 
true to type. 


1. Cannomys badius, Hodgs. 


Large, with large teeth. Zygomata of medium expansion. 
Colour normal. 

Nepal (Hodgson), Sikkim (Hodgson, Charlton, Blanford), 
Khasia Hills (Glanford), Manipur (Hume), Chindwin (Bom- 
bay Survey), Kakhyen Hills (Anderson). 


2. Cannomys pater, sp. n. 


Size largest of genus, but the teeth generally smaller than 
in badius. Zygomata widely spread and well developed 
vertically. Colour paler and brighter than in badius, near 
“pinkish cinnamon,” but, owing to the gloss, far brighter 
than the dull tone of the colour-book. 

Mt. Popa, dry zone of Burma (Bombay Survey, Shortridge 
Coll.). 

‘Type. Adult female. B.M. no. 14. 7.19. 231. Original 
number 3574. Collected 5th September, 1913, by G. C. 
Shortridge. Presented by the Bombay Natural History 
Society. 

3. Cannomys castaneus, Blyth. 

Size small ; the teeth also very small. 


3a. Cannomys castaneus plumbescens, subsp. n. 


Colour commonly uniform plumbeous, only two specimens 
out of a dozen having any rufous, and even these being 
darker than the normal. 

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On anew Genus of Lamellicorn Beetles. 317 


Plateau of Northern Shan States, Type from Gokteik, 
2130’, other specimens from Pyaunggaung, 2790’, and 
Mansam Falls, 2000’. 

Type. Adult female, B.M. no. 14. 7. 8.48. Original 
number 2756. Collected 22nd April, 1913, by G. C. Short- 
ridge. Presented by the Bombay Natural History Society. 

A dark plateau representative of C. castaneus, ‘The zygo- 
mata are generally stronger than in true castaneus, hut not 
invariably so, and as the plumbeous coloration is also not 
invariable, I have only distinguished this form as a subspecies, 
in spite of the considerable difference in locality. 


36, Cannomys castaneus castaneus. 


Colour about as in badius, or rather brighter. Zygomata 
slender, 

Tenasserim, Thaton (Davison, Blanford). 'Type-locality 
said to be Arakan, 


4, Cannomys minor, Gray. 


Size variable. Teeth large. Colour chestnut or brownish. 

Hab. Siam. 

I am not at present able to come to any satisfactory con- 
clusion about the Siamese bamboo-rats. Northern specimens, 
from Chiengmai and Nan, can hardly be distinguished from 
examples of C, badius, but they vary considerably among 
themselves. The Museum collection contains specimens, in 
addition, from Raheng (Barton) and Pechaburi (Mouhot), 
besides the immature and much deteriorated type (B,M. 
no, 79. 11. 21.526), which was obtained during the Finlayson 
mission of 1821-2. 


XXXVUI.— Upon a Remarkable new Genus of Lamellicorn 
Beetles from Borneo. By GiLBert J. ARROW. 


(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.) 


THE rare and interesting insects forming the small group 
Aclopine have been known up to the present time only in 
two widely separated parts of the world—the southern part 
of South America and the northern part of Australia. 
Remote as these regions are from one another, it is now fairly 
well recognized that the strong points of resemblance in their 


318 On a new Genus of Lamellicorn Beetles. 


faunas indicate that they have not always been separated 
as completely as they now are. The representatives of the 
group in Australia and South America respectively are very 
closely related, and the new form here described is the most 
isolated yet known. While differing little from Phenognatha 
and Aclopus in the essential features of the group (the peculiar 
development of the mandibles and labrum, the reduction of 
the maxille and labium and of the number of joints in the 
antenna), in other characters common to all the hitherto- 
known species (the greatly reduced abdomen, long meta- 
sternum, and consequent far-back position of the hind legs, 
and the extreme slenderness of the tarsi) it differs entirely. 
It is also peculiar in the great size of the club of the antenna, 
a feature, of course, distinctive of the males, and also in a 
still more interesting particular, in all probability peculiar 
also to that sex, viz., the cleft inner claw of the front foot. 
The absence of the female is another significant point of 
agreement with Phwnognatha and Aclopus, of which only a 
single female specimen has yet been recorded, although the 
species appear to be fairly numerous. Probably in all the 
genera the females are sluggish and of quite different habits 
to the males. 


XENACLOPUS, gen. nov. 


Corpus latum, ubigue erecte ciliatum. Caput breve, oculis desuper 
visis parvis, lateraliter haud prominentibus. Clypeus brevissimus, 
antice late arcuatus. Labrum valde porrectum, corneum, fere 
semicirculare. Mandibule detect, fere semicirculares, haud 
acuminate aut dentate, supra concave. Maxille multo reducte, 
mutice, palpis longis, 4-articulatis. Mentum solidum, acumina- 
tum, palpis terminalibus, longis. Omnium palporum articulus 
ultimus longissimus, Antenne 9-articulate, clava triphylla. 
Pedes validi. Coxe grandes contiguz, antice latissime, intus 
prominentes. Femora 4 posteriora lata. Tibia antica fortiter 
3-dentata, posteriores extus transversim carinate et spincse. 
Tarsi longitudine ad tibias fere sequales. Abdomen subtus 
6-articulatum, paulo contractum. 

g, antennarum articuli 3 ultimi grandes, longitudine ad stipitem 
eeyuales, basi angusti, deinde valde dilatati; pedum anticorum 
unguis internus profunde fissus. 


Xenaclopus borneensis, sp. n. 


Parvus, breviter oblongus, castaneus, nitidus, capite, scutello, 
-elytrorum sutura ‘et marginibus externis abdomineque nigris ; 
corpore toto cum pedibus longe sed sparsim erecte ciliato; capite 
laxe rugoso, pronoto et elytris grosse squaliter haud crebre 
punctatis, punctis piliferis; pronoto leyiter convexo, lateribus 


~~ tamer 4 4 


a 


Pee Ra dis.“ 


On Beetles of the Melolonthid Genus Rhopea. 319 


fortiter et regulariter arcuatis, angulis anticis paulo acutis, 
posticis obsoletis ; scutello sat magno, brevi, haud acute angulato ; 
elytris valde convexis, humeris prominentibus; abdomine toto 
tecto. 

Long. 4°5 mm.; lat. 2-5 mm. 


Hab, SARAwAK: Mt. Merinjak (600-1500 ft., May) ; 
Lundu (January). 

Male specimens of this very interesting insect were found 
by Mr. G. C. Bryant upon foliage in the jungle on various 
occasions in 1914, but no females were seen, 

It is a small creature of rather short compact form, with a 
shining surface, varying in colour from light chestnut to 
nearly black, and sparsely studded everywhere with long 
bristling hairs arising from large pits, The legs are stout 
and the antennz end in a massive club (distinctive, of course, 
of the male), which constitutes the most striking feature of 
the insect. Hach antenna consists of nine joints, the first not 
long, the second globular, the third long and slender, the 
fourth and fifth each about half the length of the third, the 
sixth very short, and the last three very large, longer than 
the entire foot-stalk and shaped like the section of a pear, 
narrow at the base and at the widest part nearly half as wide 
as long. The front tibia bears three very strong and sharp 
external teeth, the middle and hind tibie are very spinose 
externally and at their extremities, where they are rather 
dilated, and bear long terminal spurs. The claws are strongly 
curved, but not very long, simple and symmetrical, except 
the inner front one, which is deeply cleft, 


XXXIX.—Upon the Beetles of the Melolonthid Genus Rhopea 
found in the Fiji Islands. By Gitpert J. Arrow. 


(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.) 


In revising the genus Rhopea, in the Trans. Roy. Soc. of 
S. Australia, vol, xxxv. (1911), Blackburn mentions that it 
appears to be, on the whole, a South Australian genus. In 
addition to the species known to him, however, one, of which 
he makes no mention (R. vitiensis, Fairm.), has been de- 
scribed from the Fiji Islands and I am now adding two 
others recently received from the same islands, where one of 
them at least is a serious pest, its grubs feeding upon the 
roots of sugar-cane. 

The two new species are smaller than the one first 
described, of which the British Museum possesses a co-type. 


320 Mr. G. J. Arrow on Beetles of the Melolonthid 


The three species are very closely related, and all have 
been found in the same island, Viti Levu. Although 
forming a separate group, the features which divide them 
from the Australian forms of Rhopea are so slight that 
there appears to me no sufficient reason for excluding them 
from the genus. They differ from the more typical species 
in having a narrower pronotum, angulated at the sides and 
not dilated, with a slight pit near the middle, in which is 
ageregated a cluster of the fine setae with which the body 
is clothed. The basal joint of the hind tarsus is distinctly 
longer than the succeeding one, the tooth beneath the claws 
is very minute, placed near the base and united with the 
basal dilatation, and the antennal club consists of six lamelle 
in the male and three in the female. The spurs of the hind 
tibize are slender in the male, broad and blunt in the female, 
with the terminal part thin and translucent. In _ the 
Australian species of Rhopea, as Blackburn has pointed out, 
these spines are slender in both sexes. 

The three Fijian species may be distinguished by the 
following differential characters :— 


Sculpture of the upper surface very fine and dense .. _vestita, sp. . 
Sculpture of the upper surface not very fine and dense. 
Rather shining ; elytra distinctly punctured .... subnitida, sp. n. 
Not shining ; elytra Tapose | ...9. Slaw th wa . vitiensis, Fairm. 


Rhopea vestita, sp. n. 


Fusco-rufa, abdomine nigro, setis minutis decumbentibus griseis 
omnino yestita, pectore dense sat longe fulvo-hirto ; corpore haud 
longe ovali, convexo, capite crebre punctato, fronte magis grosse 
et rugose; clypeo lato, margine antico reflexo, medio leviter 
sinuato; pronoto haud lato, dense ruguloso-punctato, lineola 
minuta mediana levi fossulaque anteriori dense setosa, lateribus 
medio fortiter angulatis, angulis posticis quam anticos fere acuti- 
oribus; elytris subtiliter et dense rugulosis, vix costatis; pygidii 
wedio levi, lateribus rugulosis et setosis: 

g,antennarum articulo 4° spinoso, 5° modice producto, 6°-10° 
subeequaliter lamellatis. 

Long. 15-18°5 mm., lat. max, 8-9°5 mm. 


Hab. Virt Levu, Sigatoka Dist. (May to August, 
R. Veitch § D. S. North); Nadi Dist. (J. F. Illingworth). 

Large numbers of this insect have been found in all stages 
in thesugar-plantations by Mr. R, Veitch, whointends shortly 
to publish an account of it from the economic standpoint. 

It is smaller than the hitherto-known species of Rhopea, 
reddish brown in colour, with a black abdomen, very finely 
and densely sculptured upon the pronotum, scutellum, 


Genus Rhopsea found in the Fiji Islands. 321 


and elytra, and clothed with closely-set minute yellowish 
sete, except upon the breast, which is densely covered 
with moderately long yellow hair, The head is rather 
coarsely sculptured and scantily setose, and the pygi- 
dium is rather closely rugose and setose at the sides, 
with a quite bare, smooth, longitudinal area along the middle. 
The legs are slender and the tarsi not long, those of the 
hind legs very short in the female. The antennal club of 
the male is not very lorg (rather shorter than the foot-stalk), 
with the fourth joint minutely spinose, the fifth about half 
the length of the club, the sixth a little shorter than the 
latter and the last four of equal length. 


Rhopea subnitida, sp. u. 

Fusco-rufa, subnitida, setis minutis decumbentibus griseis haud 
dense vestita, pectore dense fuivo-hirto ; corpore sat longe ovali, 
convexo, capite grosse et rugose punctato, clypeo lato, margine 
antico haud fortiter reflexo, trisinuato; pronoto haud profunde 
aut minute rugoso-punctato, fossula minuta mediana densius 
setosa, lateribus post medium angulatis, angulis anticis et posticis 
obtusis ; elytris fortiter sat crebre fere rugose punctatis, vix 
costulatis ; pygidio rugose punctato, equaliter haud crebre 
setoso: 

3d, antennarum articulo 4° breviter lamellato, 5° elongato, 6°-10° 
cequaliter lamellatis. 

Long. 16°5-19°5 mm., lat. max. 8-9-5 mm. 


Hab. Viti Levu, Sigatoka Dist. (D. S. North). 

Two specimens of each sex were sent, together with the 
other and apparently commoner species. It is closely similar 
to R. vestita, but rather more narrow and elongate, with the 
sculpture of the pronotum and elytra cousiderably less fine 
and dense, the clothing of grey setz less close, and the 
surface exhibiting a silky lustre which is absent from the 
other species. The pygidium is rather coarsely punctured 
and scantily setose all over, without any trace of the smooth 
median area characterising R. vestita. The clypeus is less 
finely punctured and its front margin more strongly excised, 
the sides of the pronotum are less sharply angulated and 
the hind angles blunter. The antennal club of the male is 
a little longer, the fourth joint of the antenne is produced 
into a short lamella, the fifth is only a little shorter than the 
club, and the last five are of equal length. 

The remaining Fijian species, R. vitiensis, Fairm., is larger 
than either of the uew species, with the setze upon the upper 
surface more irregularly distributed and the elytra rather 
coarsely rugose, without definite punctures. 


322 Mr. W. L. Distant’s Rhynchotal Notes. 


XL.—Rhynchotal Notes—LVI. By W. L. DIsranrt. 


HOMOPTERA. 
Fam. Membracide. 


Oxyrhachis egyptianus, sp. n. 


Body and legs black, basal half* of posterior pronotal 
process more or less sanguineous; tegmina obscure sub- 
hyaline, veins black, basal area black with an ochraceous 
spot; pronotum very finely greyishly pilose, percurrently 
centrally, longitudinally carinate, the pronotal lateral processes 
very robust, broad, slightly elevated, their apices a little 
recurved and obtusely angulate, posterior process almost 
horizontal, a little sinuate, scarcely passing the tegminal 
apex ; basal area of tegmina distinctly punctate ; face finely 
greyishly pilose. 

Long. 7 mm.; breadth lat. pronot. process 5 mm. 


Hab. Upper Egypt; Northern Etbai (D. MacAlister). 


Oxyrhachis versicolor, sp. n. 


Pronotum black, the frontal area, the anterior edge of the 
lateral processes, and a little more than half of tle upper 
basal area ochraceous ; body beneath and legs more or less 
ochraceous ; face brownish-ochraceous ; tegmina subhyaline, 
the veins and basal area brownish-ochraceous ; pronotum 
more or less coarsely punctate, the lateral processes upwardly 
directed, distinctly curved backwardly, the apices acute, 
posterior process somewhat strongly sinuate, its apical area 
upwardly curved, not quite reaching the tegminal apex; 
tegmina with the basal area punctate, the veins (excluding 
those on apical area) finely greyishly pilose, on apical area 
the veins are black. 

Long, 7 mm, ; breadth lat. pronot. process 4-5 mm. 

Hab. Aden (J. J. Walker). 

This species was taken during the voyage of H.M.S. 
‘ Penguin,’ 


Oxyrhachis bisenti, sp. n, 


Pronotum and face pale fuscous brown, more or less 
shortly, finely, palely pilose, the apical area of posterior 
pronotal process considerably darker in hue ; body beneath 
and legs ochraceous, femora (excluding apices) black or 
blackish ; pronotum centrally, percurrently, palely carinate, 


Mr. W. L. Distant’s Rhynchotal Notes. 323 


the lateral processes distinctly directed upwardly, their apices 
a little recurved and subacute, posterior process apically 
recurved and a little passing the tegminal apex; basal angle 
of tegmina coarsely punctate, a black spot near inner apical 
angle. 

Long. 63-7 mm.; breadth lat. pronot. process 3-34 mm. 

Hab. Natal; Durban (Bell-Marley). Rhodesia; Salisbury 
(Guy Marshall). Nyasaland; Mlanje (S.A. Neave). Dowa 
District (Dr. Lamborn). 

Named after Mr. Neave’s chief native collector. 


Xiphistes inermis. 


Xiphistes inermis, Jacobi, in Sjéstedt Kilimandj. Exped. xii., Hom. 
p- 119, t. ii. fig. 7 (1910). 


Jacobi described his species from a single ¢ specimen 
which measured “long. c. tegm. 5,5 mm.” The British 
Museum now possesses a single female specimen, collected by 
H. 8. Stannus at Zomba, Nyasaland, which measures 8} mm. 


Ai phistes tanganensis. 


Oxyrhachis tanganensis, Buckt, Monogr. Membracid. p. 225, pl xlix. 
fig. 7 (1903) ; Melich. Wien. Ent. Zeit. xxiv. p. 294 (1905). 


Hab. Tanga, H. Africa. 


Xiphistes exigua. 
Otinotus exigua, Buckt, Monogr, Membracid. p, 232, pl. lii. fig. 5 (1908). 
Hab. Natal. 


Xiphistes crassicornis, sp. 0. 


Fuscous brown, thickly, finely, greyishly pilose; margins 
of the abdominal segments paler and more ochraceous ; 
tegmina subhyaline, the venation fuscous-brown, a small 
oblique fuscous-brown spot near posterior angle of the inner 
tegminal margin ; pronotal angles very robust and prominent, 
obliquely directed upwardly, their apices truncate, all their 
margins ridged, outwardly a little sinuately narrowed near 
base, pronotum centrally percurrently ridged, posterior process 
moderately slender, rugulose, beneath centrally distinctly 
serrate, its apex subacute, recurved, passing the posterior 
angle of the inner tegminal margin; tibize distinctly dilated, 

Long., incl. ant. pronot, proc., 85 mm. 

Hab. Mashonaland ; Lesapi R. (G. A. K, Marshall). 

A species to be easily recognized by the very robustly 
produced anterior pronotal angles. 


324 Mr. W. L. Distant’s Rhynchotal Notes. 


Niphistes attenuata, sp. n. 


Uniformly pale brownish-ochraceous ; body elongate, poste- 
riorly attenuate ; pronotum coarsely punctate, centrally per- 
currently carinate, the anterior angles longly, almost hori- 
zontally produced, slender, very slightly apically depressed, 
all the edges carinate, the posterior process slender, its apex 
depressed and almost reaching apices of tegmina, which 
are semihyaline, the venation pale brownish-ochraceous ; in 
some lights the abdomen beneath is reflected, thus making 
the basal two-thirds of the tegmina to appear as of a more 
testaceous hue. 

Long., incl. ant. pronot. proc,, 74 mm. 

Hab. Mashonaland ; Lesapi R. (G. A. K. Marshall). 

A species to be distinguished by its attenuated form and 
the long and slender pronotal lateral angles, which are sub- 
equal in length to that of the pronotum behind them. 


Genus GONGRONEURA. 


Pedalion, Buckt. Mon, Membrac. p 251 (1903), nom. proce, 
Gongroneura, Jacobi, in Sjostedt Kilimandj. Exped. xii., Hom, p. 119 
(1910), n. nom. 


Gongroneura triste. 
Pedalion triste, Buckt. Mon, Membrae, p, 252, pl, lvii. fig. 5 (1903). 


Hab. Cameroons, 


Gongroneura ornata. 
Pedalion ornatum, Buckt. Mon, Membrac, p. 252, pl. lvii. fig. 6 (1903). 


Hab. Cameroons. 


Genus PYRGAUCHENIA. 
Pyrgauchenia, Bredd., Halle Abh. naturf, Ges. xxiv, p. 126 (1906) ; 
Schmidt, Stett. Ent, Zeit. Ixvii. p. 370 (1906). 
Pyrgophylliium, Bredd. Soc. Ent. xvii. p. 91 (1902). 
Pyrgolyrium, Bredd. loc. cit. p. 92 (1902). 


Type, P. sarasinorum, Bredd, 

It is, perhaps, better to provisionally accept Schmidt’s 
compression of Breddin’s genera as above, for the last-named 
entomologist queried several of his own generic fixations 
(supra). More material may possibly cause a different con- 
clusion. On the other hand, I do not agree with Schmidt 
that Stal’s genus Pyrgonota= Hypsauchenia, Germ, 


ra 


Aone, CP Bret uni ee ae 


erie. 


2 
4 


Mr. W. L. Distant’s Rhynchotal Notes. 325 


Pyrgauchenia sarasinorum. 


Pyrgauchenia sarasinorum, Bredd., Halle Abh. naturf. Ges. xxiv. p. 127 
(1906). 

Hypsauchenia guttiplaga, Walk. MS. 

Hypsauchenia hardwickit, Walk. (nee Kirby), Journ, Linn, Soe., Zool. 
x. p. 183 (1868). 


Brownish-ochraceous ; face piceous; tegmina and legs a 
little paler ochraceous ; tegmina with a subapical transverse 
fascia of five or six white spots, commencing at costal but not 
reaching inner margin; anterior pronotal process compressed, 
upwardly concavely erect at base, and then somewhat 
straightly continued to above the apex of tegmina, narrowed 
neir its apex, which is strongly bilobed, the apex of each 
lobe laminately triangularly widened, before apex distinctly 
tricarinate, the carinze at basal front distinctly paler in hue, 
the posterior process broadly concavely erect and compressed 
beyond middle, the central ridge very finely serrate, darkly 
coarsely punctate, on each side at base a curved, linear, 
longitudinal, pale ochraceous ridge. 

Long. 105 mm. 

Hab. Celebes ; Tondano (Wallace, Brit. Mus.). 

This species seems to have been originally recorded by 
Walker as hardwickii, Kirby, and on subsequently noticing 
the error was then labelled, but not described, as guttiplaga. 


Pyrgauchenia suberecta, sp. nu. 


Dull bronzy brown, the legs and basal pronotal ridges pale 
ochraceous. Allied to the preceding species, P. sarasinorum, 
Bredd., but much darker in coloration, the tegmina lacking 
the white macular fascia ; the anterior pronotal process much 
more erect, upwardly concave, its apex: scarcely passing the 
apical region of the posterior process (extreme apex muti- 
lated), posterior process coarsely punctate, but less convexly 
elevated before apex. 

Long. 9 mm. . 


Hab. 8. Celebes, Bua-Kraeng (H. Fruhstorfer). 


Pyrgauchenia jugulata. 
Hypsauchenia jugulata, Buckt. Trans. Linn, Soc. Lond., Zool. ser, 2, 
vol. ix. p. 332, pl. xxi. fig. 12 (1905). 
2 Pyrgauchenia breddini, Schmidt, Stett. Ent. Zeit. xvii. p. 370 (1906), 
Hab. Sumatra; Swlak Daras, Korinchi Valley, 3100 feet. 
Buckton’s description and figure represent a mutilated 
example in which the anterior pronotal process is mutilated, 


326 Mr. W. L. Distant’s Rhkynchotal Notes. 


In a complete example now before me this attains an altitude 
of § mm., and its apex is strong and longly bilobed, these 
lobes being subtriangular in shape, with their inner angles 
rounded and their outer angles acute, between their bases 
the process is widened and centrally a little anteriorly pro- 
duced. The posterior pronotal process is also less lobately 
elevated than in Buckton’s figure. 

Schmidt’s P. breddini appears to refer to Buckton’s species, 
but I have not seen his type. 


Pyrgauchenia kinabalense. 
Pyrgophyllium? kinabalense, Bredd. Soc. Ent. xvii. p, 91 (1902). 


Black ; femora (excluding bases), margins of tibize and 
bases of tarsi ochraceous ; pronotal carinze and base of poste- 
rior pronotal process pale ochraceous ; tegmina with a distinct 
white spot at posterior angle of inner margin of tegmina ; 
anterior pronotal process erect, a little directed forwardly, 
moderately compressed, the apex inwardly subacutely pro- 
duced, the central carine ochraceous and very finely serrate, 
posterior process compressed, gibbously convex, the apex 
reaching the posterior angle of inner tegminal margin. 

A species near the Sumatran H. jugulata, Buckt. ; but, 
although a large series of specimens are now before me, I 
am in doubt as to whether I have an example showing the 
irue apex of the anterior pronotal process. From H. jugulata 
it may at once be separated by the very much more elevated 
posterior pronotal process, the shorter anterior pronotal process, 
and its much smaller size. 

Long. 64 mm. 

Hab. Borneo; Mt. Kina Balu (J. C. Moulton). Sumatra; 
Swlak Daras, Korinchi Valley. 

Var. a.—Tegmina distinctly mottled with ochraceous. 

Var. 6.—Tegmina brownish-ochraceous, the pale ochraceous 
markings to pronotum less distinct. 

Var. c-—Dull ochraceous, tegmina finely mottled with 
brownish. 


Pyrgauchenia colorata, sp. n. 


Black ; anterior carine and central longitudinal ridge to 
the pronotum, costal margin and claval area to the tegmina, 
and the legs more or less brownish-ochraceous, a white trans- 
verse fascia (divided by the dark veins) on posterior area of 
the tegmina ; anterior pronotal process elevated and recurved 
(its apex mutilated in the three specimens now before me), 
posterior process near middle, very strongly and subangularly 


Mr. W. L. Distant’s Rhynchotal Notes. 327 


elevated, its apex slightly passing the posterior angle of the 
inner tegminal margin, the whole pronotum more or less 
distinctly, thickly, finely punctate. 

Long. 64 mm. 

Hab. Borneo ; Mt. Kina Balu (J. C. Moulton). 

Apart from the different coloration, this species is to be 
separated from P. kinabalense by the narrower and much 
more strongly and straightly erected protuberance of the 
posterior pronotal process. 


HYBANDOIDES, gen. nov. 


Allied to the Oriental genus Hybanda, Dist., but differing 
in having the anterior pronotal process directed forwardly, 
compressed, and not apically lobed or foliaceous, the posterior 
pronotal process slender, laterally and centrally carinate, 
attenuated towards apex and about reaching the posterior 
angle of the inner tegminal margin; tibia moderately dilated. 


Type, H. horizontalis, Dist. 


Hybandoides horizontalis, sp. n. 


Head, pronotum, body beneath, and legs pale fuscous brown, 
somewhat thickly, finely, more palely pilose; tegmina 
brownish-ochraceous, the apical cells paler, more greyish 
and speckled with dark fuscous ; anterior pronotal process 
broad, compressed, directed almost horizontally forward, the 
apex broad, roundly truncate and slightly recurved, the 
posterior process slender as described in the generic diagnosis ; 
in some specimens there are indications of some very small 
greyish spots on the tegmina; tibize distinctly dilated. 

Long. 85 mm. 

Hab. Borneo; Mt. Kina Balu (J. C. Moulton and Coll. 
Buckton). 

_In this species the anterior pronotal process varies con- 
siderably in length, in some instances being so short as to 
suggest another species; but in the series now before me a 
eradual gradation is observable. 


Centrochares horrificus. 


Centrotus horrificus, Westw. Proc. Zool. Soe. Lond. 1837, p. 180; 
Guér. Mae. Zool. sér. 2, iii., Ins. pl. Ixx xii. (1841). 

Plerygia horrifica, Walk. List Hom. ii. p. 500 (1851); id. iy. t. iv. 
figs. 4 & 5 (1852). 

Centrochares horrificus, Stal, Gifv. Vet.-Ak. Forh. 1870, p. 731, 

Pterygia spinula, Buckt. Mon. Membrac. p. 72, pl. xii. fig. 4 (1901). 


Hab. Philippines ; Baco River, Mindoro (J. J. Mounsey), 


328 Rey. T. R. R. Stebbing on some Enigmatical 


Buckton’s type of P. spinula is founded on a mutilated 
specimen, 


Centrochares rid/eyanus, sp. n. 


Cinnamon-brown ; tibis: and tarsi ochraceous ; pronotal 
lateral angles longly, obliquely, forwardly and a little upwardly 
produced, their margins serrate, their disks finely tuberculate, 
their apices broadened and spatulate, externally truncate ; 
disk of pronotum percurrently carinate and serrate, as is also 
the frontal lateral margins, posterior pronotal process conically 
upwardly produced near base, its margins longly serrate, 
more broadly and upwardly produced near apex, with its 
margins also longly serrate. 

Long. 4 mm. 

Hab. Malay Peninsula; Singapore (H. N. Ridley). 

Allied to C. horrificus, Westw., from which it differs by 
its smaller size, the narrower and more erect subapical lobe 
to the posterior pronotal process, &c. 


Genus MICREUNE. 
Micreune, Walk. Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond., Zool. i. p. 94 (1856). 


Micreune formidanda. 


Micreune formidanda, Walk. Journ, Linn, Soc. Lond., Zool. i. p. 94 
(1856). 
Micreune quadrilinea, Walk. MS. 
Hab. Singapore; Borneo. 
A specimen labelled by Walker JZ, quadrilinea from Borneo 
is in the British Museum, but I can find no description of the 
synonym. 


XLI.—On some Enigmatical Names in Conchology and 
Pycnogonology. By the Rev. Tuomas R. R. STEBBING, 
M.A., F.RS. 


For reasons which they think satisfactory, some naturalists 
give references so curtly that those who wish to consult the 
works referred to find the task exceedingly troublesome. 
For instance, in a recent volume Neritine, Lamarck, 1809, is 
rejected in favour of a later name, presumably on the ground 
that NVerttine is only a French word; but neither is that 
stated nor is any clue given as to which of Lamarck’s 


Names in Conchology and Pycnogonology. 329 


writings it is that contains the name in question. Authors in 
general have adopted Neritina, Lamarck, 1822, ignoring the 
claim of Theodoxus, de Montfort, 1810. Gistel, in his part 
of the ‘ Handbuch der Naturgeschichte,’ p. 553 (1850), after 
his lordly fashion, without vouchsafing any reason for the 
change, writes “‘ Chernites, Nob.—Der Autoren Neritina.” 

Leaving the elusive Neritine to its fate, I turn to the 
generic name Panope, familiar to carcinologists through its 
adoption by Leach for a genus which had already been named 
Cyamus by Latreille in 1796. Its use in conchology was 
precluded, unless that use antedated Leach’s amphipod genus 
so named in 1813. Lamarck, indeed, refers in French to 
** Les Panopes”’ in 1807, but he is evidently alluding to the 
genus Panopea established earlier in the same year by Menard 
de la Groye, also in the Annales du Mus., Paris. Researches 
are a little complicated, seeing that Scudder, ‘ Nomenclator 
Zoologicus, p. 231, gives “ Panopeea Mén. Moll. 1807, A.” 
aud ‘* Panopea Mén. Moll. 1807. S.,” but in the Supple- 
mental Index ‘“* Panopea Ménétries. Ann. Mus. ix, p. 135. 
1807. Moll., Biv.” —the last a useful reference but with tiie 
regrettable introduction of the name Ménétries in place of 
Menard de la Groye. It is due, however, to J. Gwyn 
Jeffreys to say that in 1865, in his ‘ British Conchology,’ 
vol. iii. p. 75, he protested against the several variations of 
the name as opposed to “the original and correct one,” 
Pancpea, which he himself had given. Nevertheless, in his 
fifth volume, p. 192 (1869), he refers to vol. ill. p. 74, the 
following supplemental remark, “ PANOPEA. Panope, Mén.,” 
probably by his Panope only intending to give the French 
form of Panopea, but, if so, giving it wrongly, since de la 
Groye’s French version of the name is Panopée. It is 
possible that Jeffreys may have been misunderstood as giving 
Panope for a correction of his earlier Panopea. 

The case of Rissoa is at first sight rather less simple. 
Being surprised by the change of so familiar a name into 
Rissoia, I desired to learn the reason for the alteration. An 
early work on natural history by Risso is dated 1810. The 
genus fissoa was named after him in 1814. It did not seem 
probable that the name was void in conchology through any 
earlier use of it, nor has any such use been suggested. It 
appears that Bronn, in 1849, by way of emendation introduced 
the form Rissoia, without understanding that he was thereby 
creating a new generic name. It was adopted by Fischer 
(‘ Manuel de Conchyliologie,’ 1881-1887), in which, at 
p. 720, he records “ Rissoia, Fréminville, em. 1814 (Lissoa), 
synonymie, Cingula (Fleming, 1828).” The emendation was 

Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol. xvi. 23 


» 


830 Enigmatical Names in Conchology &e. 


apparently unknown to Jeffreys, and is unnoticed in the 
‘Manual of the Mollusca’ by Woodward and Tate. In 1859 
Chenuw’s ‘Manuel de Conchyliologie,’ vol. i. p. 806, retains 
“ Rissoa, Fréminville, 1814,” subjoining “ Rissoaria, Agassiz, 
1846,” as asynonym. Reference to the work of Agassiz, 
‘Nomina systematica Generum Molluscorum,’ edited by 
Gray, Menke, and Strickland, reveals the following entries :— 

Rissoa, Frém. Bull. Soc. Phil. iv. 1814. 

Rissoaria, Frém. Bull. Soc. Phil. 1814. 

Pursuing the quest, at p. 7 of the volume indicated we 
find “ Description des Coquilles univalves du genre Rissoa de 
M. de Fréminville ; par M. A.-G. Desmarets,” followed by 
the statement “Ce genre, dont l’établissement a été jugé 
nécessaire par M. C. de Fréminville ... porte le nom de 
M. Risso.” Then the definition of the genus is given by 
Anselme Gaetan Desmarets (or Desmarest), to whom, there- 
fore, the genus should be ascribed, and not to the Baron de 
Fréminville, unless the latter did something more than suggest 
its name. But of Rissoarta not the least trace conld be 
found in the volume cited by Agassiz. It is, perhaps, 
nothing but an ampler emendation in advance of Lissova. 
As a matter of curiosity, the treatment of Rissoa by Johannes 
Gistel deserves mention. In his ‘Naturgeschichte des 
Thierreichs, 1848, at p. x he indicates “ Rissoa (Frém. 
Gasterop. R. striatella, O. Fabr.; Chiaje in Memorie V.; 
Quoy: Isis 1834) ; Apanthausa, N.” But on p. 169, after 
Paludina achatina, he introduces the remark “ Hieher das 
Genus Melania (dessen Name in Hydrognoma, mihi, zu 
aindern) und Ztissoa (in Anatasia, mihi, umzuwandeln.” As 
between Apanthausa and Anatasia, the latter might well 
claim priority, since it occurs in the body of the work, while 
Apanthausa is in the separate pagination of the prefatory 
portion, which, though first in arrangement, is naturally last 
in order of production. That Apanthausa was only a slip of 
the pen is the more likely, as in the ‘ Handbuch der Natur- 
geschichte,’ p. 554 (1850), he gives only Anatasia, with no 
allusion to Apanthausa. Whatever the change intended, he 
evidently feels that it is unnecessary for so eminent a natu- 
ralist to vindicate or even explain its necessity. 

With regard to the Pycnogonida, I find a procedure of my 
own inculpated (or, at least, Jamented) by Dr. Loman in a 
recent essay, which is on other accounts of much value. But 
on the point in question he does not seem to me to adopt a 
sound view. In ‘Knowledge,’ vol. xxv. no. 202 (1902), at 
p. 187 I pointed out that Latreille in 1804 instituted the 
genus Phowichilus, assigning to it the single species Pycno- 


Be so 


ete! 


ee ee 


On Hymenoptera in the British Museum. gon 


gonum spinipes, O. Fabricius, which had since been recog- 
nized as belonging to Pseudopallene, Wilson, 1878. The 
result has been accepted by some good authorities that 
Pseudopallene becomes a synonym of Phoaichilus. Dr. Loman 
disputes this, on the ground that Latreille subsequently 
changed his definition of Phowichilus, and that the specimen 
with which he was dealing was, in fact, a Pallenopsis and 
not a Pseudopallene. But this interesting determination does 
not alter the fact that Phovxichilus was originally established 
for P. spinipes and cannot be separated from it. Dr. Loman’s 
endeavour to effect this divorce only adds to the confusion 
which he so much deplores. As to the genus Chilophozus, 
which I deemed it necessary to name in 1902, it is proper to 
mention that Canon Norman in 1908 made it a synonym of 
Endeis, Philippi, 1843, a view declined by Dr. Loman but 
endorsed by Dr. Calman in this current year (1915). It is 
not, however, within the scope of this present paper to discuss 
the conflicting arguments of these distinguished authorities. 


X LIL.— Notes and Synonymy of Hymenoptera in the Collection 
of the British Museum. By Guorrrey MEADE-WALDO, 
M.A., CuAupE Morey, F.Z.S., and R. E. Turner, 
F.Z.S. 


(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.) 
iy. 


THe following paper may be considered a continuation of 
that published in Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) xiv. pp. 402-410 
(1914). As on that occasion, most of the material dealt with 
is contained in the Cameron Collection, now the property of 
the British Museum, 


Family SCOLIIDA. By G. Mrspp-Watpo, M.A. 


Scolia (Discolia) erivanensis, Rad. (1880), subsp. quettaensis, Cam. 
=Scolia quettaensis, Cam. (1907), 6 9. Quetta. 
Differs from the typical form in having segments 1 and 2 of 

the abdomen ferruginous, 


Scolia histrionica, F., var. nigrobimaculata, Cam.=Scolia nigro- 
bimaculata, Cam. (1908). Deesa. 


(Discoha) thyatira, Cam.=Discolia patara, Cam. (1902). 
Borneo. 
23* 


99 


332 Messrs. Meade-Waldo, Morley, and Turner on 


Scolia (Discolia) westermanni, Sauss. (1858)=Scolia rugifrons, 
Cam. Khasia. 


ruficornis (F.) (1793)= Discolia bone-spei, Cam. 
(1905). 8. Africa. 


, = sikkimensis, Bingham Aetae his erythro- 
poda, Cam. (1903). Khasia. 

9 € venusta, Smith (1855)=Discolia erythrotrichia, 
Cam. (1904). Simla. 

Le desidiosa, Bingham = Discolia ergenna, Cam.(1902). 
Borneo. 

Dielis rubromaculata, Smith (1855)= Dielis borneana, Cam. (1902). 
Borneo. 


,, transvaalensis, Cam. (1910)= Dielis madonensis, Buysson 
(1910). S. Africa. 


Family PPAMMOCHARIDA. By R. E. Turner, F.Z5S. 


Pepsis centralis, Cam. (1892)= Pepsis margarite, R. Lucas (1894). 
Panama. 

», purpurascens, Smith (1855). mehr Suscipennis, Smith, 
@ (1873). Amazons, Para. 

» montezuma, Smith(1855), 9. Centr. Amer. =P. occidentalis, 
Cam., ¢ (1893). 

5,  ¢inctipennis, Mocs. (1855), 9 =P. guatemalensis, Cam. 
(1892), 9. 
»,  Strenua, Erichs. (1848), 9. Demerara=P. tinctipennis, 
Smith (1873), 9. Para. Var. with apical joints of an- 

tenne yellow. 

Hemipepsis dedjas (Guerin, 1848), Africa= ( Mygnimia imperialis, 
Smith(1855), 2 
= | Mygnimia bidentata, 

Sauss. (1892), 
9 spectrum (Smith, 1855), ¢.{( Priocnemis hirsutus, 
Centr. Africa = Sauss. (1892), d. 
= | Mygnimia  depressa, 

Sauss. (1892), 2 
As hottentota (Sauss. 1892), 9 =Mygnimia fallaa, 
Sauss. (1892), ¢ 
8 ocellata (F.). This is Sphea ocellata, F., of which the 
type is in the Banks Collection in the British Museum. 
$s momentosa (Smith, 1873), ¢ =Salius hirticaudis, 
Cam., 6. Borneo. 

$3 vindex (Smith, 1855), 9. Natal=Mygnimia megera, 
Smith (1855), ¢, M. tisiphone, Smith (1855), 2, in poor 


Hymenoptera in the British Museum. 333 


condition, and JM. regina, Sauss. (1892). Kohl (Hymen. 
Siidarabiens, 1906, p. 97) gives M. tistphone, Smith, as a 
Chyphononyx, evidently a wrong identification. 


Mygnimia mexicana, Cress. (1867), 2 =Salius rogerst, Cam. (1892), 
2. Mexico. The species identified by Cameron as “ Salius 
mexicana” is not that species. 

Chyphononyx nigrita (F.)=Sphex nigrita, F., the type of which, 
from Malabar, is in the Banks Collection ; there are speci- 
mens from Uganda in the British Museum Collection. 


Chyphononyx optimus (Smith, 1855). Africa=Salius (Chypho- 
nonyx) melanocerus, Cam. (1910). 


a bretoni (Guérin), 9 nec ¢ =Pompilus exasperatus, 
Smith, 9, Congo, Pepsis wanthocerus, W. F. Kirby (nec 
Dahlb.), 2, and P. atlanticus, W. F. Kirby, g (1884), Cape 
Verdes. 

The 2 described by W. F. Kirby as Priocnemis atlanticus is 
Batazonus fuliginosus, Klug. Sphex flavicornis, F., which Dalla 
Torre queries as C. bretoni, is nearly allied but distinct ; the type 
is in the Banks Collection at the British Museum. 


Chyphononyx antennata (Smith, 1855), 9 =Chyphononya an- 

tennata, Sauss. (1892), 9. 

It isa curious fact that this S. African species should have 

been given the same specific name by both authors. Smith 
described it as Mygnimia. 


Chyphononyx peregrinus(Smith, 1875), 9 =Salius saturnalis, Cam., 
¢. Khasia Hills, Calcutta. 


Cryptochilus ferrugineipennis (Hal. 1836), 9 = Pompilus dumosus, 
Spin. (1851), and Pepsis ferrugineipennis, Dalla Torre and 
Lucas. 8. America. 


Cryptochilus ridleyi (Cam.), ¢ =Salius anthracinus, Bingh. (nec 

Smith). Borneo. 

In this species the ¢ has the tarsal ungues bifid, as in Chypho- 

nonyx, and the Q unidentate, as in Cryptochilus—N.B. Myg- 
mma anthracina, Smith (1855), is a Hemipepsis. 


Cryptochilus valentulus (Bingh. 1896), 9 =Salius geminus (Bingh. 
1896), 9. N. India. 


decipiens (Smith, 1855), 9 = Pompilus subvividis 
(Smith, 1855), g. Natal. 


sericosoma (Smith, 1855), 9. Sumatra=Salius sos- 
tratus, Cam., 9, and 8S. brookii, Cam., ¢. Borneo. 


” 


bipartitus (Lep.) = Calicurgus bipartitus, Lep. (1845). 
Bingham (Fauna Brit. India, Hym. i.) gives this species and 
Priocnemis peregrinus, Smith, as synonyms of “ Salius bi- 
partitus (Lep.).” They belong to different genera. 


3) 


334. Messrs. Meade- Waldo, Morley, and Turner on 
Prionocnemis omiltensis (Cam. 1891), 9, described as Salius= 
Salius trifasciatus, Cam. (1891), ¢. Mexico. 


xenos (W. F. Kirby, 1889), ¢ =Ichnewmon huttoni, 
W. F. Kirby (1834), 9. New Zealand. 


. orbiculatus (Smith, 1862), ¢, described as Agenta= 
Pompilus (Prionocnemis) cincticornis, Cress. (1867). Mexico. 


9 


The following Tasmanian species belong to Prionocnemis :— 
Calopompilus alicia, Turner (1915), C. aanthochrous, Turner 
(1915), and C. connectens, Turner (1915). 


Pseudagenia albipalpis (Cam.)=Pompilus par vispinosus, Cam. 


Borneo. 
a danaé, Bingham (1896)= Pseudagenia erythropoda, 
Cam. Khasia. 
* micans(Fabr. 1804). 8. Amer.= Pseudagenia pulehri- 
cornis,,Cam. (1911), 9. Brit. Guiana. 

fe comparata (Smith, 1873), 9. Amazons = Agenia - 


femorata, Smith (Pseudagenia smithii, D. Torre). 


nobilitata (Smith, 1864),-¢. Brazil= Agenia gloriosa 
"(Smith, 1873), dg, and Salius aureodecoratus (Cam. 1911). 
Brit. Guiana. 


Genus Batozonus, Ashm. 1902 = Heteronyx, Sauss. 1887 (sed nom. 
preocc.). Type B. madecassus, Sauss. 


Batozonus unifasciatus, Sm., 9 , 1855=Pompilus multipictus, Sm. 
1879, 3. 

* madecassus, Sauss., 2 , 1887 = Cyphononysx (Schistonya) 
decorata, Sauss., d, 1891. 


a fuliginosus, Klug, 9, 1834=Pompilus festivus, Klug, 
3d, 1834, 

= Pompilus bretoni, Guér. 1843, 2 (nec g )= Pom- 

pilus sepulchralis, 8m., 9 , 1879, 

= Pompilus iridipennis, Sm., 9, 1879= = Pompilus 

vindieatus, Sm., 2, 1855, 

= Anoplius o'neili, Cam., g = Pompilus solanus, 


Kohl., 2, 1893, 
= Prionocnemis atlanticus, Kirby, 1884, 9 (nec ¢). 


. orientalis (Cam.), ¢, 1891 (as Ceropales)= Pompilus 
bioculatus, Bingh., 2. 
= Pompilus citherus,Cam., 3. Dark-winged variety 
of 9 = Pompilus bracatus, Bingh.= Pompilus 
subfervens, Cam.=Salius malayanus, Cam, 


Pe capensis, Dahlb., 9, 1848=Pompilus vinder, Sm., 2, 


1879 (nec ¢). 
= Pompilus ancyloneurus, Oam., 9. 


x 


Hymenoptera in the British Museum. 335 


To this genus also belong Pompilus vespoides, Sm., 9, 1868, 

~ and Pompilus trichrous, D. T.= Pompilus tricolor, Sm., 3, 1868, 

both Australian, but not sexes of one species, 

Batozonus (?) ornatus, Klug, ¢, 1854=Pompilus anticus, Klug, 2, 

1834, 
= Pompilus fertoni, EF. Saund. 1901, 2 (nec 3). 
This species is not quite a typical Batozonus, but is intermediate 
between that genus and Hpisyron. 

Psammochares (Episyron) natalicolus (Dalla Torre, nom. nov.)= 
Pompilus fervidus, Smith (1879, nec 1873) = Anoplius pulchri- 
hirtus, Cam. S. Africa. 

Psammochares (Episyron) rufipes (L.), var. funereipes, Costa= 
Pompilus maculifrons, Smith, § (1873), Japan, and Pompilus 
arrogans, Smith, 9. Pompilus erebus, Smith (1873), is a 
black variety of this species. 

Psammochares 4-punctatus (Fabr.)=Pompilus accensus, Bingh. 

Japan. ? MS. 


Aporoideus mitis (Smith), 9. Cawnpore=Pompilus buddha, Cam. 
Bombay. 


Paracyphonyx pedestris (Smith, 1855), 2 = Pompilus orodes, Cam. 
=P. hero, Cam., ¢ = Pompilus rothneyi, Cam., 2 , is a variety. 
An Indian species. 


Paracyphonyx frustratus (Smith, 1879). 8. Africa Anoplius 
gradatus, Cam., d, and Anoplius labialis, Cam., 3. 


Pompilus ignitus, Smith (1855), 9. S. Africa= Pompilogaster 
erythrura, Cam., 2. Transvaal. 


Sericopompilus neotropicalis (Cam. 1893), 9 = Pompilus guatema- 
lensis, Cam., ¢ (1893). 


Notocyphus rixosus, Smith (1855), 2. Brazil=Ceropales chiri- 
quensis, Cam., 2 ¢ (1891). Panama. 


The following Brazilian species are all referable to Noto- 
cyphus:—Agenia letabilis, Smith (1873), 9, A. conspicua, 
Smith (1873), 2, A. ordinaria, Smith (1873), 9, A. multipicta, 
Smith, ¢, Ceropales fumipennis, Cam., 3, CO. lugubris, Smith, 3, 
C. crassicornis, Smith (1864), and C. smithii, Dalla Torre 
(=crassicornis, Smith (1873)). 


Family SPHEGID. By G. Mrapn-Watpo, M.A. 

Bembex melancholica, Smith (1856). Sumatra= Bembex khasiana, 
Cam. Khasia. The Indian specimen is a variety of Smith’s 
species. 


Bembex niphonica, Smith (1873). Japan= Bembew picticollis, Mor. 
(1889). China, 


336 Messrs. Meade-Waldo, Morley, and Turner on 


Palarus latifrons, Kohl (1883). 8. Africa=Palarus curvilineatus, 
Cam. 

Oxybelus arabs, Lep. (1845). N. Africa= Oxybelus forticarinatus, 
Cam. Deesa. 

Crabro fulvopilosus, Cam., 9. Khasia=Crabro ctenopus, Cam., ¢. 
Sikkim. 

Astata orientalis, Smith (1856). India= Astuta interstitialis, Cam. 
Deesa. 

Tachytes natalensis, Sauss. (1854). S. Afr.= iris nigropilosellus, 
Cam. (1910). 

Ampulex nigrocerulea, Sauss, (1892). S. Afr. = Ampulex jansei, 
Cam. (1910), Transvaal. 

" (Rhinopsis) denticollis (Cam.)=Dolichurus denticollis, 
Cam. (1910). 8. Afr. 


Family EUMENID A. 


Odynerus (Symmorphus) albomarginatus, Sauss.=Symmorphus 
horni, Cam. Colorado. 


Family APIDA. 


Halictus latibalteata (Cam.), 9 =Nomia latibalteata, Cam., 9. 
Transvaal, 

Halictus albofasciatus, Smith (1879), 9 =Puranomia broomi, Cam., 
Q. Transvaal. 


Paranomia albolineata, Cam., and P. tricolor, Cam., are both 
referable to Halictus. 


Family ICHNEUMONID. By CravpE Mortey, F.ZS., F.E.S. 


Subfamily Icunuumonin Zz. 


Amblyteles opiparus (Cam.)=Ichneumon opiparus, Cam., from 
Mexico, is a female closely allied to Amblyteles armutorius, 
Forst. 


Diadromus erythrostomus (Cam.)=Stilboscopus erythrostomus, Cam. 
(Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. xxxiv. (1908) p. 244), 


Subfamily Cryprinz. 

Acanthoprymnus, Cam. (Entom. 1905, p. 249, with type violacei- 
pennis, p. 250, 2 only). 
A genus easily known by “there being only three abdominal 
segments and by the last being stoutly spined laterally ”= Campto- 
lynx, Cam. (Berl. Ent. Zeit. 1910, p. 252, with type fuscipennis, 
Cam., p. 253, d only). I have examined his three species of the 
latter name in the Berlin Kgl. Mus., and find them to belong to 

the Hemitelini; they are common throughout Southern India, 


Hymenoptera in the British Museum, 337 


Subfamily Pimerrn 2, 


Thymaris macrophthalma (Cam.)= Rugania macropthalma, Cam., 
2, from Kuching, 


Macrogaster, Brullé, 1846, et Morl. Fauna Brit. India, Ichn., 1913 
=NSiphimedia, Cam. Journ. St. Br. R. As. Soc. xxxvii. 
(1902) p. 43. 

Lampronota caligata, Grav. 1829=Chalinocerus mancus, Ruthe, 

Stett. Ent. Zeit. xvi. (1855) p. 82, ¢ Q. 


melancholica, Gray. 1829=Chalinocerus defectivus, 
Ruthe, J. c. p. 80. 


Syzeuctus lepidus(Cam.).— Lissonota lepida( type labelled ‘lepcha,” 
sic), Cam. Zeits. Hym. Dip. 1908, p. 43, ¢ =Syzeuctus com- 
pressus, Morl. Faun. Brit. Ind., Ichn. 1913, p. 235, @. 


Syzeuctus indicus (Cam.).—Cryptus indicus, Cam. Manch. Mem. 
1897, p. 15; cf. Entom. 1914, p. 25= Mesoleptus annulipes, 
Cam. Mauch. Mem. 1900, p. 103, ¢ =Zanera annulipes, 
Cam. Spolia Zeyl. 1905, p. 141, 9 =Syzeuctus aunnulipes, 
Morl. Faun. Brit. Ind. 1913. 


Lissonota flavopicta, Smith, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1878, p.4,¢ 9 
= Mesoleptus sybarita, Cam. Manch. Mem. sxlii. pt. i. 1898, 
p. 382, ¢ =Lissonota rubriplagiata, Cam. Trans. N. Zealand 
Instit. xxxili. 1901, p. 106, 2. 


Lissonota albopicta, Smith, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1878, p. 4, ¢ 
=L, tinctipennis, Cam. Manch. Mem. xlii. pt. i. 1898, p. 28, 
2 = Mesoleptus comparatus, Cam. lib. cit. p. 33, b. 
Both the last two species have circular spiracles ; the former is 
much the more slender, with discally flayous hind coxze and less 
conspicuous pleural markings. 


9 


Phytodietoiles spinipes, Cam.; cf. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. xiv. 
1914, p. 409. I now know the ¢ of this species, which 
differs only sexually. 


Eugalta, Cam. Manch. Mem. 1899, p. 185=Pseudeugalta, Ashm. 
Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1900, p. 55, of which the latter is 
founded solely upon an alar character, which, I find, varies 

in the wings of a single specimen. 


Eugalta punctulata, Cam. Manch. Mem. 1899, p. 142 = Bathymeris 
longipes, Cam. Entom. 1906, p. 251. 


Xylonomus elizabethe, Bingh. Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soe. 
1898, p. 116= Cyanoworides |Journ. St. Br. R. As. Soc. 1903, 
p- 140] albolineatus, Cam., from Borneo. 


“ Pimpla” gayi, Spinola, Gay’s Hist. fis. Chile, Zool. vi. 1851, 
p. 502, belongs to the Labenides; my reference of it (Revis. 
Ichn. ili. p. 141) to the Xorides was founded upon insufficient 
material. 


338 Messrs. Meade-Waldo, Morley, and Turner on 


Endurus, Rond. Bull. Soc. Ent. Ital. 1896, p. 66=Arthula, Cam. 
Manch. Mem. 1900, p. 110. 

“ Campoplex ” calamie, Cam. Proce. Linn. Soc. N.S. Wales, xxvii. 
1912, p. 189, belongs to the genus Acenitus (sensu lato). 


Subfamily Trrenontnz. 


Dyspetes prerogator, Linn.= Delomerista erythrostoma, Cam., 6, 
from Japan. 


Erromenus melanonotus (Grav.).—Tryphon melanonotus, Gray. ii. 
1829, p. 269, 9 =? Trichocalymma plebejum, Wold. Bull. Ac. 
Petrograd, 1877, p. 456, ¢. 

“Tryphon” intermedius, Grav. lib. cit. p. 216, 2 =forte Mono- 
blastus exstirpatorius, Grav. l. c. p. 213; var. areola alarum 
obsoleta. 


Diplomorphus thoracicus, Giraud, Ann. Soc. France, 1871, p. 409, is 
most closely allied in the Palearctic fauna to Labrossyta ; 
the basal segment is subsessile, the wings infumate and 
claws not pectinate; Dalla Torre left it among his genera 
sedis incerte. I know nothing of Kriechbaumer’s two 
species. 


Perilissus longicornis (Cam. ).—Silavoga longicornis, Cam., from the 
Transvaal, is a typical species of this genus, extremely 
closely allied to P. pallidus. 


Neleothymus, Forst. Verh. pr. Rhein]. 1868, p. 200.—According to 
Ruthe’s collection, this appears to be a subgenus of Zury- 
proctus. Cf. post. 


Megatrema albopilosa, Cam. Zeits. Hym. Dipt. 1907, p. 469, ¢g= 
Seticornuta albicalcar, Morl. Faun. Brit. Ind., Ichn. 1913, 
p- 310, 9. 


Polyclistus femoralis, Fourc. et Gray.= Exvochus fuscipilosus, Cam., 
3 =Plesioewochus rufipes, Cam., 2. 


Cerda fuscipennis, Cam. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. xx. 1904, p. 255, 
belongs to the Exochides, and is in no way related to Prot- 
archus, as stated by Cameron. 


Subfamily Opnionrn x. 


Neleothymus rufidornatus, Cameron (who queries the genus), Invert. 
Pacif. i. 1905, p. 103, is a true species of the genus Cre- 
mastus, Gray. 


Cremastus audax, Cresson= Porizon audax, Cress. Trans. Amer. 
Ent. Soc. iv. 1872, p.174, ¢. ‘ Four specimens ”—in the 
British Museum are four specimens—* from Texas, Belfrage,” 
of which two are Q Q, differing only sexually in having the 
terebra about as long as the basal segment. The hind 


_ Llymenoptera in the British Museum. 339 


femora are stout, approaching those of Pristomerus, but with 
no tooth, 

Cremastus orbitalis, Cress.= Porizon orbitalis, Cress. fol. cit., ¢ 2. 
Lhave not seen the type, but a pair was sent to Rev. T. A. 
Marshall by Riley, ‘‘ex collection Belfrage.” 

Cremastus hyalinipennis, Cress. = Porizon hyalinipennis, Cress. fol. 
cit., 6 Q. ‘Four specimens”—four are in the British 
Museum, of which one is a ¢ — Texas, Belfrage.” 

Cremastus stigmaterns, Cress. = Porizon stigmaterus, Cress. fol. cit., 
3o @. Four of the “eight specimens” are in the British 
Museum. 

Cremastus facialis, Cress.= Porizon facialis, Cress. lib. cit. p. 175, 
36 2. A Q and two Jo of the original “several speci- 
mens” are in the British Museum; and two more from 
‘Collection Belfrage” are there, ex coll. Marshall. 


Cremastus macer, Cress.= Porizon macer, Cress., fol. cit., d 2. 


delicatus, Cress.=Porizon delicatus, Cress. lib. cit. 


39 
p. 176, g. The unique specimen is in the British Museum. 


Tarytia spilopus (Cam.)= Dioctes spilopus, Cam., 2 , from Pretoria. 


basiornata (Cam.)= Dioctes basiornatus, Cam., 2 (type; 
3d co-type), from Pretoria. 


3” 


Cremastus verimaculatus (Cam.'= Hymenobosmina verimaculata, 
Cam. Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. Wales, xxxvi. 1911, p. 336, 
3g 2. A true Cremastus, Gray. 

Cremastus variiventris, Cam.= Dioctes variventris, Cam., of which 
are three ¢ ¢ in the British Museum all labelled “Type ” 
by its author! 

Ricrena pallidipennis, Cam. Ann. S. Afric. Mus. vy. 1906, p. 104, is 

a ‘Cremastid. 

Pimplomorpha, Cam. (Ann. 8. Afric. Mus. vy. 1906, p. 95), with 
the type-species P. trilineata, fol. cit.—and P. nigrornata, 
P. flaviceps, and P. (labelled alternately “ Androna”) flaxid- 
orbitalis,—is Cremastid. 

Xanthocampoplex nigromaculata, Cam.=Zachresta nigromaculata, 
Cam. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. xx. 1907, p. 18; Faun. Brit. 
Jnd., Ichn. 1912, p. 465, 9 = Xanthocampoplex orientalis, 
Morl. 1. c. p. 445, d 9. ‘The spiracles are elongate. 


Zachresta oneili (Cam.)= Campoplex oneili, Cam. Rec. Albany Mus. 
i, 1905, p. 315, 2, from Cape Colony. 


“ Charops” bimaculata, Ashm., 2, from Grenada, and ‘“* Charops” 
perornatus, Cam. Journ. R. Agric. Soc. Demerara, i. 1911, 
p- 183, both have circular spiracles ! 

Campoplex japonecus, Cam. Entom. 1906, p. 99, 9 = C. lapponicus, 
Holmgr., 2, differing only in the slightly broader areolet 
of the type specimen, 


340 On Hymenoptera in the British Museum. 


“ Campoplex”’ divisus, Cress.—The specimens recorded from Mexico 
by Cameron (Biol. Centr.-Amer, 1886, p. 306) have circular 
spiracles. 

Haristeus nigrifrons, Cam., described from Mendoza, appears to be 

congeneri¢c with the same author’s Pimplomorpha. 


Casinaria crassiventris (Cam.)= Campoplex crassiventris, Cam. Ann, 
S. Afric. Mus. v. 1906, p. 93: a co-type 9 in the British 
Museum compared. 

Omorga lonyiceps, Cam., is a typical species of this genus, allied to 

O. microsticta, Gray. 


Omorga rivalis, Cress. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. iv. 1872, p. 173; 
not a Limnerium, 8. 8. 


Omorga polynesialis, Cam, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1883, p. 191, 9 
(?et dS). 
Omorga fugitivus (Hal.)= Campoplex fugitivus, Hal. Trans. Linn. 
Soc. Lond. xvii. pt. 3, 1836, p. 318. The ¢ type is very 

like Omorga ensator, Grav. 


“ Campoplex” meridionalis, Ashm. Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool. 1894, 
p. 1389, ¢ 9, from St. Vincent. The ¢ type in the British 
Museum has circular spiracles, and appears to be a species 
of the genus Omorga, Thoms. 


Angitia maculipes (Cam.)= Enytus maculipes, Cam. Invert. Pacif. 
i. 1905, p. 182. A true 2 of Angitia, Thoms., with no 
areolet. 


Angitia blackburni, Cam. loc. cit. D. 192, 2 (?et 3). 
Angitia hawaiiensis, Cam. Manch. Mem. v. 1886, p. 271. 


Angitia annulipes (Cress. et Ashm.)= Limneria annulipes, from the 
same source, certainly belongs to Angitza, Thoms. 


Nepiera africana (Cam.)=Limneria africana, Cam. Rec, Albany 
Mus. i. 1904, p. 175, g. This I consider to belong to the 
genus Nepiera, Thoms.; two 2 9 in the British Museum 
are also labelled by Cameron “ Diadegma fasciannulata, Cam. 
Type. Pretoria,” and ‘“ Limnerium stellaboschense, Cam. 
Cape Colony.” 


“ Tryphon” obstructor, Smith, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1878, p. 4, 
from New Zealand, is a Campoplegid, and, I think, a Melo- 
boris, Thoms, Both the type and variety with the hind coxe 
black above are ¢ ¢ and difficult to place with certainty. 

[Of the other two Tryphonine mentioned, J. c. p. 3: Scolobates 
varipes = Bassus letatorius (cf. Morl. Ichn. Brit. iv. 1911, p. 82), 
and S. intrudens=a remarkable form of Campoplegid (cf. Revis. 
Ichn, ili. 1914, p. 126), with circular metathoracic spiracles. ] 


Limnerium fugitivum (Say).—Specimens received through Riley 
from the United States, labelled ‘‘ fugitiva, Say,” belong to 
Limnerium, sensu Thoms. 


Mr. R. I. Pocock on the Genus Linsang. 341 


Limneria garrulum, Cam. Rec. Albany Mus. i. 1905, p. 315, judging 


solely from the type (in poor condition), is a Nemeritis, 
sensu Thoms. 


Helictes longipes (Cam.), from Mexico, was described under the 
genus Pazpila. 


Talorga spinipes, Cam. (Entom. xliy. 1911, p. 64).—The type is a 
¢ with mutilated anus; it belongs to the Plectiscides, near 
Helictes, and not to the Mesoleptini, as stated by Cameron. 

HYMENOPHARSALIA, Morl. Revis. Ichn., Feb. 1913, p. 97= 
Parophionellus, Brues, Bull, Amer. Mus., Oct. 19138, p. 495= 
Pharsalia, Cress, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 1872, p. 177 (nec 
Thoms. 1864; cf. Schulz, Zool. Ann. iv. p. 22). 


XLIII.—On some of the External Characters of the Genus 
Linsang, with Notes upon the Genera Poiana and Kupleres. 
By R. I. Pocock, F.R.S., Superintendent of the Zoological 
Society’s Gardens. 


[Plates XII. & XIII] 


In addition to a number of skins of the three described 
species of Linsang—better, but erroneously, known as Prio- 
nodon—there are in the British Museum a spirit-preserved 
example of the genotype, L. linsang (=gracilis), collected 
in Sumatra by H. O. Forbes, and Blanford’s type of 
L. maculosus from ‘lenasserim. The following notes, con- 
taining particulars about certain cutaneous characters, not 
described, or only imperfectly described previously, are based 
upon this material. Of the other genera referred to in this 
paper, namely Poiana, Fossa, and Kupleres, only dried skins 
are available for examination. It has not been possible 
therefore to add many new facts in connection with these 
forms. 


The Genus Linsang (= Prionodon). 


The rhinarium (Pl. XII. fig. 5) recalls that of Genetta. Tts 
upper margin, seen from the front, is mesially flattish, with 
obtusely rounded angles. The anterior apertures of the nares 
are small and widely separated ; the infranarial portion is 
quite shallow laterally, does not extend beyond the narial slits, 
and its inferior border inclines obliquely upwards on each side. 
The groove which cleaves the upper lip passes about half- 
way up the anterior surface of the rhinarium, stopping short 
approximately between the nostrils, 


342 Mr. R. I. Pocock on the Genus Linsang. 


The earof FL. pardicolor was figured by Hodgson (Cale. 
Journ, Nat. Hist. viii. pl. i. 1847) ; but the illustration 
suggests inaccuracy in several respects and cannot be relied 
upon. 

The ear of Z. linsang (Pl. XII. fig. 6), which has never 
been described, is peculiar in one or two respects. ‘The ante- 
rior and posterior ridges arising from the inferior orifice of the 
meatus (0.), are developed as in Viverrine and Paradoxurine 
genera. Qn the antero-external ridge (ae.), there is a distinct 
but small lobate prominence above tie tragus ; but the antero- 
internal ridge, the post-tragus of Mivart (ai.), carries above a 
large valvular flap, directed backwards and overlapping and 
concealing the anterior end of the supratragus (s.). This 
recalls the somewhat similar lobe I have described in Heme- 
galus *. On the outer side of the postero-external ridge (pe.), 
there is a moderately strong crest (e.), forming a groove. ‘Lhis 
crest is continuous in front with the ridge of the tragus ; 
behind it meets another crest or low flap of skin (7.), which 
is placed above it, the two forming together the root and 
floor of the aforesaid groove. Nothing resembling the 
superior ridge, which extends backwards beneath the bursa, 
has been seen by meon the ear in any genus of Viverrida, 
but the lower ridge is comparable to that of Viverricula and 
Hemigalus. The bursa (b.) is well developed. Its posterior 
flap is semicircular and arises behind the rim of the pinna, as 
in Paradoaurus, Genetia, &c. ; the anterior flap is very deeply 
excavated and the rim of the ear below it is produced into a 
prominent backwardly projecting lobe, similar to, but better 
marked than, that of Paradoxurus hermaphroditus and Hemi- 

alus derbyanus. 

The facial vibrisse are normally Viverrine in the number 
and distribution of their tufts, as Hodgson’s figure of 
L. pardicolor shows. 

The feet (P|. XII. figs. 3, 4), in the example of L. linsang, 
are, broadly speaking, like those of Genetta, with certain excep- 
tions pointed out by Mivart, namely, the absence of naked 
metatarsal ridges of skin on the hind foot and the deep seg- 
mentation of the plautar pads of both fore and hind limbs. 
In the latter particular these pads differ from those of all the 
genera of Viverrine, where the three lobes are detined merely 
by shallow grooves and thus constitute a continuous cushion, — 
such as is seen in the Felidee and Canidae. The digital pads 
are small and surrounded by velvety hair, the claws are 
completely retractile and probably guarded basally by skin- 
lobes, although this feature could not be substantiated without. 


* Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) xvi., Sept. 1915, p. 155. 


Mr. R. I. Pocock on the Genus Linsang. 343 


cutting away the hair at the tips of the digits. The inter- 
digital web extends up to the proximal ends of the digital 
pads and, like the underside of the digit, is clothed with short 
hair except close to the pad, where the skin is nearly naked 
and gives off short streaks along the proximal portion of the 
four main digits. The pollex and hallux are short, their small 
digital pad being set almost on a level with the posterior 
angle of tlhe internal lateral lobe of the plantar pad. 
Attached to this posterior angle in the fore foot is a large 
ovate pollical lobe (p/.). The main portion of the carpal 
pad (c.) is large, cordate or ovate. On its inner side is a 
small supplementary lobe, from which a naked strip of skin 
extends up to the pollical lobe. ‘The hallucal lobe (A/.) on the 
hind footis much smaller than the pollical lobe, and is separated 
by a space at least equalling its own diameter from the 
nearest point of the plantar pad, a narrow strip of naked 
skin passing between the two. 

The feet of the example of L. maculosus, from Tenasserim, 
differ in one or two small particulars from those described 
above. Inthe fore foot the points of contact between the 
lateral and median lobes of the plantar pad are a little 
shorter, the internal lateral lobe is longer and is separated by 
a deeper constriction from the smaller pollical lobe, and 
the carpal pad is not connected with the pollical lobe by a 
naked stripof skin. In the hind foot, on the other hand, the 
hallucal lobe is closer to the posterior angle of the internal 
lateral lobe of the plantar pad, and the median lobe of this 
pad projects nearly as far backwards as the posterior angle 
of tle external lateral] lobe. 

The feet of an unnamed species, figured by Mivart 
(P. Z. 8. 1882, p. 158), agree on the whole with those of 
L. maculosus above described; but those of LZ. pardicolor, 
depicted by Hodgson (Cale. Journ. Sci. viii. pl. i. 1847), are 
distinguished by having both the pollical and hallucai lobes 
quite small (no larger, indeed, than the digital lobes of those 
digits), and separated by a space about equalling their own 
diameter from the plantar pad, and this space appears to be 
entirely overgrown with hair. Blanford, indeed (Mainm, 
Brit. India, p. 102, 1888), mentions this as a feature dis- 
tinguishing L. pardicolor from L. maculosus. Hodgson, 
however, had previously given a figure of the hind foot of 
L. pardicolor (Cale. Journ, Nat. Hist. 11. pl. i. 1842); and 
this differs from the later illustration, taken from a different 
specimen, not only in the shape of the plantar pad, but in 
the greater proximity of the hallucal lobe to the nearest point 
of the plantar pad. These differences may be due to errors 


344 Mr. R. I. Pocock on the Genus Linsang. 


in drawing or to individual variation; but until this has been 
ascertained by further observations upon the feet in specimens 
freshly killed or preserved in alcohol, I think it would be 
unwise to make use of the recorded differences in the pads in 
discriminating the species of this genus, especially as dried 
skins from Sikkim and Burma in the British Museum do 
not bear out the view that the pollical and hallucal lobes are 
separated by hairy tracts from the plantar pads. Neverthe- 
less, on morphological grounds, the upward migration of the 
hallucal element of the plantar pad, which, at all events, has 
taken place in ZL. linsang, whatever may be the case in L. 
pardicolor, only occurs in one other genus of the Viverride 
—namely Fossa, from Madagascar. 

The Perineal Region. —In the characters considered 
hitherto, there is nothing in the structure of Linsang 
warranting its separation from the group containing Genetta, 
Civettictis, Viverra, and Viverricula, with which it is by 
common consent associated. That is to say, Linsang does 
not differ from those genera more than they differ from each 
other, except in the character of the ear. 

But there is one character, in my opinion important and 
fundamental, which enforces the exclusion of Linsang from 
that category—namely, the absence of the scent-pouch. The 
evidence for this, which is, I think, conclusive, may be 
briefly given. Of ZL. pardicolor, Hodgson wrote, ‘like the 
cats, Prionodon is void of either anal* or pubic glands or pores, 
so that the living animals are perfectly free from all offensive 
odour or peculiar scent ” (Cale. Journ. Nat. Hist. viil. p. 42, 
1847). This statement, so far as the scent-gland is concerned, 
was confirmed by Mivart on a specimen which I judge by 
its feet belonged to LZ. maculosus (P. Z.S. 1882, p. 158). 
He wrote :—‘‘ Not only was there no opening between the 
penis and testes, but no glandular stricture in that situation 
beneath the skin could be detected either by me or by 
Mr. William Pearson, who assisted me in the dissection.” 
Finally, Blanford, who had in 1878 a specimen of L. maculosus 
preserved in alcohol (Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, xlvii. pt. 2, 
p. 152, 1878), said ten years later, ‘‘ No prescrotal glands.” 

In the female example of L. linsang, from Sumatra, in the 
British Museum, the vulva is close to the anus, being separated 
therefrom by a narrow strip of hairy skin exhibiting no trace 
whatever of glandular lobes or pouch (Pl. XII. fig. 7). 
There are thus two particulars in which this region differs 

* The anal glands, as a matter of fact, are present. Possibly Hodgson © 


was referring to the glandular anal pouch he was probably familiar with 
in mongooses. 


Mr. R. I. Pocock on the Genus Poiana. 345 


from that of the Viverrines, the absence of the gland and the 
proximity of the vulva to the anus, both being characters in 
which Linsang resembles the Felide and differs from the 
Viverrine. Mivart unfortunately failed to note the position 
of the prepuce with regard to the scrotum in the male he 
examined. I suspect, however, that resemblance will be 
found between the Felidae and Linsang in this respect also. 

In view of the constancy of the occurrence and the high 
degree of development of the scent-glands in the Viverrine, 
it seems to me to be impossible to maintain that Linsang is 
nearly related to any genus of that group. Nor does it seem 
to me to be reasonable to suppose that the ancestors of 
Linsang possessed the gland. A specialised organ of that 
kind would not, it may be supposed, abort without some 
radical change in mode of life, depriving it of its usefulness, 
But, so far as can be judged from their teeth, feet, pattern, 
and other external features, the Linsangs do not differ 
in habits from Genetta or Viverra*. 


The Genus Poiana, 


On structural grounds, cranial, dental, pedal, etc., the 
genus Poiana, restricted to the tropical forest-region of 
Africa, is always, and unavoidably from available data, 
associated with Linsang. I am not aware, however, that 
there is any direct evidence that Potanais without the scent- 
glands ; and there are no alcohol-preserved examples whereon 
this character may be observed. The inference as to their 
absence is provisionally justified ; but the uncertainty of its 
truth must be borne in mind. If Poiana prove to possess 
this organ, the genus will, according to my views, take a 
place in the Viverrinee with Genetta, Viverra, and the others. 
for the time being, however, it may be kept with Linsang. 

The feet of Poiana (Pi. XII. figs. 1, 2), judging trom 
dried skins, differ from those of Linsang in one or two parti- 
culars which recall the feet of Genetta. In the fore foot the 
carpal lobe (c.) is very manifestly double. Its external 
moiety is large, long, and fusiform; its internal moiety is 
much smaller, but quite well defined, and is wedged in between 
the external moiety and the elongated pollical lobe (pl.) of 
the plantar pad, which anteriorly touches the posterior angle 
of the internal lateral lobe of the plantar pad. In most of 
the dried skins the area between the plantar and carpal pads 

* In my paper upon Cynogale (Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) xv. p. 359, 
1915), I have suggested the possibility of the simple structure of the 


scent-gland in that genus being attributable to the adoption of au 
amphibious life and to the modifications in habits thereby enforced. 


Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol.-xvi. 24 


346 Mr. R. I. Pocock on the Genus Fossa. 


is naked, but in some it is partially hairy, suggesting that the 
nakedness is due to post-mortem “slipping ”’ of the hair. 
This is, I think, the probable, but not the certain, explanation. 

In the hind foot the hallucal lobe (A/.) is very large, as 
large as the internal lateral lobe of the plantar pad, with the 
posterior angle of which itisin contact. A little way above 
this and separated from it by a hairy tract is a small, narrow, 
bilobed, metatarsal pad like that of Civettict’s and representing 
the area of the double metatarsal streak, where it bifurcates 
inferiorly, in Genetfa. Above this little metatarsal pad in 
Poiana there is a narrow streak of naked integument 
which extends about as far along the underside of the meta- 
tarsus as the manifestly double ridge in Genetta. 

The digital pads in both fore and hind feet are small and 
surrounded by velvety hairs; the claws are completely 
retractile and are probably guarded basally by skin-lobes. 


The Genus Fossa. 


Disregarding the absence of the scent-pouch, Mivart 
classified Linsang and Potana with Viverra, Viverricula, and 
Grenetta. He also placed in that category the Mascarene 
genus Fossa, which also has no scent-pouch, comparing it 
more particularly, but for no very obvious reason, with 
Viverricula. Although unable to give a diagnosis of any 
value of this group, he yet spoke of it as an assemblage of 
closely allied forms, a claim which, in my opinion, cannot be 
maintained, 

Of the genus Fossa I have seen only three dried skins of 
adult animals—namely, two of F. fossa and one of F. majori, 
all in the British Museum. I can find no trace of the gland 
in these. In the best-preserved example (PI. XIII. fig. 4) 
the area between the anus and the prepuce is continuously 
hairy, and special attention must be drawn to the position 
of the prepuce far in advance of the scrotal area, as in Crypto- 
procta, which also has no such pouch. I believe the first- 
recorded evidence as to the absence of these glands in Fossa 
is the statement of M. Poivre, quoted by Mivart, that he 
discovered no scent-pouch and observed no perfume in a 
freshly killed example *. 

In Fossa the legs (P|. XIII. figs. 5, 6) are slender and elon- 
gate, the paws are much less furry than in Potana and Linsang, 

* M. Poivre also said, however, that the natives of Madagascar assured. 
him that the male “fossane,” when “on heat,” has a strong odour of 
musk. I strongly suspect that this apparent contradiction is due to con- 
fusion bet ween two animals, and that the Malagasy natives were referring, 


not to I’ossa, but to Viverricula, which also occurs, but doubtless by 
importation, in Madagascar. 


Mrok. I; Racouk on the Genus Fossa. 347 


and the digital pads are larger. If the term “feline” be 
applied to the feet of the African and Asiatic genera, ‘ canine ”’ 
would better express the character of those of Fossa. ‘The 
claws appear to be very imperfectly, if at all, retractile, and the 
space between the plantar and digital pads is naked or bears 
three patches of hair. The plantar pad is trilobed, subsym- 
metrical, and smooth and the lateral lobes of the pad project 
some distance behind the median lobe. Attached to the 
posterior angle of the internal lateral lobe of the fore foot is 
a small pollical lobe (p/.), close to which lies the digital pad of 
the pollex, the pollex itself being short and separated by a 
comparatively long interval from the digital pad of the second 
digit. There is a single, undivided, conical, carpal pad some 
distance above the plantar pad, the intervening space being 
entirely covered with hair, completely isolating the carpal 
pad (c.). 

In the hind feet the short hallux is set higher above the 
plantar pad than in any genus of Viverride, not excepting 
Viverricula, and the very small hallucal lobe (pl.) of the 
plantar pad is withdrawn from that pad in company with 
the hallux and simulates a second digital pad for that digit, 
The metatarsus is entirely covered with hair, except for a 
very small submedian pad (mé.) lying nearly midway between 
the plantar pad and the heel. . 

Judging from the limbs, Hossa is the most digitigrade of 
the Viverridee, and appears to be adapted for swift running 
rather than for climbing ; but it does not appear to me that the 
differences between its feet and those of Linsang and Potana 
are greater or of higher systematic value than those between 
the feet of the Viverrine genera Civettictis and Genetta, the 
former being a terrestrial and the latter an actively scansorial 
animal. On the other hand, it must be remembered that 
Fossa and some of the species of Linsang are the only repre- 
sentatives of the Viverride in which the hallucal element of 
the plantar pad is separated by a hairy tract from that pad. 

Provisionally, therefore, but quite provisionally pending 
the examination of fresh material, Yossa may be classified 
with Linsang and Poiana, despite its more generalized 
dentition, attested by the presence of two well-developed 
upper molars behind the carnassial, pm‘, which is situated 
well in advance of the posterior root of the maxillary portion 
ot the zygomatic arch—broadly speaking, a Paradoxurine as 
opposed to a Viverrine character. In Linsang and Podana, 
on the contrary, there is only one small upper molar behind 
the carnassial, which is set close to the posterior root of the 


maxillary portion of the zygomatic arch, as in the Viverrina. 
f 4% 


348 Mr. R. I. Pocock on the Genus Eupleres. 


The pattern of Fossa may be briefly referred to. In the 
typical species, J’. fossa, it consists of spots on the body and 
bands on the neck ; but in F. majori, Dollm., there are four 
longitudinal dark stripes on each side. The uppermost of 
these runs from just behind the occiput to the root of the 
tail, the spinal area being without a median stripe. The 
second follows a parallel course, but extends farther forwards 
to the root of the ear, and becomes more broken up on the 
thigh. The third is shorter and only reaches the base of the 
neck. The fourth and lowest is quite short and thinner. It 
extends from the outside of the thigh about halfway along 
ithe line where the flank passes into the belly. The general 
resemblance of this pattern to that of Galidictis * is obvious, 
despite the great differences between the two genera. 

A newly born young, probably belonging to F. majori, but 
referred by Mivart to F. fossa, resembles the adult of the 
former species, except that there is a pair of very narrow 
parallel stripes in the lumbar region, These, I suspect, 
represent the median spiral stripe seen in Genetta. IE so, 
they anggest that this stripe has been suppressed in Fossa as 
in Galidietis. 


The Genus Bupleres. 


One other genus may be briefly considered in thisconnection, 
namely Hupleres, a Mascarene form so aberrant in dentition 
that Mivart made it the representative of a special subfamily, 
Eupleiine, a view with which I am not prepared to disagree. 

Of this animal I have only seen one stuffed example in the 
British Museum, but according to Miss Carlsson (Zool. Jahrb. 
Syst. xvi. pp. 218-236, 1902) the genus is more Viverrine 
than Mungotine (Herpestine). To this author’s list of 
characters aftiliating Hupleres with the Viverrines may be 
added the presence of the bursa on the ear. As she has 
shown, there is no perineal scent-pouch, no anal sack, the 
vulva is tolerably close to the anus (PI. XIII. fig. 1), the 
hind foot is covered with hair down to the plantar pad, in 
the fore foot the area between the carpal pads and the 
plantar pad is hairy, the paws are broad and short, the 
digital pads are wide and not compressed, and the web 
joining the toes extends to their proximal ends (Pl. XIII. 
figs. 2,3). In all these respects Hupleres resembles Linsang 
and Fossa. The claws are longish and not retractile, or only 
imperfectly so, asin Fossa; and, as insome examples, at all 
events, of the latter, the area between the digital and plantar 


*# See Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) xvi. pl. vii. (1915), 


Mr. R. I. Pocock on the Genus Eupleres, de. 349 


pads is quite naked. The plantar pads are large and normally 
trilobate, and the internal lateral lobe has a moderately large 
pollical (pl.) or hallucal lobe (h/.) attached to its posterior 
angle. There is no metatarsal pad, but a strip of naked skin 
runs obliquely inwards and upwards to the middle line from 
the angle of the external lateral lobe of the plantar pad. The 
carpal pad (c.) is double and closer than usual to the plantar 
pad, its subspherical external or ulnar moiety being larger 
than the internal; between the former and the external 
lateral lobe of the plantar pad there is a small area of naked 
skin. 

In the characters so far enumerated there is nothing to 
distinguish the feet of Hupleres, otherwise than generically, 
from those of the genera previously discussed in this paper, 
or, indeed, from those described in my paper upon the 
Viverrine (P. Z.S. 1915, pp. 131-149) ; but in one character 
they are peculiar, namely, the comparatively large size and 
low position of the hallux and pollex—a primitive feature, 
suggesting that, although truly digitigrade, Hupleres, when 
standing, has the five digital pads instead of four in contact 
with the ground. 


Conclusion. 


Assuming provisionally the absence of perineal scent- 
glands in Potana, the four genera discussed in this paper 
differ by that negative character from those I have recently 
dealt with elsewhere, which may be referred to the four’ 
subfamilies of Viverride, namely, the Viverrinze ( Viverricula, 
Viverra, Civettictis, Genetta), the Hemigaline ( Hemigalus, 
Chrotogale, Diplogale), the Cynogaliney (Cynogale), and the 
Paradoxurine (Paradorurus, Paguma, Macrogalidia*, Arc- 
tictis, Arctogalidia, Nandinia). I do not think it is placing 
a too high value upon the characters distinguishing these 
groups to assign them the rank of subfamilies. The Para- 
doxurinze, indeed, may be susceptible of finer subdivision, 
Nandinia especially having strong claims to be regarded as 
the representative of a special group of that standing. How- 
ever that may be, the fourteen genera so classified agree, so 
far as is known, with each other in possessing the scent- 
gland in diverse forms and positions in both sexes { ; and 
this is a very special organ probably inherited from a common 


* Proposed by Schwarz (Ann. & Mag. Nat, Hist. (8) v. p. 428, 1910) 
for Paguma mussenbroeki from Celebes. 

+ Not verified in Chrotogale aud Diplogale. 

{ Not verified in the male of Arctogahdta, 


350 On the Genera Linsang, Poiana, and Fossa. 


ancestor, and presumably not likely to be lost when onee 
acquired and elaborated. 

‘The three genera Linsang, Poiana, and Fossa, which are 
without the scent-gland, I propose to allocate to the subfamily 
Linsangina, with the proviso that Yossa, when better known, 
may have to be eliminated therefrom, and placed by itself in 
a subfamily, the Fossine. 


The Linsangine and the Euplerinze may be characterized 
as follows :— 


Viverrids with no scent-pouch and the vulva 
tolerably close to the anus; feet digitigrade 
and hairy down to the plantar pads, the 
metatarsal pads being reduced or absent 
and the carpal pads or pad much smaller 
and narrower than the plantar pad. 
a, Hallux and pollex with large digital pads 
and close to the second digit; jaws long 
and slender, teeth reduced in size, the 
canines exceedingly small and the pre- 
molars widely spaced .........-200. .. LEuplerine (Eupleres). 
a’, Hallux and pollex very short, with small 
digital pads and set well above the second 
digit ; skull and teeth unmodified ...... Linsangine, 
b. Feet with large digital pads, not im- 
bedded in velvety hair; claws at most 
partially retractile, unguarded by lobes 
of skin; area between plantar and 
digital pads naked or mostly so; hallux 
high above plantar pad, with accessory 
pad elpad,te 36 | 1i..ésisah ls adicaaeibhs oe ‘08set, 
b', Feet with small digital pads imbedded 
in velvety fur; claws completely re- 
tractile and probably guarded by skin- 
lobes ; area between plantar and digital 
ee thickly hairy; hallux scarcely 
igher up than plantar pad, its acces- 
sory pad (hallucal lobe) close to or 
touching the plantar pad. 
e. No metatarsal pads; hallucal lobe of 
plantar pad small ................ Linsang. 
ec’. A long, narrow, median metatarsal 
pad, ending inferiorly in a bilobed 
enlargement ; hallucal lobe of plantar 
pad very Tange (Toei sae tea LOUNGE, 


EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 


PuiateE XII, 


Fig. 1. Left fore paw of Poiana richardsoni (from dried skin) from the 
Benito River (digite not separated). pi., pollical lobe of plantar 
pad ; ¢., external lobe of carpal pad. 

Fig. 2. Left hind foot of same. Al., hallucal lobe ; m#., metatarsal pad. 

Fig. 3. Right fore paw of female Linsang linsang from Sumatra (digits 


On the Genera Galidia, Galidictis, de. 351 


partially separated). pl., pollical lobe; ¢., external lobe of 
carpal pad, 

4. Right hind foot of the same. Al., hallucal lobe. 

Fig. 5. Rhinarium of the same. 

6. Base of ear of the same. s., supratragus; b., bursa; pe., postero- 
external ridge; e., crest on outside of latter; 7., supplementary 
ridge ; 0., inferior oritice of meatus; ae. and ai., antero-external 
and antero-internal ridges. 

Fig. 7. Ano-genital area of the same. a., anus; v,, yulya. 


PuaTe XII, 


Fig. 1. Anal and genital area of female Eupleres goudoti (after Carlsson), 
v., Vulva; a., anus. 

Fig. 2. Right hind foot of the same. J and 5, first and fifth digits; Ad, 
hallucal lobe attached to plantar pad. 

Fig. 3. Right fore foot of the same. J and 5, first and fifth digits; 
e., double carpal pad, with spot of naked integument between 
the larger or outer lobe and the plantar pad; p/., pollical lobe of 

ad. 

Fig. 4. eal and genital area of male Fossa fossa (dried skin). a., anus; 
8c., scrotum ; p., prepuce. 

Fig. 5. Lett fore foot of Fossa majori (dried skin), Lettering as in fig. 3. 

Fig.6. Left hind foot of the same. Lettering as in fig. 2, with addition 
of mt., metatarsal pad. g 


XLIV.—On some External Characters of Galidia, Galidictis, 
and related Genera. By RK. 1. Pocock, F.R.S., Super- 
intendent of the Zoological Society’s Gardens. 


[Plates XIV. & XV.] 


THE indigenous Mascarene carnivores Cryptoprocta, Fossa, 
Galidia, Salanoia (lemigalidia), Galidictis, and Eupleres 
were referred by Mivart to the Viverride under the sub- 
families Cryptoproctine (Cryptoprocta), Viverrine (Fossa), 
Galidictine (Galidia, Galidictis, and Salanoia), and 
Euplerine (Eupleres). Although his definitions were not 
altogether convincing, the groups themselves will no doubt 
be admitted by modern systematists, possibly with elevation 
to the higher rank of families. With Cryptoprocta I am not 
now concerned ; Fossa aud Hupleres | suggest (see the pre- 
ceding paper) may be regarded respectively as divergent types 
of a primitive group of Viverrids, antedating the ancestor of 
the groups now characterised by the possession of the scent- 
gland. With Fossa I associate Linsang, for the reason that 
it also is without that organ; and Poiana inferentially, and 
therefore provisionally, goes with Linsang, pending the 
examination of fresh material to establish, or disprove, its 
possession of the gland. 


352 Mr. R. I. Pocock on some 


The confidence I place in this gland, as an important 
criterion of affinity and as a basis for the classification of the 
Vive rida, is admittedly founded on two assumptions: first, 
that a specialised organ of that description when once 
acquired and elaborated is not likely to be eliminated, with- 
out some radical change in mode of life depriving it of its 
usefulness ; and, second, that there is nothing to justify the 
view that it has been acquired twice, or more times, within 
the limits of this group of Aéluroid carnivores. 

I therefore attach to it a systematic value higher than that 
accorded to the feet or teeth which, there is evidence to show, 
are organs of a high degree of plasticity along certain lines, 
the teeth altering in size, shape, and position apparently in 
accordance with diet, and the feet becoming modified in the 
direction of digitigradism and other particulars according to 
the mode of progression required by the nature of thie soil, 
the change from terrestrial to scansorial habits, or vice versa. 

Tie Scent-gland.—Adopting tle scent-gland as a eriterion, 
the systematic position of the three remaining Mascarene 
genera, Galidia, Salanoia, and Galidictis, and the recently 
established Mungotictis (Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) xvi. 
p- 120, 1915), remains to be settled. In some characters 
they resemble the mongooses, in some the civets and genets, 
in some they differ from both those sections. ‘They are not 
definitely classifiable with either. But I think itis a mistake 
to consider them as intermediate between the two, or as 
inclining rather to the mongooses than to the civets, as 
Mivart held. Since Mivart’s time fresh or spirit-preserved 
examples of Galidictis and Galidia have been examined, and 
the scent-pouch has been found in both. 

A female example of Galidictis eximius (=striata) was 
examined by Beddard, and his figure of the gland (Pl. XIV. 
fig. 4) shows that in position and, apparently, in structure it 
resembles the homologous organ in Genetta, that is to say, 
it is wholly perineal aud consists of two closely applied lobes 
meeting to form a narrow branching rima (P. Z. 8. 1907, 
p- 505). 

As regards Galidia elegans, the only known species of the 

enus, Beddard stated that the male has no scent-gland 
(P. Z. 8.1909, p. 477); but a year later Miss Carlsson 
detected the organ in a female of that species (Zool. Jalirb. 
Syst. xxvill. p. 559, 1910). This discrepancy is difficult to 
explain. Two explanations suggest themselves :—first, that 
Beddard overlooked the organ, which is improbable, unless 
possibly it was as little developed as it is in the young male 


External Characters of Galidia, &e. 353 


of Cynogale benneitit I have recently described (Ann. & Mag. 
Nat. Hist. (8) xv. p. 358, pl. xiv. fig. 8, 1915) ; and, second, 
that the organ is present only in the female. This must be 
admitted as quite possible, despite the better development of 
the gland in the males than in the females of the Viverrinz 
and Paradoxurine. If this prove to be so the fact will be 
one of very great interest, for, taken in conjunction with 
certain archaic characters of Galdia and Galidictis, it 
suggests that this organ may originally have been a sexual 
character acquired first by the female to help the male find 
her and, subsequently, by the male for the opposite purpose. 
However that may be, the present state of our knowledge 
only justifies the statement that the gland is present in the 
females of the two genera under discussion. 

It may be added that Miss Carlsson’s figure of the gland in 
the female Galidia elegans (Pl. XIV. fig. 3) shows that itis a 
perineal pocket, the labiaof which pass forwards in front of the 
vulva and clitoris, foreshadowing the condition seen in Para- 
doxurus and Paguma, as I have recently pointed out (P. Z.S. 
1915, pp. 401-405) ; but, asin the Viverrines, the walls of the 
space are covered with short hair. It is also interesting to 
note that an examination of dried skins of Galidia and 
Galidictis shows that the prepuce is situated far in advance 
of the scrotum, as in Fossa and Cryptoprocta, and that this 
character alone serves to separate the genera concerned from 
the mongooses. The absence of the anal pouch and the 
structure of the ear, which has a well-developed marginal 
bursa and a long and strong tragus-bearing crest, further 
distinguish Galidia and Galidictis from the mongooses. 

Nothing is known apparently about the presence or absence 
of scent-glands in Afungotictis and Salanoia. The provisional 
inference as to their presence—at all events, in the female— 
is justified by the many likenesses and few unlikenesses 
between those genera aud Gadidia and Galidictis. 

The Vibrisse, Rhinarium, and Ear.—Tie tutts of facial 
vibrissee are normal in number and situation, consisting of 
mystacial, supraocular, and two genal on each side and of an 
interramal in the middle line of the throat. The individual 
vibrisse are mostly long. 

The rhinarium, judging from dried skins, is small, as in 
the genets and mongooses. The upper lip is cleft and the 
groove marking it extends at least up to the summit of the 
anterior surface. ‘lhe infranarial portion is deep, but not 
laterally extended as a broad band beneath the slit of the 
nostril, Seen from above, the anterior edge of the upper 


B54 Mr. R. I. Pocock on some 


surface is medianly notched and apparently lightly biconvex 
in Galidict’s and Galidia, but without a notch and straight 
or lightly convex from side to side in Mungot/ctis. 

The pinna of the ear (Pl. XV. fig. 4) is larger than in most 
mongooses, except Cynictis, but smaller on the average than 
that of the Viverrines and Paradoxurines. It has a well- 
developed bursa (d.), of which the anterior and posterior flaps 
arise together from the margin of the pinna above, giving this 
margin the appearance of bifurcation. The edge of the ante- 
rior flap is not notched or markedly concave. The two anterior 
basal ridges (ae., ai.) are well developed, the external or tragus- 
bearing ridge extending upwards nearly to the anterior base of 
the supratragus or plica principalis (s.),and the internal sweeps 
across beneath the supratragus somewhat as in the mongooses, 
without sloping so obliquely downwards as in the Viverrines 
and Paradoxurines; but the supratragus has no thickening. 
The ridge of the antitragus (pe.) rises trom the inferior orifice 
of the meatus, but there is no apparent groove or ridge on 
its outer surface. The possession of a well-developed bursa 
distinguishes the ear of the Galidictine from that of the 
mongooses, and in none of the latter is the tragus-bearing 
antero-external ridge so well developed: Nevertheless, in the 
simpler structure of the ridges, the higher position and lesser 
downward inclination of the antero-internal ridge, and the 
absence of lobate thickening on the antitragus, the ear recalls 
that of the mongooses. 

The Feet.—So far as Iam aware, the feet of Galidictis have 
never been examined on fresh material and never figured. 
Those of Galidia, as figured by Miss Carlsson, show some 
interesting points, which I have veritied as far as possible on 
available skins. The fore foot (Pl. XIV. fig. 2) is naked 
beneath from the toes back to and including the region of 
the carpal pads. The digits are webbed up to the proximal 
end of the digital pads, and the edges of the web are not deeply 
emarginate. ‘lhe claws are of moderate length, not retractile, 
unguarded by skin lobes, and unprotected basally by thick- 
growing hair. The pollex, although rather short, is not set 
high up, but projects nearly in a line with the middle of the 
plantar pad, which is typically trilobed and hasa large pollical 
lobe barely in contact with its internal lateral lobe. ‘The 
elements of two carpal pads are present, and these, taken 
together, seem to be at least equal to the plantar pad in area. 
The outer, on the ulnar side, is very large and is defined from 
the inner, which is in contact throughout its width with the 
pollical element of the plantar pad, by a deep notch jutting 


External Characters of Galidia, &e. 355 


backwards from the rather short, naked, depressed area 
between the carpal and the plantar pads. 

The hind foot (PI. XIV. fig. 1) is naked back tothe heel. The 
digits and plantar pad resemble in a general way those of the 
fore foot. ‘lwo metatarsal padsare retained. The inner, the 
thicker of the two, is separated from the hallucal lobe of the 
plantar pad. ‘The outer, which is thinner and subfusiform, is 
set lower down. Its proximal end is in contact, or nearly so, 
with the middle of the admedian edge of the inner lobe ; its 
distal end runs downwards and ceases before reaching the 
plantar pad, the interval between the two being a little less 
than that which separates the inner metatarsal pad from the 
hallucal lobe of the plantar pad. 

None of the examples of Gal¢dia which I have seen bear 
out Mivart’s statement (P. Z. 8. 1882, p. 188) that “the 
tarsus and metatarsus are covered beneath with sparse short 
hairs, or are more or less inclined to be bald.” ‘The feet 
appear to me to be quite naked beneath. 

From an examination of dried skins it appears that the 
feet of Galidictis differ inthe main from those of Galidta in 
having the digits longer, less fully webbed, and provided with 
longer claws, those of the fore feet being especially elongated. 
In these respects they recall the feet of the true mongooses, 
but, as is also the case in Galidia, the pollex and haliux are 
lower down than in those animals, thus attesting a more 
primitive type of foot. The fore foot, moreover, is more 
markedly asymmetrical than in Galidia, the third digit being 
considerably longer than the fourth and the fifth being 
set far back so as to be only a little in advance of the pollex 
and considerably behind the second digit. The foot, in fact, 
approaches the ‘‘ perissodactyl” type more closely than in 
any living carnivore I have seen, in the sense that the long 
third digit lies nearly in the middle line and is flanked by the 
second and fourth, which are not very unequal in length, 
with the first and the fifth much shorter and higher up. 
This arrangement is not noticeable on the hind foot (P], XV. 
fig. 3), which is artiodactyl, the middle line passing between 
the third and fourth, which are subequal, the second on the 
inner side of the foot balancing the fifth on the outer side, 

The feet of Mungotictis are similar to those of Galidictis, 
except that the heel is naked and not hairy (PI. XV. figs. 1, 2). 

The Pattern.—Apart from the annulation of the tail in 
Galidia, this genus and Salanoia show no trace of pattern. 
Galidictis and Mungotictis, on the other hand, have a definite 
pattern of longitudinal stripes on the body, and Galidictis, in 
addition, shows spots or stripes on the base of the tail. 


356 On the Genera Galidia, Galidictis, de. 


It would be rash to claim that the pattern in either of 
these genera is tle primitive carnivore pattern; but, since 
there is a good deal of convergent evidence that the primitive 
pattern of this order consisted of longitudinal lines, it is 
interesting to find this type present in Mascarene genera, 
intermediate in some respects between such widely divergent 
groups as the genets and mongooses. Analysis of the 
pattern of the genets, as a whole, shows that on the body it 
is resolvable into five longitudinal bands of spots on each 
side and a median uninterrupted stripe down the back. Over 
the shoulders and the nape of the neck the continuity of these 
stripes is generally interrupted to a greater or less extent, 
and their course is not always easy to follow; but the 
extension of the three dorsal stripes on each side over the 
shoulders and up to the ceciput in Mungotictis vittatus (see 
Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) xvi. pl. vii. fig. 3), suggests 
that the pattern on the neck of genets is derived from the 
breaking up of at least six stripes with the addition of the 
median stripe. Although in some examples of Galidicting 
the median spinal stripe does not exist, nevertheless, it can 
be detected as a narrow band on the fore part of the neck of 
Galidictis eximius aud on part of the dorso-lumbar area in 
Mungotictis vittatus. 

The resemblance in pattern between Ga/dictis and Mungo- 
ticlis, on the one hand, and the Genets, on the other, strengthens 
the claim of relationship between the Galidictine and the 
Viverrine based upon the structure and relations of the 
perfume-gland. 


EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES, 


PuaTe XIV. 


. Right hind foot of Galidia elegans, drawn from dried skins. 
tight fore foot of the same. 

. Anal and genital area of Galidia elegans (after Carlsson). 
a., anus; g/., glandular pouch, with labia distended; v., vulva. 
. Anal and genital area of Galidictis eximius; lettering as in 
fig. 3, the labia of gland in contact. 


€ 
- Coho 


PLATE XV. 


1. Left hind foot of Mungotictis substriatus, drawn from dried skin. 
. 2. Left fore foot of the same. 
Fig. 3, Left hind foot of Galidictis eximius. 
4. Right ear of Galidictis eximius (from dried skin). 0., bursa; 
s., supratragus ; pe., postero-external or antitragal ridge; 
ae,, antero-external or tragal ridge; ai., antero-internal ridge. 


On the African Shrews belonging to Crocidura. 357 


XLV.—On the African Shrews belonging to the Genus 
Crocidura.—V. By Guy Dortiman. 


[Continued from p. 146. } 


Group 11 (nigricans). 


Size medium. Colour above greyish or dark blackish brown. 
Second upper unicuspids rather broader than third. 


(64) Crocidura boydi, sp. n. 


Allied to arethusa aud nigricans, but distinguished by its 
skull, which has a much shorter and blunter muzzle and 
considerably shorter tooth-vow. 

Size rather smaller, hind foot only 11 mm. in length. 

Colour of upper parts greyish brown (‘ mouse-grey ” 
mixed with ‘“‘mummy-brown”’), the grey hair-bases rather 
less conspicuous. Underparts whitish, strongly contrasting 
with the brownish grey of the flanks. Backs of hands and 
feet whitish. Tail short, rather coarsely haired, brown 
above, dirty buff below; bristle-hairs numerous, evenly dis- 
tributed throughout the entire length of the tail, white in 
colour. 

Skull with very short broad muzzle, much shorter than 
in arethusa. Small upper unicuspids crushed together, the 
second appearing a trifle broader than the third and its cusp 
longer. 

Dimensions of the type (measured in the flesh) :— 

Head and body 80 mm. (stretched) ; tail 38 ; hind foot 
11; ear 6. 

Skull (brain-case broken) : least interorbital breadth 4:5 ; 
length of palate 8°6 ; greatest maxillary breadth 7°8 ; length 
of upper tooth-row 9. 

Hab. Titebbi, Welle River. 

Type. Adult female. B.M. no. 7.7. 8.52. Original 
number 103. Collected on June 19th, 1906, by the late 
Captain Boyd Alexander during the Alexander-Gosling 
Expedition. 

The smaller hind feet, shorter tail, and much shorter 
muzzle and tooth-row distinguish this Welle River species 
from the Nigerian arethusa. The unicuspids are more as in 
nigricans, the second being rather larger than the third ; on 
this account it has been thought best to place this Welle 
River species between the arethusa group and nigricans. 


358 Mr. G. Dollman on the African Shrews 


(65) Crocidura nigricans, Boc. 
Crocidura nigricans, Bocage, Jorn. Se. Lisb. i. p. 29 (1889). 


Probably allied to the Welle River species described above 
and to nigrofusca from the Semliki District. 

The colour is as follows :—‘‘ Pelage en dessus d’un noir- 
bleu d’ardoise uniforme, en dessous plus pale; les poils 
d'un cendré de plomb a la base; .... la queue noiratre en 
dessus, brunatre en dessous.” 

The second upper unicuspid (‘é”’) is stated to be larger 
than the third or canine, which is a little longer than the 
anterior cusp of the large premolar. 

Dimensions of the type (as given by Bocage) :— 

Head and body 70 mm. ; tail 52; hind foot 12. 

Hab. Quindumbo, Angola. 

Type. In Lisbon Museum. 

In general dental characters this species would appear to 
agree with nigrofusca and to a certain extent with the pre- 
ceding species; but the general dimensions andcolour are very 
different, nigrafusca being considerably browner and having 
a larger hind foot and longer tail, while the Welle River 
species is considerably paler in colour and with a much | 
shorter tail. 


(66) Crocidura nigrofusca, Matsch. 
Abie! nigrofusca, Matschie, Saug. Deutsch. Ost-Africa, p. 33 
(1895). : 

About equal in size to turba, but with a much longer tail 
and having the second upper unicuspids larger than the 
third. 

Colour above dark blackish brown, the new pelage near 
“blackish brown (1)” mixed with ‘“ mummy-brown,” and 
the worn coat about as in “mummy-brown.” Flanks a 
trifle paler, the tint merging gradually into the dull brownish 
grey of the belly. Backs of hands and feet dark brown. 
Tail long, dark brown above and below ; bristle-hairs con- 
fined to basal half, not very conspicuous. 

Skull much as in ¢urba, but with the second upper uni- 
cuspid larger than the third. There seems to be some error 
in Matschie’s description of the unicuspids, probably due to 
a different understanding of the dental nomenclature; he ~ 
writes, “é; und pm, im Oberkiefer sind ungefahr gleich breit, 
aber i, ist fast doppelt so gross wie c und der vordere 
Hocker von pm, ist wenig kleiner als c.”? I have accepted 
three specimens from the Upper Congo as representing 


belonging to the Genus Crocidura. 359 


Matschie’s species; they agree with the description very 
closely as regards general dimensions and colour, and have 
the second upper unicuspid rather larger than the third, 
but otherwise the teeth are quite normal. 

Dimensions of the type (as given by Matschie) :— 

Head and body 65 mm. ; tail 68; hind foot 16 ; ear 9:9. 

Dimensions of three specimens from the Upper Congo 
(measured in the flesh) :— 


Head and body. = Tail. Hind foot. Far. 

mm, mm. mm. mm. 

Et Rees oceania 78 67 15 10°5 
2 eee 74 65 15 10 

eae us 63 15 10°5 


Hab. Wukalala Camp, Kinyawanga, west of Semliki. 

Type. In Berlin Museum. 

This species is distinguished from the allied forms by its 
dark blackish-brown colour and long dark-coloured tail. 


Group 12 (luna). 


Size medium. Colour above pale or slaty grey washed with cinnamon 
or brownish. Skull with anterior corners square-shaped. Second 
and third upper unicuspids about equal in size. 


(67) Crocidura luna, Dollm. 


Crocidura luna, Dollman, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) vol. v. p. 175 
(1910). 


Size about as in turba, but pale smoke-grey in colour and 
with a squarer brain-case. 

Size of body and hind foot about as in turba; tail longer. 

General colour of upper parts pale smoke-grey (“ deep 
mouse-grey,” finely speckled with ‘ snuff-brown”’), rather 
browner on the back and paler on the flanks, strikingly 
different from the dark sepia-coloured pelage of turba. 
Underparts slaty grey washed with silvery white; hairs of 
belly with slate-grey bases and white tips. Backs of hands 
and feet thinly covered with greyish-white hairs. Tail fairly 
long, general appearance much less hairy than in turba, 
greyish white above and below; caudal bristle-hairs fairly 
numerous, 

Skull longer than in fumosa, as strongly built as in turba; 
anterior angles of brain-case sharply pointed, not rounded, 
giving the cranial region a square appearance; in size the 
brain-case is about as in Azndei, rather flat, considerably 
more so than in ¢urba. ‘Teeth intermediate between those 


360 Mr. G. Dollman on the African Shrews 


of the fumosa and turba groups, the second upper unicuspid 
rather smaller than the third, not so markedly as in fumosa, 
but rather more so than in ¢urba. Last molar as large as 
in fumosa. In general form this skull is like that of monaz 
aud the allied species ultima, the square-shaped brain-case 
being common to both groups, although not present in ail 
the species of the dolichura group. 

Dimensions of the type and two topotypes (measured in 
the flesh) :-— 

Head and body. Tail. Hind foot. Ear. 


mm. mm. mm, mm, 
GuELy pe) ‘se te. 88 60 15 12 
Siesemsicnkh wes 86 57 155 10 
Be a he as SOE “ef 55 14. 115 

Skull-dimensions :— 
é. Scull pete BS 
Type. Katanga. Katanga. S. Rhodesia. 
mm. mm. mm. mm, 

Condylo-incisive length ., 24:3 23°'8 23°8 23°5 

Greatest breadth ........ 10°5 10°7 106 10°5 

Least interorbital breadth... 5:2 5:2 52 5 

Length of palate ........ 104 10 10-2 o7 

Postpalatal length ........ 10°7 106 10°5 10°53 

Greatest maxillary breadth. 7:5 cz be ° 73 

Median depth of brain-case. 6 6 6 59 

Length of upper tooth-row . 11 10°8 11 10°8 


Hab. Bunkeya River, Katanga, S. Congo. Altitude 
3400 feet. 

Type. Adult male. B.M. no. 9.1. 3. 3. 

In addition to the specimens mentioned above, there are 
in the Collection two more from the Melsetter District, 
S.W. Rhodesia, which agree very closely with the type in 
general colour and cranial characters. 


(68) Crocidura luna umbrosa, subsp. n. 


A brown-coloured race of /una. 

Size about as in the Katanga species. 

General colour very much darker and browner, more as 
in the fumosa group, but greyer; colour of back about 
as in “ deep mouse-grey ” washed with “ mummy-brown ” ; 
the grey tint of duna here restricted to the grey speckling. 
Underparts rather darker, slate-grey, hair-tips tinged with 
buff, not silvery. Backs of hands and feet brownish, con- 
siderably darker than in /una. Tail very much darker in 
colour, dark blackish hrown above, a shade paler below. 

Skull like that of luna, with square-shaped, sharp-angled 


belonging to the Genus Crocidura. 361 


brain-case, but rather narrower, both across cranial and 
maxillary regions. ‘Teeth smaller. 
Dimensions of the type (taken from dry skin) :— 
Head and body 88 mm. ; tail 50; hind foot 14. 
Skull-dimensions of type and two paratypes :-— 


2. dé. 2: 

Type. Paratype. Paratype. 

mm. mm. mm. 
Condylo-incisive length ...... 23°5 23 22:8 
Greatest breadth ............ 10°3 10 10 
Least interorbital breadth .... 4°8 48 49 
Wength of palate’ ...........5. 9-9 9°7 95 
Postpalatal length .......... 10°3 10:2 10-2 
Greatest maxillary breadth .... 7°3 ti 7°2 
Median depth of brain-case.... 56 56 56 
Length of upper tooth-row .... 10°65 105 10°3 


Hab. Machakos, British East Africa. Altitude 5400 feet. 

Type. Adult female. B.M. no. 1.12.9.3. Original 
number 94. Collected and presented by Dr. S. L. Hinde. 

The browner colour, darker extremities and tail, and 
narrower skull distinguish this Machakos race from the true 


luna. 
* 


(69) Crocidura luna macmillani, subsp. n. 


A dark slate-grey form. 

Size of body and hind foot about as in Juna, tail rather 
shorter. 

Colour darker throughout, upper parts dark slate washed 
with vandyke-brown (“deep mouse-grey,” mixed with 
*“ fuscous ”’), flanks rather greyer, the tint gradually merging 
into the pure slate-coloured underparts (‘deep neutral 
grey’’), general effect considerably darker than in Juna. 
Backs of hands and feet dirty white. ‘Tail rather shorter, 
but as pale in colour as that of the Katanga form. 

Skull considerably narrower than in /wna, more as in 
umbrosa, but with rather smaller brain-case. General build 
of cranial region the same as in /wna, anterior angles of brain- 
case quite as sharp, not rounded. Maxillary region rather 
narrow. ‘Teeth smaller, especially the second and third 
upper unicuspids, third about as in umbdrosa, second rather 
smaller. 

Dimensions of the type (measured in the flesh) :— 

Head and body 87 mm.; tail 52; hind foot 14; ear 9. 

Skull: condylo-incisive length 22-9; greatest breadth 10 ; 
least interorbital breadth 4°8; length of palate 9-5; post- 


Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol. xvi. 25 


362 Mr. G. Dollman on the African Shrews 


palatal length 10°1 ; greatest maxillary breadth 7°2 ; median 
depth of brain-case 5:6 ; length of upper tooth-row 102. 

Hab. Kotelee, Walamo, Abyssinia. 

Type. Adult female. B.M. no. 6. 11. 1.18. Original 
number 148. Collected by P. Zaphiro on September 9th, 
1905, and presented by W. N. McMillan, Esq. 

The darker colour and narrower skull distinguish this 
form from the Katanga /una. The Machakos race cannot be 
confused with this Abyssinian form, the hands, feet, and 
tail being very much darker and the general colour browner 
and less slaty in wmbrosa. 


(70) Crocidura ibeana, sp. n. 

Smaller than /una and more cinnamon-coloured. 

Size of body and hind foot much smaller than in luna or 
the allied forms ; hind foot only 12 mm. in length. 

Colour of upper parts light cinnamon-brown (“ pale snuff- 
brown”? mixed with “ drab,” speckled with ‘‘ mouse-grey ’’), 
very much as in dull specimens of hindei. Flanks greyer, 
the cinnamon tint gradually fading away and replaced on 
the ventral surface by light grey, much less slaty than in 
luna or macmillant. Backs of hands and feet dirty white. 
Tail fairly long, caudal bristle-hairs short and inconspicuous ; 
colour above reddish brown, whitish below. 

Skull considerably smaller than in luna, with much 
smaller teeth; anterior angles of cranium quite as square. 

Dimensions of the type (measured in the flesh) :—- 

Head and body 74; tail 47 ; hind foot 12; ear 10°5. 

Skull : condylo-incisive length 20; greatest breadth 9°4 ; 
least interorbital breadth 4-5; length of palate 8; post- 
palatal length 9; greatest maxillary breadth 6:2 ; median 
depth of brain-case 4°7; length of upper tooth-row 85. 

Hab. Olgerei River, British East Africa. 

Type. Adult male. B.M. no. 12.7. 1.68. Original 
number 114. Collected and presented by A. Blayney 
Percival, Esq. 

The much smaller size and cinnamon-brdwn colour 
separate this form very clearly from the other members of 
the luna group. 

Group 13 (argentata). 
Rather small-sized species, Colour above greyish or greyish brown. 
Second and third upper unicuspids about equal in size. 
(71) Crocidura argentata, Sund. 
Sorex argentatus, Sundeyall, K. Vetensk.-Ak. Handl. ii. no. 10, p. 16 
(1858). 
Size less than in luna. 


belonging to the Genus Crocidura, 363 


Colour of upper parts pale slaty grey washed with reddish 
brown (“neutral grey ” speckled with “ cinnamon-drab ”) ; 
hairs of back with slaty bases, reddish-brown tips, and light 
grey subterminal rings, the reddish tips becoming more 
dominant in the worn pelage, but never to such a marked 
extent as in firta. Flanks rather greyer, the colour 
merging gradually into the purer and lighter grey of the 
under surface ; belly “ neutral grey”? washed with “ snuff- 
brown.” Backs of hands and feet dirty white or pale brown. 
Tail dark brown above, dirty white below ; bristle-hairs 
not very numerous or conspicuous, evenly distributed over 
basal two-thirds. 

Skull much smaller than that of luna or electa, rather 
shorter than in marfensi, the junction of the lambdoidal and 
sagittal sutures fairly far forwards as in the fumosa group, 
brain-case broad and flat ; interorbital region broad poste- 
riorly. Tooth-row a little shorter than in martensi ; second 
and third upper unicuspids about equal. 

Dimensions of the type (as given by Sundevall) :— 

Head and body 75 mm. ; tail 45 ; hind foot (c. u.) 13°5. 

Dimensions of a series from Deelfontein :-— 


Head and body. Tail. Hind foot. 
mm, ‘mm. mm. 
fdsiasist) Saal 85 52 13 
hg, REPPIN 77 52 125 
APP bate 78 48 12°5 
Se te afer Ber Sis 73 »  ~48 12°5 
ara heer eee 95 51 125 
Skulls :— 
Ge ids ks Os Oats D. 
mm. mm. mm. mm. mm, mm. 
Condylo-incisive length .... 22°3 22:2 21°4 21:5 21:4 21 
Greatest breadth .......... OG  & 9P74 9 Sh DD 9°59 14/95 
Least interorbital breadth .. 46 47 47 45 42 4-4 
Length of palate .......... Fo hl Oo Bees. 
Postpalatal length ........ 9:65 Wide 9r4e -9'4 GAO -9 
Greatest maxillary breadth.. 68 68 66 65 64 63 
Median depth of brain-case.. 48 5 47 48 48 46 
Length of upper tooth-row.. 94 93 91 91 QD1 89 


Hab. Roodeval, Karroo. 

The slaty-brown colouring and shorter skull distinguish 
this shrew from martensi ; both electa and luna, which are 
rather similar in colour to argentata, are both larger and 
possess larger and heavier skulls. 


ho 
Gr 


364 Mr. G. Dollman on the African Shrews 


(72) Crocidura cyanea, Duv. 


Sorer cyaneus, Duvernoy, Mém. Soc. Hist. Nat. Strasb. ii, Supp 
p. 2 (1838); Mag. Zool. p. 21, pls. xl. & xli. (1842). 


A dark slate-grey coloured species, probably allied to 
argentatus. 

‘The description and plate given by Duvernoy show that 
the colour is considerably more slaty and less rufous than in 
argentata ; it is possible that the specimen was immature 
and in the slate-coloured pelage so often met with in young 
individuals. The coloured plate is too “artistic” to be of 
very much use, but it was evidently intended to represent a 
slate-grey shrew, suchas is described by Duvernoy. Under- 
parts rather paler than upper, but not markedly so. Backs 
of hands and feet dirty buff. Tail slender, not conspicuously 
paler on the ventral surface, bristle-hairs fairly numerous, 
evenly distributed throughout nearly the whole length of 
the tail. 

Skull apparently much as in argentata. 

Dimensions (as given by Duvernoy) :— 

“Le corps a 3 pouces 4 linges de long et la queue 
2 pouces.” 

Hab. “... la riviére des Elephants, au sud de l'Afrique.” 

The dark slaty colour readily distinguishes this shrew 
from argentata, which is considerably paler and washed with 
reddish brown. 


(73) Crocidura electa, Dollm. 


Crocidura electa, Dollman, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) vol. v. p. 175 
(1910). 


Allied to argentata, larger in size and darker in colour. 

Hind foot considerably longer, measuring from 13 to 
14°5 mm. in length. 

Colour of dorsal surface darker and browner deep,,) 
mouse-grey ” speckled with ‘‘ clove-brown”’), very much as 
in /una. Ventral surface more slaty; extremities and tail 
as in argentata. : 

Skull larger than that of argentata, brain-case higher; 
teeth all larger, third upper unicuspid a trifle broader than 
second. Last upper molar large. In general shape the 
skull more resembles that of duna, but is rather smaller and 
has not the square-angled brain-case so characteristic of 
luna and its allies. 


belonging to the Genus Crocidura. 365 


Dimensions of the type (measured in the flesh) :— 

Head and body 78 mm.; tail 47; hind foot 13°5; 
ear 10. 

Skull: condylo-incisive length 23°3; greatest breadth 
10°3 ; least interorbital breadth 4°8 ; length of palate 9:9; 
postpalatal length 10°6; greatest maxillary breadth 7-2; 
median depth of brain-case 5°9; length of upper tooth-row 
10-6. 

Hab. Kamtoby, south of Lake Tanganyika. Altitude 
4500 feet. 

Type. Adult male. B.M. no. 9.12.4. 15. 

The darker colouring and larger skull and teeth readily 
distinguish this Tanganyika shrew from the South African 
argentata. Its near neighbour, luna, is considerably larger 
with longer tail, and possesses a larger skull with square- 
shaped brain-case and larger teeth. 


(74) Crocitdura martensi, Dobs. 


Crocidura martensit, Dobson, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) vol. vi. p. 496 
(1890). 


Size medium small. Fur fairly long, hairs of back 
measuring 5-6 mm. in length. Colour above brown finely 
speckled with grey (“light greyish olive” washed with 
* Prout’s brown ”’), the tint fading gradually on the flanks 
into the grey of the ventral surface. Backs of hands and 
feet brownish yellow. ‘ail fairly long and finely haired, 
brown above, whitish below; bristle-hairs not numerous, 
sparingly distributed over basal two-thirds, greyish in 
colour. 

Skull rather long and narrow, not so flattened. as in 
argentata; third upper unicuspid rather longer in transverse 
section than second. 

Dimensions of the type (as given by Dobson) :— 

Head and body 75 mm.; tail 58; hind foot 13; ear 9, 

Dimensions of three Zululand specimens which appear 
to belong to this species :— 


Head and body. _— Tail. Hind foot. 


mm, mm, mm, 
he AGROIANE: F556 cies’ 80 64 15 
d. Pewee td Sarasal a hes 81 60 14 
Q.. Set opr 85 59 14 


Skulls (¢ and 2): condylo-incisive length 22:1, 22; 
greatest breadth 9:7, 9°7; least interorbital breadth 4°7, 4°7 ; 


366 Mr. G. Dollman on the African Shrews 


length of palate 9:4, 94; postpalatal length 9°7, 9:9; 
greatest maxillary breadth 7, 6°8; median depth of brain- 
case 5°2, 5°5; length of upper tooth-row 9°8, 9°6. 

Hab. “ Cape of Good Hope.” 

This species is distinguished from argentata by its longer 
tail, longer, narrower, and less flattened skull, and browner 
colour. From the following form silacea, martensi is dis- 
tinguished by its larger size, longer fur and tail, and browner 
colour. 


(75) Crocidura silacea, Thos. 


Crocidura silacea, Thomas, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) vol. xvi. p. 58 
(1895). 


Allied to pilosa, but distinguished by its shorter fur, paler 
colour, and less hairy tail. 

Size of body asin pilosa. Fur considerably shorter, hairs 
on back only 3-4°5 mm. in length; ears less hairy. 

Colour above pale slaty grey, between “ mouse-grey”’ and 
“hair-brown.’’ Ventral surface rather paler and greyer. 
Backs of hands and feet pale brownish buff. Tail not so 
hairy asin pilosa, covered with very fine short hairs, brownish — 
above, paler below; bristle-hairs less numerous and more 
evenly distributed, occurring along the tail to within 10 mm. 
of the tip, greyish in colour. 

Skull a little smaller than that of pilosa, with slightly 
smaller teeth. 

Dimensions of the type (in spirit) and three other speci- 
mens (measured in the flesh) :— 


Head and body. Tail. Hind foot. Ear, 


mm. mm. mm. mm. 
Bs 3 jc) er ee 65 44 12 9 

do. Zoutpansberg .. 72 55 12 Be 

s: 8 ;. | 69 43 135 

¢. Barberton Dist. . 76 56 12 


Skull of topotype: condylo-incisive length 19°4; greatest 
breadth 8-8, least interorbital breadth 4; length of palate 
7°8; postpalatal length 8°7; greatest maxillary breadth 6; 
median depth of brain-case 4°6; length of upper tooth- 
row 8'2, 

Hab. Figtree Creek, De Kaap, Transvaal. 

Type. Adult female. B.M. no. 93. 11. 26. 29. 

This species differs from pilosa in its shorter fur, paler 
colour, and less hairy tail. 


belonging to the Genus Crocidura. 367 


(76) Crocidura bovei, Dobs. 
Crocidura bovet, Dobson, Ann. Mus. St. Nat. Genova, v. p. 425 (1887). 


~ Colour above light brown with a greyish tinge on the 
surface ; below silvery grey slightly intermixed with brown. 
Backs of hands and feet and tail covered with short pale- 
coloured hairs, lower surface of tail whitish. 

Skull about equal in length to that of floweri, larger than 
in bicolor ; second and third upper unicuspids about equal, 
tooth-row rather short. 

Dimensions of the type (as given by Dobson) :— 

Head and body 58 mm.; tail 47; hind foot 12; ear 8°5. 

Skull: condylo-incisive length 18°5 ; greatest breadth 8 ; 
length of upper tooth-row 7°5. 

Hab. Vivi, Lower Congo. 

Type. Adult male. Museo Civico, Genoa. 

It is probable that bovez is more closely allied to silacea 
than to the bicolor group. 


(77) Crocidura capensoides, Smith. 
Sorex capensoides, Smith, 8. Afr. Quart. Journ. vol. ii. p. 62 (1833). 


Size fairly small, probably allied to sz/acea. 

Fur described as “ moderately long ”’ ; in the type-specimen, 
now before me, the hairs on the back are 4—5 mm. in length. 
Unfortunately the type is very faded; the colour above is 
brownish grey finely speckled with greyish. Ventral surface 
paler and greyer, the transition from the darker dorsal 
coloration rather gradual. Backs of hands and feet pale 
brown. ‘Tail finely haired, brownish above, paler below ; 
bristle-hairs distributed over basal two-thirds, whitish in 
colour. 

Skull badly broken, only the nasal and maxillary regions 
remaining intact. Teeth fairly large, larger than in the 
bicolor group, second and third upper unicuspids about 
equal. 

ee of the type (as given by Smith) :— 

Head and body 3 inches ; tail (now broken) 1? inches. 

The hind foot measures 10°7 mm. in length. 

Skull: least interorbital breadth 4°2; length of palate 8; 
greatest maxillary breadth 5:7 ; length of upper tooth-row 8°5. 

Hab. Near Cape Town. 

Type. Adult. B.M. no. 45. 7. 3. 38. 


368 Mr. G. Dollman on the African Shrews 


Group 14 (pilosa). 


Size medium small. Colour dark brown; fur very long; extremities 
and tail clothed with short, coarse, black hairs. Second and third 
upper unicuspids about equal in size. 


(78) Crocidura pilosa, Dobs. . 

wae ea pilosa, Dobson, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) vol. vi. p. 496 

(189 Di, 

A dark brown, medium small-sized species, with hairy tail. 

Fur long, hairs on back measuring from 6 to 7 mm, in 
length. 

Colour (from spirit-specimens) dark brown, slightly paler 
below. Backs of hands and feet blackish brown. Tail 
thickly covered with short, coarse, brownish-black hairs, 
rather paler on the lower side; bristle-hairs slender and 
numerous, densely packed together over basal two-thirds, 
brown in colour. 

Skull smaller than that of martensi or argentata, with 
smaller teeth. 

Dimensions of the type (as given by Dobson) :— 

Head and body 60 mm.; tail 48 ; hind foot 13:5; ear 7°5. 

Skull: length 20; greatest breadth 9; length of upper 
tooth-row 8. 

Dimensions of two spirit-specimens in the Museum 
Collection :— 

Head and body. Tail. | Hind foot. Far. 

mm, mm, mm. mn, 

do. Transvaal...... 59 46 13°5 Td 
oF pt fe sets 69 50 14:3 77 


Skulls (broken) : least interorbital breadth 4, 4°2; length 
of palate 8, 8°5 ; greatest maxillary breadth 5:8, 5-9; length ~ 
of upper tooth-row 8°5, 8°9. 

Hab. Transvaal. 

The chief distinguishing characters of this species are the 


long fur, the dark brown colouring, and the short, blackish, 
coarse hairs on the tail. 


Group 15 (fumosa). 
Size medium. Colour above dark brown, grey, or blackish. 
Third upper unicuspids broader than second. 
(79) Crocidura fumosa, Thos. 


Crocidura fumosa, Thomas, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) vol. xiv. p. 238 
(1904). 


Rather smaller than turba, with flatter, more delicately 
built skull. 


belonging to the Genus Crocidura. 369 


Size of body rather small, between 73 and 84 mm. in 
length. - 

General colour of dorsal surface dark smoky brown 
(between ‘“fuscous” and “ sepia”) mottled all over with 
greyish buff; the colour varies slightly according to the 
pelage, the type and topotypes in the Collection are evidently 
in the more bleached pelage, the colour being rather redder 
than in a series from the Aberdare Mountains, in which the 
specimens are all rather less red. Ventral surface a little 
paler, hairs dark slate-grey, with greyish-brown or vandyke- 
brown tips. Lateral gland small and usually inconspicuous. 
Flanks as dark as back, the colour gradually merging into 
the dark greyish-brown tint of the belly. Backs of hands 
and feet brownish or dirty white. Tail rather long, cylin- 
drical, well provided with bristle-hairs; dark brown above, a 
shade lighter below. 

Skull very delicately built, the general appearance much 
less solid than is usually the case in species of this size, 
rather short and with broad, flat, smooth brain-case, the 
greatest breadth of which is formed by a lateral angular 
expansion of its sides. In ¢urba the sides of the brain-case 
do not present this angular expansion. Sagittal and 
lambdoidal sutures never forming any marked crests, their 
median junction more anterior than in turba. Maxillary 
region narrow, palate rather short. ‘Teeth small, second 
upper unicuspid considerably smaller than third and slightly 
overlapped by it. 

Dimensions of type, topotypes, aud specimens from other 
localities :— 


Head and body. Tail. Hind foot. 


mm. min. mm. 
d (type). Kenya ...... 82 57 15 
ee OCT A ore sacs s ies 86 62 155 
Marek he Peet ete Bote 90 55 15 
a) Mee lait ys S55 25s 76 54 15 
d- Se ya eicting coats 76 56 14 
&. tea ef Bip ae: 77 52 pd tol 254 
2. RL ore 2553, 72 63 15 
2. a OU iit sits cares 73 53 15 
Q. Jombeni Range .... 82 59 15 
od. Aberdare Mts...... . 84 56 14 
dé. es es et ne = 83 53 15°5 
d. ” dees 84 52 15 
Lae 5 span haere 84 52 14:5 
Oe - me decayed ae 81 52 14°5 
Q. rf eee 84 58 l4 
Oxy pe [he ees 8] 53 15°5 


370 Mr. G. Dollman on the African Shrews 


Skull-dimensions of type and seven adults :— 


Mt. Kenya. Aberdare Mts. Mt. Elgon. 


‘SRE PRs 4 Ss 
G(type). od. ds gd. Qy . 9.) Bale 

Condylo-incisive length... 22 215 21:5 21-4 216 21 218 21 
Greatest breadth ........ 101, 104 101 99 101; 98 102@= ae 
Least interorbital breadth. 49 5 49° 48 49 490 “47 925 
Length of palate ........ 86 8 86 86 84 83> BBae 
Postpalatal length ...... o7 98 el0 92 (9:7 (96 Sots 
Greatest maxillarybreadth. 67 63 65 63 63 62 68 62 
Lengthof upper tooth-row. 94 93 93 91 9 9 95 9 


The examination of a large series of specimens from 
various localities in British East Africa shows that this 
species, while exhibiting a certain amount of individual 
variation in size, cannot be split up into geographical races 
to the same extent as in the ¢urba group. There does not 
appear to be any sexual variation at all. 

Hab. Western slope of Mt. Kenya. Altitude 7800 feet. 

Type. Adult male. B.M. no. 0.2.1.8. 

This Kenya species is represented in the Museum Collec- 
tion by a small series from the type-locality, a large number 
of specimens from the Aberdare Mountains, a few from 
Mt. Elgon, and a single specimen from the Jombeni Range 
(Nyeri District), British East Africa. 

The curiously delicately built smooth skull and respective 
sizes of the upper unicuspids render this species quite 
distinct. 


(80) Crocidura jumosa montis, Thos. 


Crocidura fumosa montis, Thomas, Ann, & Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) vol. xviii. 
p- 138 (1906). 


Size as in fumosa, but darker in colour and with more 
solidly built skull. . 

Fur rather longer than in the Kenya species. General 
colour dark slate-grey (“fuscous black” mixed with 
“black”’), much less brown than in fumosa, and minutely 
speckled with silvery grey. Ventral surface very dark, slate- 
grey washed with vandyke-brown. Backs of hands and feet 
dirty brown. Tail long and slender, dark brown above, 
lighter below. 

Skull like that of fumosa, but with a rather higher brain- 
case and narrower upper unicuspids. 


belonging to the Genus Crocidura. BL 


Dimensions of the type and four topotypes (measured in 
the flesh) :— 


Head and body. Tail. Hind foot. 


mm. mm. mm, 
OME Pen is ae acon need 2 ore 77 61 15 
Dv Aas Coeean ens 86 60 15 
Shee oo: 5 etn ate & relate es Old ate 76 ae 15 
Sob athe «nie uth: teak ce 80 59 15°5 
peta ance zane vsoi 83 64 14°5 


Skull of type: condylo-incisive length 21:7; greatest 
breadth 10°1; least interorbital breadth 5:3; length of 
palate 9 ; postpalatal length 9°7; greatest maxillary breadth 
6°8 ; median depth of brain-case 6°3 ; length of upper tooth- 
row 9°6. 

Hab. Ruweuzori East. Altitude 7000-12,500 feet. 

Type. Adult female. B.M. no. 6. 7. 1. 28. 

There is a certain amount of colour-variation exhibited by 
this species ; in some cases the fur is nearly pure black, 
with the ventral surface scarcely paler; in the type and two 
other specimens the tint is considerably lighter and greyer, 
a condition which may be due to either age or seasonal 
change. 


(81) Crocidura fumosa schistacea, Osg. 


Crocidura fumosa schistacea, Osgood, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Publi- 
cation 143 (Zool. Ser.), vol. x. no. 3, p. 20 (1910). 


In size equal to fumosa, but paler and less brown in 
colour. 

Upper parts dark mouse-grey with light silvery ticking ; 
ventral surface considerably paler than in fumosa. Backs of 
hands and feet paler. Tail more distinctly bicolor. 

Dimensions of type (as given by Osgood) :— 

Head and body 93 mm. ; tail 52; hind foot (c. u.) 15. 
~ Skull: condylo-incisive length 23:1; greatest breadth 10°1 ; 
postpalatal length 10°6 ; length of upper tooth-row 10:2. 

Hab. Lukenya Mountains (Ulu Kenya Hiils), British 
East Africa. 

Type. Adult female. Field Mus. Nat. Hist. no. 16884. 

The greyer colour and rather larger skull separate this 
race from the true fumosa. 


(82) Crocidura fumosa selina, subsp. n. 


Size about as in fumosa. 
Fur not very long, hairs of back about 5 mm. in length. 


372 Mr. G. Dollman on the African Shrews 


Colour (from spirit-specimen) very much the same as in 
true fumosa, dark slate-grey washed over with sepia and 
speckled with pale buff, browner than in raineyi. Ventral 
surface greyer, less brown, but not very much paler than 
upper parts. Lateral gland marked by a streak of short 
brownish hairs. Backs of hands and feet brown. Tail asin 
fumosa. 

Skull with broad maxillary region. Teeth all larger and 
heavier, third upper unicuspid exceptionally large, con- 
siderably broader than in fumosa, oval in section, and much 
larger than the second. 

Dimensions of the type (in spirit) :— 

Head and body 86 mm. ; tail 58; hind foot 15; ear 10. 

Skull (broken); length of palate 10; greatest maxillary 
breadth 7:5; length of upper tooth-row 10°5 ; horizontal 
dimensions of third upper unicuspid—length 1°3, breadth 1. 

Hab. Mabira Forest, Chagwe, Uganda. 

Type. Adult male. B.M. no. 8. 10. 27. 3. 

The much greater size of the third upper unicuspids 
immediately separate this form from fumosa. 


(83) Crocidura fumosa johnstoni, subsp. n. 


Closely related to the Uganda race described above, the 
third upper unicuspids nearly as broad, more rounded in 
shape. 

Size rather larger than in fumosa, but not to any marked 
extent. Fur long, hairs of back 8 mm. in length. 

Colour (from spirit-specimen) of dorsal surface dark 
blackish brown, below rather greyer. Hands and feet as in 
fumosa. ‘Tail very similar, a little paler below ; bristle-hairs 
fairly numerous. 

Skull larger than that of fumosa and more stoutly built ; 
junction of lambdoidal and sagittal sutures almost as far 
forward. Teeth all much heavier, larger than in selina, 
excepting the second and third upper unicuspids, which are 
rather smaller, third much larger than in fumosa. In this 
Nyasa shrew the Jarge upper premolar is not in contact with 
the posterior border of the third unicuspid ; in the Uganda 
race the two teeth just touch one another. 

Dimensions of the type (in spirit) :— 

Head and body 81 mm.; tail 56; hind foot 15°5; 
ear 10. 

Skull: condylo-incisive length 24°7 ; greatest br eadth 10: 9; 
least interorbital breadth 5*2; length of palate 10-2; post- 
palatal length 11°1; greatest maxillary breadth 7°8 ; median 


belonging to the Genus Crocidura, dia 


depth of brain-case 5°7; length of upper tooth-row 10:9; 
horizontal dimensions of third upper unicuspid—length 1, 
breadth °9. 

Hab. Chiromo, Nyasaland. 

Type. Adult male. B.M. no, 93.5. 2.47. Collected by 
Mr. A. Whyte and presented by Sir Harry Johnston. 

The larger skull and much larger size of the third upper 
unicuspids separate this Nyasa race from the Hast-African 
fumosa ; the Uganda form, selina, has shorter fur, a rather 
shorter tooth-row, and rather larger upper unicuspids. 


(84) Crocidura raineyi, Hell. 


Crocidura raineyi, Heller, Smith. Mise. Coll. vol. lx. no. 12, p. 7 
(1912). 


Larger than fumosa, with heavier skull, larger teeth, and 
much paler and greyer in colour. 

General colour like a light shade of that seen in montis 
(between ‘ fuscous black” and “ Chetura drab” mixed with 
“neutral grey”), the brown tint only faintly developed, 
much less dominant than in true fumosa ; silver-grey ticking 
very conspicuous. Ventral surface slightly lighter, lacking 
the silver speckling of the upper parts. Backs of hands and 
feet dirty white. Tail indistinctly bicoloured, light brown 
above, paler below, caudal bristle-hairs slender and light- 
coloured. 

Skull much more strongly built than in fumosa; brain- 
ease shaped as in luna, anterior corners square. ‘Teeth 
larger, the third upper unicuspid broader than the second in 
transverse section. 

Dimensions of the type (as given by Heller) :— 

Head and body 90 mm. ; tail 61; hind foot 15:5. 

Skull: condylo-incisive length 23°3; greatest breadth 10:7 ; 
length of upper tooth-row 11. 

Hab. Mt. Gargues (Mt. Urguess). Altitude 6000 feet. 

Type. Adult female. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 181816. 

In the Museum Collection there are two topotypes of this 
interesting shrew, collected and presented by A. Blayney 
Percival, Esq. Both these specimens agree with Heller’s 
description very closely. The following are the dimensions 
(measured in the flesh) of these specimens :— 

2 9. Head and body 88, 92 mm.; tail 54, 54; hind 
foot 15°5, 16. 

Skull of one of the Museum specimens :— 

Condylo-incisive length 245; greatest breadth 105 ; 
least interorbital breadth 5°4; length of palate 10; post- 


374 Mr. G. Dollman on the African Shrews 


palatal length 10°9; greatest maxillary breadth 8; length — 
of upper tooth-row 11. 

The pale slate-grey pelage and larger cranial dimensions 
render this species quite distinct from fumosa. 


Group 16 (jackson). 


Size fairly small. Colour above greyish or dark brown. Third upper 
unicuspids broader or almost the same size as second. 


(85) Crocidura parvipes, Osg. 


Crocidura parvipes, Osgood, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Publication 148 
(Zool. Ser.), vol. x. no. 3, p. 19 (1910). 


A medium small-sized brownish-fawn coloured species, 
with whitish underparts and short tail. 

Size of body about as in dutreola; hind foot small. 

Colour above brownish fawn speckled with drab-grey ; 
ventral surface white tinged with creamy, the bases of the 
hairs slate-grey ; line of demarcation between the brown 
upper parts and the white of the belly sharp. Feet whitish. 
Tail brownish above, whitish below. 

Skull about equal in size to that of jacksoni amale, larger 
than in dicolor, third upper unicuspid slightly larger than 
second, but appearing smaller in lateral view, since its 
posterior third is hidden by the anterior cusp of the large 
premolar, 

Dimensions of the type (as given by Osgood) :— 

Head and body 84 mm.; tail 38 ; hind foot 11°5. 

Skull: condylo-incisive length 20°7 ; greatest breadth 9°5 ; 
greatest maxillary breadth 7:1; length of upper tooth-row 8:7. 

Hab. Voi, British Bast Africa. 

Type. Adult male. Field Mus. Nat. Hist. no. 16890. 

In general dimensions this species would appear to be 
nearest sansibarica, but the ventral surface is considerably 
paler and whiter. 


(86) Crocidura sansibarica, Neum. 


Crocidura bicolor sansibarica, Neumann, Zool. Jahrb. Abth. Syst. 
vol, vi. p. 544 (1900). 


Size of body larger than in bicolor. 

Colour above brown washed with cinnamon, below 
greyish brown. 

Dimensions of the type (as given by Neumann) :— 

Head and body 86 mm. ; tail 40. 

Hab. Mojoni, Zanzibar Island. 


belonging to the Genus Crocidura. 375 


This Zanzibar shrew would appear to be considerably 
larger than bicolor and the allied races ; in general body- 
dimensions it is more as in parvipes from Voi; probably it 
is more nearly allied to this form than to bicolor, and is here 
treated as a separate species. 


(87) Crocidura xanthippe, Osg. 


Crocidura xantippe, Osgood, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Publication 143 
(Zool. Ser.), vol. x. no. 3, p. 19 (1910). 


Size rather larger than in jacksoni. 

Colour above “fawn-colour with a fine vermiculation of 
lighter (almost ecru-drab) ” ; ventral surface dull greyish 
white. Backs of hands and feet white. Tail dusky brown 
above, below whitish for proximal two-thirds, dusky for 
terminal third. 

In the Museum Collection are four specimens, two from 
Voi and two from Taveta, which I have accepted as repre- 
senting this species. They are rather darker in colour than 
Osgood’s type, but very similar in dimensions. 

Skull rather longer than in jacksoni, brain-case larger. 
Small upper unicuspids almost equal, second a trifle smaller 
than third, 

Dimensions of the type (as given by Osgood) :— 

Head and body 90 mm. ; tail 60; hind foot 15. 

Skull: condylo-incisive length 22 ; maxillary width 6°8 ; 
length of upper tooth-row 9°6. 

Hab. Voi, British East Africa. 

Type. Adult male. Field Museum Nat. Hist. no. 16888. 

Distinguished from jacksoni by its paler and more fawn- 
coloured pelage. 


The original spelling of the specific name is presumably a 
misprint. 


(88) Crocidura jacksoni, Thos. 


Crocidura jacksoni, Thomas, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) vol. xiv. p. 238 
(1904). 

Size. medium small, hind foot from 12 to 13 mm. in 
length. 

General colour of dorsal surface smoky grey conspicuously 
mottled with silvery grey, resulting effect represented by 
“fuscous ’ mottled with “ clove-brown ” and silvery grey ; 
flanks less brown, the tint fading gradually into the lighter 
grey colour of the ventral surface. Lateral glands not so 
obvious as in some of the allied species, but marked with a 


376 Mr. G. Dollman on the African Shrews 


streak of short whitish hairs. Hands aud feet dirty buff. 
Tail more hairy than in hildegardee, caudal bristle-hairs 
grey and numerous; above brownish grey, dirty buff or 
whitish below. 

Skull like a small edition of that of fumosa, brain-case 
not quite so broad proportionally ; interorbital region thick. 
Teeth smaller than in fwmosa ; third upper unicuspid a 
trifle broader in transverse section than second ; in the type 
these two teeth are almost equal in size, the second being 
triangular in section and the third a trifle longer and heart- 
shaped. 

Dimensions of the type (taken from the dry skin) :— 

Head and body 73 mm.; tail 51; hind foot (moistened) 
13. 
The dimensions of the tail and hind foot of three topo- 
types in the collection are respectively 45, 47, 48 mm.— 
13°5, 12°5, 12. 

Skull of type and two topotypes :— 


2 (type). 2 (topotype). (Topotype). 
mm, mm. 


mim. 


Condylo-incisive length.......... 21:1 20°7 21 

Greatest breadth’ 1's spies >< x 9°2 91 9 

Least interorbital breadth ...... 4-4 45 45 
Length of palate.) 0.53. 0. 0h 85 85 85 
Postpalatal length .............. 96 9 89 
Greatest maxillary breadth ...... 65 66 65 
Median breadth of brain-case .... 5'3 52 52 
Length of upper tooth-row ...... 9°2 9°2 or4 


Hab. Ravine Station, British East Africa. 
Type. Adult female. B.M. no. 99.8. 4.27. 


(89) Crocidura jacksoni amale, subsp. n. 


Closely allied to jacksoni, but distinguished by its darker 
colour and the entire absence of the silvery-grey mottling so 
conspicuous in the Ravine form. 

Size rather less, hind foot 12 mm. in length. 

Colour of dorsal surface dark brownish finely speckled 
with pale buff, the general effect as in “ mummy-brown ”’ 
mixed with “sepia”; flanks paler, the brownish tint passing 
more abruptly into the hght grey of the ventral surface. 
Backs of hands and feet a shade darker than in jacksoni. 
Tail equally hairy ; distinctly bicoloured, dark brown above, 
white below. 

Skull rather smaller and narrower than in jacksoni; 


belonging to the Genus Crocidura. 377 


second and third upper unicuspids markedly smaller, third a 
trifle larger than second ; shape of teeth as in jacksont. 

Dimensions of the type (measured in the flesh) :— 

Head and body 68 mm. ; tail 47 ; hind foot 12; ear 10. 

Skull: condylo-incisive length 20; greatest breadth 8°7 ; 
least interorbital breadth 4; length of palate 8; postpalatal 
length 9 ; greatest maxillary breadth 6; median depth of 
brain-case 5°2 ; length of upper tooth-row 8°3. 

Hab. Amala River, Nyanza Province, British East Africa. 
Altitude 5500 feet. 

Type. Adult male. B.M. no. 13. 10, 18. 24. Original 
number 50. Collected on October 16th, 1912, by W. P. 
Lowe, Esq. ; presented by G. P. Cosens, Esq. 

Mr. Lowe obtained a second specimen of this small shrew 
at Lengototo, S.W. Nyanza Province; it agrees very closely 
with the type in general colour and the dental characters 
noted above. 

The browner colour, absence of silver-grey mottling, more 
distinctly bicoloured tail, and smaller unicuspids are the 
chief characters that serve to distinguish this new form from 
the Ravine species. 


(90) Crocidura jacksani denti, subsp. n. 


About equal in size to jacksoni. 

Fur of medium length, hairs on back 3-45 mm, in 
length. 

Colour (from spirit-specimen) dark brown above, slaty 
grey below. Backs of hands and feet brownish. Tail dark 
brown above, slightly paler on the ventral surface ; bristle- 
hairs fairly numerous on basal two-thirds. 

Skull about equal in size to that of jacksoni, but with a 
rather larger brain-case, the anterior corners of which are 
very much more rounded. Small upper unicuspids more 
equal in size, the third only slightly broader than the second. 

Dimensions of the type (in spirit) :— 

Head and body 63 mm. ; tail 46; hind foot 13 ; ear 8. 

Skull; condylo-incisive length 20°6 ; greatest breadth 9°3 ; 
least interorbital breadth 4°5; length of palate 8°5 ; post-: 
palatal length 9°2; greatest maxillary breadth 6-6; median 
depth of brain-case 5°1 ; length of upper tooth-row 9. 

Hab. Between Mawambi and Avakubi, Ituri Forest, 
Congo. 

Type. Adult female. B.M. no. 7.1.2.13. Collected 
during the Ruwenzori Exploration by Mr. R. E. Dent. — 


Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol. xvi. 26 


378 Mr. G. Dollman on the African Shrews 


This Ituri race is distinguished from jacksoni by its darker 
body-colour, darker extremities and tail, more rounded brain- 
case, 


(91) Crocidura macowi, sp. n. 


Richer in colour than either jacksoni or lutreola. 

Size of body and hind foot about the same; tail a little 
longer. 

Upper parts dark brown (‘‘mummy-brown ” mixed with 
“‘raw umber ’’), the colour passing fairly abruptly into the 
slate-grey of the belly. Hands and feet rather darker, dirty 
brown. Tail more hairy than in lutreola, about as in yack- 
soni, but longer ; dark brown above, a shade paler below. 

Skull smaller than in jacksoni, about equal to that of 
lutreola, muzzle rather blunt ; anterior corners of brain-case 
about as in jacksoni. Second upper unicuspid triangular in 
transverse section, third rather heavier and squarer in section. 

Dimensions of the type (measured in the flesh) :— 

Head and body 71 mm.; tail 58; hind foot 135; 
ear 9°5. 

Skull: condylo-incisive length 19°7 ; greatest breadth 9 ; 
least interorbital breadth 4°6; length of palate 7°8 ; post- 
palatal length 9; greatest maxillary breadth 6°2; median 
depth of brain-case 4°9 ; length of upper tooth-row 8'3. 

Hab. Mt. Nyiro, S. of Lake Rudolf. 

Type. Adult male. B.M. no. 12. 7.1.65. Original 
number 393. Collected and presented by A. Blayney 
Percival, Esq. 

In addition to the type Mr. Percival obtained a second 
specimen of this interesting little shrew at the same locality ; 
it agrees very closely with the type in colour and dimensions 
(2. Head and body 68 mm.; tail 57; hind foot 18; 
ear 8°5). 


(92) Crocidura gracilipes, Pet. 
Crocidura gracilipes, Peters, MB. Akad. Berlin, p. 584 (1870). 


Size about as in jacksoni, colour browner without the grey 
mottling, more as in lutreola, but with the second and third 
upper unicuspids about equal in size. 

General colour cinnamon-brown (between ‘‘mummy- 
brown” and “fuscous”’), with none of the silver-grey 
mottling so evident in jacksoni ; flanks slightly paler and 
greyer than back. Lateral glands small, marked by short 
whitish hairs. Underparts grey washed with buffish brown, 


belonging to the Genus Crocidura. Ste 


rather paler and greyer in the new unbleached coat. Backs 
of hands and feet brownish buff. Tail long and slender, 
clothed with much shorter and less conspicuous hairs than 
in jacksoni or j. amale, appearing almost naked except for 
the bristle-hairs, which are very inconspicuous ; colour dark 
brown above, a shade paler below, very different from the 
distinctly bicoloured tail of amale. 

Dimensions of the type (as given by Peters) :— 

Head and body 65 mm. ; tail 52; hind foot 13 (ce. u,). 

Skull: length of upper tooth-row 8°7. 

Hab. Kilimanjaro. 

In the Museum Collection there are three specimens which 
appear to represent this species, one from Rombo (Kilima- 
njaro), and two from Taveta. The dimensions of these 
individuals are as follows :— 


Head and body. Tail. Hind foot. 
mm. mm. mm. 
2. Kilimanjaro ...... 66 50 12-2 
WEE, PaACGuin Ses octet 88 74 44 12 
Sa A 95s oon a deo: a sets’ sis 70 45°5 12 


Skulls of Taveta specimens: condylo-incisive length 20, 
20; greatest breadth 8°9,9; least interorbital breadth 4-1, 
4:3; length of palate 8°5, 8°3; postpalatal length 8-9, 8°8; 
greatest maxillary breadth 6:1, 6°1 ; median depth of brain- 
case 4°7, 4°7 ; length of upper tooth-row 8°8, 8°5. 

The skulls are rather smaller than in jacksoni, about equal 
in size to hildegardee. Teeth small, second and third upper 
unicuspids about equal, heart-shaped in section, the apex of 
the third pointing slightly inwards and overlapping the 
interna] posterior angle of the second. Last upper molar 
narrower than in jacksoni. 

There is only one point in which these three specimens do 
not agree with the description given by Peters, and that is 
as regards the relative sizes of the fore and hind claws. 
Peters states that the fore claws are longer than the hind 
ones ; in the Museum specimens the fore and hind claws are 
about equal in size. The difference is evidently only a small 
one, as n0 measurements are given. An examination of 
large series of specimens of other species tends to show that 
there exists a certain amount of variation in the relative 
sizes of the fore and hind claws ; on this account it seems 
best to accept provisionally these specimens as representing 
gracilipes, it being impossible, owing to the European War, 
to settle the matter definitely by application to Berlin. 

From jacksoni this species is distinguished by its smaller 
narrower skull, smaller unicuspids, less hairy tail, and 


380 On the African Shrews belonging to Crocidura, 


browner-coloured upper parts. The dark almost uniformly 
coloured tail separates it externally from the Amala race of 
jacksoni; the almost equal size of the second and third 
unicuspids distinguish it at once from Jutreola, in which 
these teeth are as unequal in size as in the fumosa group. 


(93) Crocidura lutreola, Hell. 


Crocidula lutreola, Heller, Smith. Misc. Coll. vol. lx. no. 12, p. 8 
(1912). 

Closely allied to jacksoni ; in colour very like 7. amale, 
but with darker, not distinctly bicolor tail, and having the 
third upper unicuspid almost twice the size of the second, 
in this respect agreeing with some members of the fumosa 
group. 

Size of body and hind foot about as in jacksoni. 

Colour of dorsal surface seal-brown (“sepia”), flanks 
equally dark; no grey mottling on the back or flanks. 
Ventral surface grey washed with brown. Backs of hands 
and feet brownish. Tail dark seal-brown above, a shade 
lighter below, but not distinctly bicoloured. 

Skull like that of jacksoni, but narrower across the 
maxillary region ; second upper unicuspid markedly smaller 
than third, much more so than in any of the other members 
of this group, third very broad almost square-shaped in 
section. In general build the skull is most like that of 
gracilipes, but the brain-case is higher. 

Dimensions of the type (as given by Heller) :— 

Head and body 70 mm. ; tail 52; hind foot 12°5. 

Skull: condylo-incisive length 19; greatest breadth 8:7 ; 
length of upper tooth-row 8. 

Hab. Mt. Mbololo, Taita Hills, British East Africa. 
Altitude 5000 feet. 

Type. Adult female. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 181818. 

The only specimen of /utreola in the Museum Collection 
is one from the Tsavo River, the coloration and size of the 
upper unicuspids are exactly as described by Heller. The 
dimensions of this Tsavo specimen are as follows :— 

Head and body 68 mm.; tail 50; hind foot 13. 

Skull: condylo-incisive length 20°7 ; greatest breadth 9°3 ; 
least interorbital breadth 4°3 ; length of palate 8°8; post- 
palatal length 9; greatest maxillary breadth 6°2; median 
depth of brain-case 5 ; length of upper tooth-row 8°7. 

The exceptionally large size of the third upper unicuspids 
render this species quite distinct from all the allied forms. 


[To be continued. } 


58) 


Tk” AN RATS 


MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY. 
[KIGHTH SERLES.] 


No. 95. NOVEMBER 1915. 


XLVI.—Some Protozoa from Fishes occurring in the Vicinity 
of Cullercoats, Northumberland. By Tuomas BENTHAM, 
B.Se. Oxon., M.Se. Dunelm., Demonstrator in Zoology, 
University of Durham. 


[Plates XVI. & XVII. } 


Iy August last the following North-Sea fish were examined 
for blood-parasites. The results are given in the annexed 
table :— 


E 
Name of Fish. eee’ Number with Parasites. 
| (Gadus virena veer is Sad. 11 0 
Pholis gunnellus ........ 5 0 
Blennius pholis ........ 6 0 
Zoarces vivipara ......+. 2 2. Hemogregarina bigemina. 
Cottus scorpius* ........ 6 3. cottt, 
Gobius ruthensparri 2 
Pleuronectes platessa ... 5 0 
WS bled sin: watel 2 0 
Liparis montagul........ 1 0 
Motella mustela ........ 3 0 
| _ omber scomber ........ 10 | 4, Parasites. 
PAonG CUM a ics di0'd 5:6 os IL | 1. Hemogregarina sp. 


* On the three infected specimens Calliohbdella punctata, the Cottus- 
leech, was found. 


Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol. xvi. 27 


382 Mr. T. Bentham on some 


All the above specimens were obtained in the vicinity of 
Cullercoats, and it will be seen that the results were rather 
disappointing, ten fish only being infected out of fifty-four 
examined, ‘This scarcity of parasites may be partly accounted 
for by the fact that a great many of the fish were young and 
consequently had not acquired any external parasites, and 
also by the fact that some, as the eleven Gadus virens, had 
been in the aquarium for over a year, so that external para- 
sites would have a difficulty of access to them. 

External parasites were not found on any of the fish 
except Cottus scorpius, and the three which were infected 
with Hzemogregarines all had leeches upon them. The 
viviparous blennies, mackerel, and skate were infected, 
although no external parasites were present. 

It has been suggested to me that mackerel, when they are 
not found on these coasts, possibly go far out to sea and 
become bottom-feeders. In this stage of their life parasitic 
leeches would have easy access to them. On the other hand, 
Caligus scombri, a parasitic copepod found commonly on 
mackerel, may possibly act as the invertebrate host. In the 
case of the blennies the intermediate host is probably a leech 
closely allied to Calliobdella punctata, and mentioned by 
Van Beneden in his description of that species. In the case 
of Raia batis, the intermediate host is probably the skate- 
leech, Pontobdella muricata, 


Technique. 


All smears of blood, spleen, liver, and gut-contents of 
leeches were fixed in osmic acid (3 °/, sol.) to which a few 
drops of glacial acetic acid had been added. They were 
further fixed in alcohol for a quarter of an hour, and finally 
stained with Giemsa’s modification of the Romanowsky stain, 
afterwards being differentiated with orange tannin and acetone. 
Leishman’s modification was used with good results, the 
mixed stain and water being allowed to remain on the slide 
for upwards of half an hour. Infusoria were examined alive, 
and sometimes stained intra vitam with weak methylene 
blue. Smears of Infusoria were made and allowed to dry 
slowly in the air. Violent heating was found to dry up and 
destroy the shape of the organisms. Staining with Leishman 
was found quite effective, the cytoplasm and nuclei of the 
cells exhibiting the usual Romanowsky reaction. 


Protozoa from Fishes. 383 


H 2&MOSPORIDIA. 


Parasites of Cottus scorpius (the Father Lasher). 


Six members of the above species were examined for blood- 
parasites, and of these three contained Hamogregarina cotti, 
Brumpt et Lebailly, in small numbers. The parasites 
exhibited the usual Hemogregarine characters, were large, 
and in nearly all cases curled round upon themselves (see 
Pl. XVI. fig. 1, 1). They were nearly always present in the 
erythrocytes, but in one case a parasite was found in an 
erythroblast. A large number of the organisms were found 
to be free in the plasma, but this was, no doubt, due to an 
artifact when the smears were made. 

In size the parasite measured about 12 u by 4 yw, although 
smaller forms were observed. No cases of double infection 
were ever observed, and in this the Hemogregarine differs 
from that found in the blood of blennies and skates. Meta- 
chromatinic grains were commonly present, and there was 
always a distinct capsule in the blood-corpuscle surrounding 
the parasite. The edge of this capsule can be readily seen 
in the figure. 

Examination of spleen-smears of the Cottus disciosed 
several small Hemogregarines of a type differing from those 
found in the peripheral blood. These forms were of the 
typical bean-shape, slightly bowed, and with a large diffuse 
nucleus. They measured about 10 yw in length by 3 w in 
breadth at the widest part of the cell-body. These evidently 
corresponded to the trophozoites and schizonts of other nearly 
allied groups. In a good many cases distinct fragmentation 
of the nucleus could be made out, and parasites of the rosette 
type were to be found. The picture presented was very 
much like that of the schizogony of Coccidium—of course, on 
a smaller scale. 

With a view to finding out whether Callioddella punctata, 
the Cottus-leech, was the invertebrate host of Hemogregarina 
cotti, some smears of the gut and sections of the body of the 
leech were made. The results were, on the whole, satis- 
factory. Gut-smears were found to contain the Hemo- 
gregarines in fair numbers. These organisms were all found 
in a free state, the hemolysin in the gut of leech being 
evidently a powerful one—at any rate, towards the erythro- 
cytes of the fish. In all the smears prepared, perhaps only 
three or four intact red-cells were found, the others having 
been hemolysed. The parasites, however, are seemingly 

279 


ees 


284 Mr. T. Bentham on some 


quite resistant to the influence of the hemolysin, and fall 
distinctly into two categories. Short forms are present of 
the usual Heemogregarine type, namely, bean-shaped and 
rounded at both ends, with a more or less centrally placed 
nucleus of the diffuse type. They measure roughly 10 w in 
length by 3 mw in breadth, and inter se do not vary very 
much in size. These forms were taken to be the micro- 
gametocytes, or those destined to give rise to the male forms 
of the parasite. They were further characterized by being 
free from all metachromatinic or volutin granules, and in this 
character they differ from the intra- and extra-cellular para- 
sites found in the peripheral blood of Cottus (see Pl. XVI. 
fig. 1,30). The female elements or macrogametocytes were 
elongate vermicular forms—as a rule, about 15 w by 2 to 3 w 
in measurement, and having a compact vesicular nucleus 
situated about the middle of the cell-body. This nucleus 
usually contained a large distinct karyosome situate within 
the organ. No external chromatin grains were to be seen, 
and, as in the microgametocytes, the cytoplasm was free from 
volutin. The rest of the life-history in the leech could not 
be made out with certainty, but there were present in the gut 
a fair number of large rounded bodies having a more or less 
compact nucleus. In some cases what appeared to be an 
extrusion of karyosomes could be made out. These large 
forms were taken to be macrogametocytes which had passed 
into the macrogamete stage. No stages of the formation of 
microgametes could be seen (see P]. XVI. fig. 1, 2a & 20). 

It was at first thought that the elongate vermicular forms 
might possibly be Crithidial stages of Trypanosomes present 
in the leech-gut, and to this end smears were stained with 
iron hematoxylin. With this process the structure of the 
nucleus was seen to approximate more closely to the usual 
Hemogregarine type, rather than to the appearance of the 
same structure in a Trypanosome. From these observations 
it is therefore fairly evident that schizogony takes place, not 
in the blood of Cottus, but in the spleen, the gamogonous 
cycle taking place in the gut of the invertebrate host. It is 
also evident that the spores of the genus Hemogregarina are 
very resistant of death and dissolution in the invertebrate 
host, since they seem to persist for a very long time in the 
dorsal blood-vessel of the leech. This is substantiated by 
the following facts. A cat-fish (Anarrhichas lupus) was 
caught on one of our trawling-trips near Holy Island on 
June 25th, 1913. Several specimens of the leech IJchthyo- 
bdella anarrhiche were taken from the gills and placed in 
a glass vessel in the aquarium. ‘These leeches were kept 


Protozoa from Fishes. 385 


without any food until the 30th of July, and were still alive 
when some were taken out and preserved in alcohol. Sections 
were cut and stained with Giemsa, and, although the leeches 
had not been on a fish for thirty-five days, their dorsal blood- 
vessels were found to be crammed with parasites, which were 
taken to be sporozoites of Hamogregarina (see Pl. XVI. fig. 2). 
Examination of the gut proved negative. There was not a 
trace of a blood-cell of any kind left, the gut being full of 
bacilli, the most common being a short slender rod. 

The account given by Reichenow of the development of 
the Hemogregarine of the tortoise does not in the initial 
stages correspond with my observations in Cottus. There 
was no evidence in the spleen of the fish of the two arms of 
the parasite fusing to form a bean-shaped macroschizont. It 
is more than likely that the parasite is liberated in the blood 
as a free vermicule, where it finds its way to the spleen after 
the manner of a “schizokinete.’” The fusion of the two 
arms of a parasite was never seen either in the blood of the 
fish or in its spleen (see Minchin & Woodcock). 

A large tumour, evidently a Hemangioma, was found on 
one of the infected Cottus, and, although many of the blood- 
cells in this tumour contained Heemogregarines, it would be 
difficult to say whether or no they were the cause of the 
growth. 


Parasites of Scomber scomber (the Mackerel). 


For examination for blood-parasites ten mackerel were 
obtained at Cullercoats on August 26th, 1915. The fish 
varied in size from 26°4 cm. to 32°0 cm. No external para- 
sites were found on them. 

Only blood-smears were taken from each fish, since previous 
examinations had been so disappointing, and it was not 
thought worth while to make smears of spleen, swim- 
bladder, etc. 

Four of the ten mackerel were found to be infected with 
blood-parasites. Two individuals of these four were infected 
- with different parasites, whilst the other two were infected 
with both of the parasites. Before going into details in 
regard to the morphology of these parasites, it may perhaps 
be of service to give a short description of the cellular 
elements of the blood of a fish such as the mackerel. These 
elements fall naturally into two groups—erythrocytes and 
leucocytes—the former constituting by far the greater portion 
of the corpuscles in the plasma. Erythrocytes in the 
mackerel are oval in contour, rather more pointed at their 


386 Mr. T. Bentham on some 


ends than those of other fish, and measure roughly 12-13 » 
in length by about 9 win breadth. About the centre of the 
cell-body is a comparatively small nucleus, staining dark 
blue. Besides these elements are a certain number of 
erythroblasts or immature red-cells. These are characterized 
by being slightly smaller and more rounded than the erythro- 
cytes, and by staining blue instead of, as in erythrocytes, 
pink by the Romanowsky method. The nuclei of these 
cells are comparatively larger than those of erythrocytes, 
but in no way approach the size attained by those in birds ; 
hence they cannot possibly be confused with medium lympho- 
cytes, 

The leucocytes, if we include thrombocytes, are of six 
different kinds—small, medium, and large lymphocytes, 
eosinophils, mast-cells, and the thrombocytes above men- 
tioned. 

The lymphocytes are in smear preparations all rounded in 
shape, with a single nucleus which is always excentric in 
position in the cytoplasm. In the small and medium forms 
the nucleus occupies nearly the whole of the cell, there 
being merely a thin ring of cytoplasm round the edge. In 
the large forms the nucleus is relatively small, being in 
diameter not more than one-third of the diameter of the 
whole cell. The small forms measure only about 8 yw in 
diameter, the medium about 12 p, and the large from 18-20 p. 
In all, the cytoplasm stains pale blue, the nucleus purple, by 
the Romanowsky method, and they constitute about 15 °/, of 
the cellular elements of the blood. 

Eosinophils are small in the mackerel compared with 
those of other groups. ‘They are rounded in shape and 
measure about § w in diameter, have a single excentrically 
placed nucleus, and their acidophil granules are rounded and 
occupy a fairly large space of cytoplasm on one side of the 
nucleus. ‘hey are only slightly more numerous than the 
next type. Mast-cells are slightly larger than eosinophils, 
‘They stain a pale blue and do not seem to possess any 
nucleus. In place of this there are scattered about in the 
cytoplasm a moderate number of rounded, purplish, deeply 
staining granules which vary considerably in size. They 
occur very rarely in films, there being about one or two in 
each smear. ‘I'‘hrombocytes in fish are fairly constant in 
shape, and are to be recognized by both their elongated 
fusitorm shape and their elongated centrally placed nucleus. 

They are in length about 12 yw, but only about 5 mw in 
breadth at their widest part. The nucleus measures about 
7» by 5y, so that at its widest part it touches the edge of the 


Protozoa from Fishes. 387 


cell-body. Tle cytoplasm stains blue and the nucleus dark 
blue. ‘These cells are commonly found clumped together in 
groups; hence the common idea that they function in the 
clotting of the plasma. About 3 °/, are present. 

The parasites in the blood of the mackerel are found in the 
medium lymphocytes and in the mature erythrocytes, and 
seem to be two totally different forms, although, as will be 
seen later, they may be only sexually differentiated forms of 
the same parasite. Occurring in the lymphocytes were oval 
forms, all within certain limits of the same size, viz., about 
9 uw by 5p (see Pl. XVII. fig. 1, 7&3). They occupied the 
side of the lymphocytes where there was most cytoplasm, and 
compressed the nucleus, so that in larger forms this organ 
was represented as a mere rim at the edge of the host-cell. 
As a rule, however, the parasite occupied less than half the 
area of the host-cell. ‘The cytoplasm of these organisms 
stained a fairly deep blue by the Romanowsky method, and 
was slightly vacuolated. At about the middle of the cell- 
body there was situated a large compact nucleus, containing a 
conspicuous organella or karyosome, which was sometimes 
situated some little way outside the nucleus. 

A few metachromatinic granules were to be seen scattered 
in the cytoplasm. In some cases two parasites were found in 
a single lymphocyte, and these were always close together 
and on the same side of the host-cell nucleus (see Pl. XVII. 
fet 2), A blood count showed about 3 °/, of the lympho- 
cytes to be infected. These organisms bore a striking 
resemblance to the true rounded leucocytozoa found in the 
lymphocytes and erythroblasts of different species of finches. 
They were not in the least hemogregarine-like, displayed no 
distinct capsule, and in their action towards the nucleus of 
the host-cell were very similar to Leucocytozoon Jringilli- 
narum. All the organisms were, moreover, of the same type, 
and seemed to be macrogametocytes. ‘They occurred alone 
in one fish, not accompanied by the other parasites to be 
described, and were not found free in the plasma or in any 
other blood-cell. ‘he organisms are interesting from the 
fact that they are the first of their kind to be demonstrated 
in the leucocytes of fish. Asin birds, they were characterized 
by their comparative abundance in the blood—a characteristic 
but rarely found in the genus Haemogregarina. Occurring 
together with the organisms above described in two other 
fish and by themselves in another fish, parasites of a different 
type were found in the erythrocytes (see Pl. XVII. fig. 1, 
4&7). These were smaller than the “ Lymphocytozoa,” and 
in general contour resembled small /7alteridia, the parasite at 


388 Mr. T. Bentham on some 


its larger stages lying alongside the nucleus of the host-cell. 
The smaller forms were always definitely rounded in shape, 
resembled Plasmodia, and never more than two were to be 
seen in a single erythrocyte (see P]. XVII. fig. 1,5 &6). The 
largest were never more than 8 yw in length by about 5 mw in 
breadth at the widest part of the body. lt was at first 
thought that, owing to their pale colour, they were merely 
capsules of some hemogregarine that had left the host-cell ; 
but, as no other forms were found anywhere else free in the 


plasma, and as also the cytoplasm, even after prolonged — 


staining, was of the palest blue*, they were then taken to be 
definite parasites. Moreover, a small nucleus of the diffuse 
type could with difficulty be made out. This was very small, 
aud not, as a rule, centrally placed, but occupied a place in 
the cytoplasm at one end of the cell-body. Sometimes, as in 
the other parasites, two forms were found in a single host- 
cell. ‘These either lay side by side or overlapped one 
another when on one side of the nucleus; but they often 
occurred away from one another and on opposite sides of the 
nucleus. No metachromatinic granules were present in this 
organism. Fyrom the paleness of the coloration of these 
parasites and from their badly staining diffuse nucleus, it 
was at first thought that they were the microgametocytes of 
the forms fouud in the lymphocytes; but this seemed hardly 
likely, since they were found by themselves in one fish, 
Besides this, these forms were smaller and differed markedly 
from the others in shape and in their disposition towards the 
host-cell nucleus. It also seems inconceivable that two types 
of the same parasite should choose different host-cells, 

It is a dithcult matter to determine the true character of 
these parasites, but it seems that the organisms in the erythro- 
cytes are, at any rate, Hemogregarines, the character of the 
other specimens being decidedly uncertain, 


Parasites of Raia batis (the Common Skate). 


In the single fish examined a large number of small 
Hemogregarines were found. ‘hey were so numerous in 
the blood that at least 10 °/, of the erythrocytes were found 
to be infected, and occasionally a few parasites were tound 
free in the plasma, ‘lhey were all small vermicular forms, 
measuring about 7 win length by about 2 w in breadth. In 
some cases the parasites were pointed at both ends (see 
Pl. XVII, fig. 2, 7 & 2), but more usually one end was 


* The paleness of the cytoplasm was reminiscent of that exhibited by 
certain Piroplasmata, but the nucleus was not nearly so prominent, 


a 


Protozoa from Fishes. 389 
rounded and the other pointed (see Pl. XVII. fig. 2, 4). The 


nucleus was, as a rule, centrally placed, large, and compact. 
No forms were seen with a diffuse nucleus. A number of 
granules of volutin were present scattered about the cell- 
body, and usually two of these grains were larger than the 
rest and were present at the more pointed end of the parasite 
(see Pl. XVII. fig. 2,7&4). A distinct vacuolar space was 
sometimes present at the pointed end of the body, and was 
always close to the two organelle above-mentioned. The 
capsule at both ends of the parasite was slightly thickened, 
but its edges were never evident. In a few instances two 
parasites were seen together in a single erythrocyte. These 
always lay parallel to one another, and were never far apart. 
In this character the parasite was very similar to Hamo- 
gregarina bigemina, found in blennies, and no distinct 
difference could be discerned. 


INFUSORIA. 


While examining the blood of Cottus scorpius for parasites, 
‘an infusorian of the genus of Z’richodina (Khrenberg) was 
discovered on the gill-rakers. A blood-smear had been made 
from one of the gills and was stained with Leishman. On 
examination, the smear was found to contain numerous 
members of the above genus. The organism is closely 
related to JT. scorpena found on Scorpena and Trigla, but 
differs markedly from that species in shape, size, and in the 
characters and disposition of the acetabulum. 


Description of Organism. (See Pl. XVI. fig. 3.) 


Shape a flattened cylinder, having a small conical projec- 
tion on the aboral surface. Size about 80 pw across the oral 
dise, but varying within certain limits. ‘he aboral surface 
also measures 80» in diameter. The thickness of the 
organism is about 50 w, but this measurement varies slightly 
with the movement of the cytoplasm, although the shape of 
the cell-body is almost fixed. Diameter of acetabulum to its 
outer ring 30 yw. There is a strong band of oral cilia round 
the edge of the concave ventral surface, and running from 
the upper to the lower surfaces and destroying the complete 
contour of the cylinder, is a distinct wide and deep groove 
representing the anus. ‘There are no aboral cilia, those of 
the oral contour, however, running down into the cyto- 
pharynx. Acetabulum much smaller than in J. scorpena, 
about half as broad as long, and in optical section curved 
towards the oral pole, the concavity of the ring pointing 


890 Mr. T. Bentham on some 


towards that pole. Lip of acetabulum surrounded by two 
distinct concentric circles, which lie closely together. Uncini 
28-30 in number, and lying between the two outer concentric 
circles and another cirele which constitutes the edge of the 
cytopharynx. The outer points of the uncini point in a 
counter-clockwise direction. Hdge of pharynx surrounded 
by 30 cirri, and scattered over the whole of the oral surface 
and placed irregularly are numbers of additional small cirri. 
A distinct non-contractile vacuole is present on the aboral 
projection, which part of the cytoplasm contains the food- 
vacuoles. ‘The rest of the cytoplasm is coarsely vacuolated 
aud contains no food-particles of any description. Nucleus 
extremely large, staining bright reddish-purple with Leish- 
man, aud horseshoe-shaped. A distinct karyosome or 
nucleolus is situated in the nucleus. In 50 °/, of cases the 
nucleus appears to be absent (see below). 

The organism progresses by means of the aboral cilia, but 
movement is chiefly effected by a counter-clockwise rotary 
motion, the oral surface being usually uppermost. Rotation 
is extremely rapid. When close to toreign bodies the 
animal creeps over the surface, after the manner of Huplotes 
aud Stylonychia. or this purpose it utilizes its minute 
oral-surface cirri. Food in all cases was found to consist of 
diatoms of the Navicella type and ingested Bacteria. 
Reproduction is by binary fission, one individual retaining 
the original cytopharynx, the other developing a new one. 
Division is preceded by complete fragmentation ot the nucleus, 
which seemingly disappears entirely, , appearing again in each 
individual after actual division has taken place. Hence, as 
mentioned above, a good many of the organisms apparently 
do not possess a nucleus. ‘his organism, being closely 
related to Lchthyophthirius, may bea tactor in the dissemina- 
tion of disease. 

The Infusorian was found later on the gills of Blennius 
pholis, but was absent from Centronotus gunnellus and Gobius 
ruthensparri. 

The tigures of this genus given by Saville-Kent seem 
totally inadequate as far as illustration goes. 


In conclusion, I may state that I have not appended any 
new names to the parasites from Cottus and /taia, for the 
simple reason that there is an enormous amount of confusion 
centering round the genus Hemogregarina. The procedure 
of many authors is to give a new name to almost every 
blood-parasite that they come across, whereas, within certain 
classes, they are possibly merely dealing with different forms 


: ‘ 
en ae 


a+ 


Protozoa from Fishes. O91 


of the same parasite. It seems almost inconceivable that 
there is a different invertebrate host to each genus of fish, 
and hence it is inconceivable that each genus should be 
infected with its own particular type of parasite. Variations 
may be due to the age of the organism, or, what is much 
more probable, to the different environment in which the 
organism lives. Until more is known about the life-histories 
of these forms, it seems superfluous to keep on creating new 
species, and thus adding to the confusion already existing. 

The present work was carried on in the Dove Marine 
Laboratory, Cullercoats, and I wish to thank Professor Meck 
and the staff of the laboratory for their kindly help and 
advice. 

I also wish to thank my sister and Mr. P. Gibson for 
executing the diagrams illustrating this paper. 


Sept. 1916, 


BIBLIOGRAPHY. 


BreNEDEN, VAN. ‘ Recherches sur les Bdellodes ou Hirudinées’ (Brux- 
elles), 18638, p. 37. 

BenTHaM, I. (1914.) “Some Observations on a Leucocytozoon of the 
Siskin (Carduelis spinus).” Proc. Univ. Durham Phil. Soe. v. 
p. 189. 

—. ‘Note on a Hemogregarine of Rata batis.” Report North- 
umberland Sea-Fisheries Committee, 1914-15. 

Brumpt gr Lepaitiy. ‘“ Description de quelques nouvelles espéces de 
Trypanosomes et d’Hémogrégarines de Téléostéens marins.” 
Compt.-rend. Acad. d. Se. Paris, 1904, tome cxxxix. p. 615. 

JOHNSTONE, J. ‘ Internal Parasites and Diseased Conditions of Fishes.” 
Rep. 1904 Lanes. Sea-Fisheries Lab, Univ. Liverp. p. 107. Lid. 
1905, p. 152. bid. 1906, p. 192. 

Mincuin, E. A. ‘An Introduction to the Study of the Protozoa,’ 
pp. 371-378. 

Mincuin, E. A., & Woopcock, H. M. (1910.) “ Blood-Parasites of 
Fishes occurring at Rovigno.” Q.J.M.58. lv. p. 113. 

Porter, A, (1908.) ‘ Leucocytozoon musculi.” P. Z.S. 1908, p.703. 

jioprertson, M. (1910.) “ Life-cycle of Hemuogregarina nicorie.” 
Q. J. M.S. lv. p. 741. 

SAVILLE-KENT, W, ‘A Manual of the Infusoria,’ vol. ii. p. 273, 


EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES, 
PLATE XVI. 


Fig. 1. Hemogregarina cottt. 1=curved form in blood-corpuscles of 
Cottus. 2a & Zb=macrogametocytes from gut of Callio- 
bdella. 3a=torm trom spleen of Cottus. 3b=microgameto- 
cyte. 4=macrogametocyte with discharge of karyosomes, 
5a & 5 b=stages in schizogony. 

Fig, 2. Dorsal blood-vessel of Ichthyobdella anarrhiche, showing spores 


392 Lord Rothschild on Lepidoptera collected on 


of a Hemogregarine, X 1500. B=botryoidal tissue; C=co- 
agulated leech-blood ; S=spores ; W=wall of blood-vessel. 

Fig. 3. Trichodina sp., X 750. A=acetabulum; D=ingested diatoms ; 
G=lateral groove ; N=nucleus. 


PuatTe XVII. 


Fig. 1. Parasites from blood of Scomber scomber. 1 & 8. Typical forms 
in medium lymphocytes. 2. Double infection in lympho- 
ey te. 4&7. Single Halteridium-like bodies in erythrocytes. 

5 & 6. Double infection by smaller rounded forms. 

Fig. 2. Hemogregarina sp. from blood of Raia batis. 1-4. Typical 

examples of the parasite. 5. A case of double infection. 


XLVII.—On the Lepidoptera collected in 1913-1914 by Herr 
Geyr von Schweppenburg on a Journey to the Hoggar 


Mountains (Sahara). By Lorp Roruscuitp, F.K.S., 
Ph.D 


[Concluded from p. 258.] 
Part II. 


Geometride. 


HemirHeinz. 


(58) Hemidromodes affinis, sp. n. 


g. Allied to H. robusta (Prout), but much smaller, and 
the transverse lines are sharply defined, not merely indicated. 

@. Also smaller than robusta, and has two conspicuous 
transverse white bands on both wings, whereas the ? of 
robusta has no markings. 

Length of fore wing, ¢, 6 mm.; expanse 14 mm. 

» ¢,10mm., 2? robusta, 16 mm. 

1 3, i, 2s  Tahihout, April 28, 1914; 2 2 9, came 

April 22, 1914 (type 2). 


(59) Hemidromodes subbrunnescens, Prout. 


Hemidromodes subbrunnescens, Prout, Trans. Entom. Soc. Lond. 1915, 
pt. 3 (Somaliland). 


3 6d, Rharis, April 15, 1914. 


(60) Acidaliastis micra dissimilis (Warr.). 


Euchloris dissimilis, Warren, Novit. Zool. vol. xii. p. 26, pl. iv. fig. 27 
(1905) (Nakheila). 


1 9, Oued Dehin, N. of Idelés, March 20, 1914. 


a Journey to the Hoggar Mountains. 393 


ACIDALIAND. 
(61) Ptychopoda transcatenulata, sp. n. 


3 ¢. Antenne, head, thorax, and abdomen sandy cinna- 
mon. 

Fore wings sandy cinnamon; an antemedian double 
transverse chain-band black, a black median stigma, and 
beyond it halfway to apex a black line from costa to vein 6. 

Hind wing sandy cinnamon, basal ? with patch of black 
irrorations; a black median stigma, outer 3 somewhat clouded 
with sooty black-grey. Underside whitish buff. 

Length of fore wing, ¢ 6 mm., 2 8 mm.; expanse, ¢ 
14 mm., ? 18 mm. 

1 g, Ti-n-Tabarik, April 14, 1914; 1 g, 3 2 9, Rharis, 
April 15, 1914 (? type); 1 g, Tahihout, April 18, 1914, 


LARENTIINE:. 


(62) Pseudosterrha paullula philearia (Brab.). 
Sterrha philearia, Brabant, Bull. Soc. Entom. France, vol. Ixv. p. 384 
1896 (Philz, Egypt). 
1.9, Aceksem, Aprii 13, 1914; 2 ¢ g, Ti-n-Tabarik, 
April 14, 1914; 4 2 9, Rharis, April 16, 1914. 


(63) Lithostege fissurata, Mab. 
Lithostege fissurata, Mabille, Bull. Soc. Entom. France, vol. viii. (ser. 6) 
p- 58. no. 8 (1888) (Gabés, Tunis). 


1 g, Oued Abbou, Jan. 17, 1914; 2 6 g,1 2, Amgid, 
Feb. 19, 1914. 


(64) Lithostege marmorata, B.-H. 
Lithostege marmorata, Bang-Haas, Iris, vol. xx. p. 88, pl. ili. fig. 15 
(1907) (Gafsa, Tunis). 
2 9 9, Amgid, Feb. 19, 1914; 5 6 gf; 1 2, Ain Taiba, 
May 23-25, 1914. 


(65) Tephroclystia tenellata (Dietze). 


Eupithecia tenellata, Dietze, Iris, vol. xxi. p. 165, pl.ii. figs, 5, 6 (1908) 
(Gafsa, Tunis). 


63,9 2 2, Amgid, Feb. 20, 1914; 1 3, Oued Dehin, 
March 20, 1914; 16,19, Oued Gif-Aman, March 21, 
ris; I? ,, Oued. Agielil, March 18). 1914; 2.9.0 De 
Timenaiin, March 3, 1914, 


29 
re) 
reg 


Lord Rothschild on Lepidoptera collected on 


GEOMETRINZ. 


(66) Osteodes latimarginaria, Rebel. 


Osteodes latimarginaria, Rebel, Denkschr. Math.-Nat. Klasse Kais. 
Akad. Wiss. Wien, vol. Ixxi. p. 100 (Lepid. Siid Arab. & Sokotra, 
p- 70). no, 134 (1907) (Red Sea). 


1 ¢, North of Idelés, March 10, 1914; 1 g, Oued Ta- 
moudat, March 20, 1914 ; 1 g¢, Oued Amra, April 4, 1914. 


(67) Tephrina disputaria (Guen.). 


Eubolia (?) disputaria, Guenée, Hist. Nat. Ins. Spec. Gén. Lépid. 
tome x., Uran. et Phal. tome ii. p. 489. no. 1710 (1857) (Egypte). 


19,2 9 92, Ti-n-Tabarik, April 14,1914; 1 g, Aceksem, 
April 14, 1914; 1 6,19 2 ¢, Rharis, April 15-16, 1914, 


(68) Tephrina biskraria, Oberth. 


Tephrina biskraria, Oberthiir, Etud. Entom. fase. xii. p. 32, pl. v. 
fig. 18 (1888) (Biskra). 


2 3 g, Ti-n-Tabarik, April 14, 1914. 


(69) Zamarada secutaria (Guen.). 


Stegania secutaria, Guenée, Hist. Nat. Ins. Spec. Gén. Lépid. tome x., 
Uran. et Phal. tome ii. p. 45. no. 969 (1857) (Abyssinia). 


1 ¢, Ti-n-Tabarik, April 14,1914; 3 g g,3 9? 2, Rharis, 
April 15, 1914. : 


(70) Zamarada hyalinaria (Guen.). 


Stegania hyalinaria, Guenée, Hist. Nat. Ins. Spec. Gén. Lépid. tome x., 
Uran. et Phal. tome ii. p. 45. no. 968 (1857) (Abyssinia). 


1 g, Amgid, Feb. 13, 1914; 1 g, Timenaiin, March 3, 
1914; 19, 20 kil. N. of Idelés, March 31, 1914; 19, 
Oued Amra, April 4, 1914. 


Amatide. 
(71) Amata alicia mogadorensis (Blach.). 


Syntomis alicia, var. mogadorensis, Blachier, Ann. Soc. Entom. France, 
vol, lxxvii. p. 219, pl. iv. fig. 9 (1908) (mr. Marakesch), 


There is considerable variation among the large series, 
especially in the gloss, some having the wings with a deep 
purple gloss, others deep blue, and others again deep green, 
while there is one g with fore wings glossed with deep green 


a Journey to the Hoggar Mountains. 395 


and the hind wings with purple. Some have the subterminal 
hyaline spot on the hind wing absent. One @? has the 
hyaline spots above veins 3 and 4 on the fore wing as well 
as the subterminal one on hind wing absent. 

11g g,3 2 9, Oued Ag’elil, March 19, 1914; 17 3 g, 
9 $ 2, Idelés, March 30, 1914. 


Cosside. 


(72) Eremocossus retbellit (Oberth.). 


Hypopta (?) retbellit, Oberthiir, Etud. Entom. fasc. i. p. 40, pl. iv. fig. 1 
(1876) (Biskra). 


29 9, Ti-n-Tabarik, April 14, 1914; 1 go (very large), 
Amegid, April 22, 1914. 
Pyralide. 
CramBINeE. 


(73) Eromene ocellea (Haw.). 


Palparia ocellea, Haworth, Lepid. Brit, p. 486. no. 21 (1803-1828) 
(nr, London). 


2 9 9, Timassinin, Jan. 23 & 26, 1914; 1 2, 20 kil. N. 
of Amgid, Feb..10, 1914; 49 g,2 2 2, Amgid, Feb. 13, 
1914. 


A NERASTIING. 


(74) Polyocha monochromella, Rag. 


Polyocha monochromeila, Ragonot, Nouy. Gen. et Esp. Phycit. & Galler, 
p. 39 (1888) (Shahkuh). 


1, Amgid, Feb. 20, 1914. 


(75) Epidauria strigosa (Staud.). 


| Anerastia strigosa, Staudinger, Hor. Soc, Entom. Ross. vol. xv. p. 
(1879) (Kerasdere). 


1 g, Oued Ag’elil, March 18, 1914. 


225 


Purcirin2. 
(76) Nephopteryx geyri, sp. n. 
- 9. Antenne black; head cream-colour; thorax and 
abdomen brownish cinnamon, a black indefinite patch on first 
abdominal segment. 
Fore wing pale rosy magenta; basal } saturated with 


396 Lord Rothschild on Lepidoptera collected on 


deeper magenta, a broad antemedian band yellowish cream- 
buff, bordered on each side by a strong black line, outer 3 of 
wing with irregular darker magenta hands and cloudings. 
Hind wing dirty white, terminal line fuscous, 
Length of fore wing 13°35 mm.; expanse 30 mm. 


1 ¢, Ti-n-Tabarik, April 14, 1914. 


(77) Nephopteryx biformis, sp. n. 

The sexes show considerable difference, and there is also 
much individual variation. 

¢. Antenne brown ; head, thorax, and abdomen greyish 
sandy buff. 

Fore wing sandy buff ; an oblique antemedian band, broad 
at costa, narrowing to a point on inner margin, and with a 
sandy streak in it above median vein; beyond the cell is an 
arrow-shaped black line, preceded by an almost obsolete tiny 
smear of brown ; a subapical double black streak, from which 
an obsolescent brown smear runs into wing obliquely ; an 
incomplete postdiscal and a complete terminal row of minute 
black dots. 

Hind wing white, suffused with cream in abdominal = 
terminal line brown. 

?. Larger, and suffused on thorax and fore wing with 
cinnamon wood-grey, and all markings much stronger. 

Length of fore wing, ¢ 12 mm., 9 14 mm.; expanse, 
6 27 mm.;.9:3t mm: 

14 @ g,14 2? 2, Amgid, April 16-20, 1914; 1 g, Oued 
Dehin, March 20, 1914; 1 ¢ (type), Oued Gif-Aman, 
March 21, 1914. 


(78) Bazania fulvofasciata, sp. n. 


3. Antenne whitish above, amber-brown beneath; head 
and thorax greyish cream-colour, splashed with pale wood- 
brown ; abdomen yellowish cream-grey. 

Fore wing greyish cinnamon-cream, with pale wood-brown 
irregular bands and cloudings ; an elongate patch in cell, an 
oblique antemedian band, ‘and a subterminal band fulvous 
amber. 

Hind wing buffish cream, washed with wood-grey on outer 
half. 

2. Larger, fore wing more heavily clouded and banded 
with wood-brown, and the orange-amber bands are darker 
and wider. 

Length of fore wing, g 10, 2 11°5 mm.; expanse, ¢ 
22:5 mm., 2 26 mm. 


a Journey to the Hoggar Mountains. 397 


1 §,Amgid, Feb. 16-18, 1914; 1 9, Ain Tahart, Feb. 21, 
1914; 1 ¢, Oued Abbou, Jan. 17, 1914; 1 2, Oued Ta- 
moudat, March 22, 1914. 


(79) Christophia lactealis, sp. n. 
6. Antenne cream-colour; head, thorax, and abdomen 
pale greyish cream-colour. 
Fore wing pale greyish cream-colour, with some irregular 
scattered black scaling on nervures. 
Hind wing pale grey washed with cream, termen darker. 
2. Similar, but paler. 
Length of fore wing, ¢ 2,11 mm.; expanse 24:5 mm. 
1 g (type), Timassinin, Jan. 30,1914; 1 2, Oued Ag’elil, 
March 18, 1914. 


(80) Christophia datinella, Rag. 
Christophia datinella, Ragonot, Ann. Soe. Entom. France, 1887, p. 233 
(Gabés, Tunis). 
1g, Amgid, Feb. 16-18, 1914; 1 92, Oued Dehin, 
March 20, 1914. (These two specimens are very pale.) 


(81) Staudingeria fractifasciella, Rag. 
Staudingeria fractifasciella, Ragonot, Bull. Soc. Entom. France, 1890, 
p. 111 (Biskra), 
2 $ S, Timassinin, Jan. 30, 1914; 1 g, Amgid, Feb, 16- 
18, 1914. 


(82) Staudingeria partitella, Rag. 
Staudingeria partitella, Ragonot, Ann. Soc. Entom. France, 1887, 
p. 249 (Ordubad Sare). 


1g, Oued Ag’elil, March 18, 1914; 1 ¢, Oued Dehin, 
March 20, 1914; 1 2, Oued Gif-Aman, March 21, 1914. 


(83) Staudingeria cinnamomella, sp. n. 


3g. Antenne amber-brown; head white, thorax rosy 
cinnamon ; abdomen, first four segments pale rosy cinnamon, 
rest of abdomen whitish grey, last segment and anal tuft pale 
rosy cinnamon. 

Fore wing rosy cinnamon ; whole costal region to apex 
and reaching into cell broadly snow-white, narrowing some- 
what beyond cell to apex of wing. 

Hind wing semivitreous, pale whitish grey, somewhat 


Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol. xvi. 28 


398 Lord Rothschild on Lepidoptera collected on 


darker in terminal } of wing; a terminal cinnamon-grey 
band. 

Length of fore wing 11 mm.; expanse 24 mm. 

3 ¢ go, Amgid, Feb. 16-18, 1914. 


(84) Staudingerta spatz?, sp. n. 


6 ¢. Antenne whitish amber-brown; head and thorax 
sandy buff; abdomen paler, in some specimens almost white. 

Fore wing sandy orange, costal area cream-colour ; a post- 
discal and a terminal band cream-colour, outer half of wing 
with some irregular scattered black scaling. 

Hind wing satiny pale grey, terminal border sandy orange. 

Length of fore wing 10-11 mm.; expanse 22-24 mm. 

1 g, Timassinin, Jan. 30, 1914;9 6 6,4 2 2, Ampid, 
Feb. 16-18, 1914 (type 2, Amgid); 2 ¢ 9, Oued Ag’elil, 
March 18, 1914. 

(In some specimens the black scaling has inereased so 
much as to almost obliterate the orange ground-colour ; these 
I propose to call ab. suffusa, ab. nov.) 


(85) Staudingeria variabilis, sp. n. 


¢. Antenne dark brown ; head and thorax rufous orange ; 
abdomen paler, more sandy. 

Fore wing rufous orange; basal line, costal area to just 
before apex, an inwardly oblique antemedian band, an out- 
wardly oblique postdiscal band, and terminal area cream- 
colour; costal area, basal line, and the bands slightly, 
terminal area densely powdered with black scales; on the 
dise of the wing near both bands are large patches of black 
scales somewhat mixed with blue-grey. 

Hind wing mouse-grey, darker on terminal line. 

Length of fore wing 7 mm. ; expanse 15°5 mm. 

1 g, Amgid, Feb. 19,1914; 1 g, Ain Tahart, Feb. 21, 
1914 (type, Ain Tahart). 


(86) Staudingeria similis, sp. n. 


g. Allied to preceding. Antennze dark brown, with 
paler rings ; head, thorax, and abdomen greyish cream-white 
dusted with brown. 

Fore wing pale cream-colour dusted with brown scales on 
antemedian and postmedian brown band, joined by three 
longitudinal lines of brown clouded sealing; subterminal 
area deusely powdered with brown scales, terminal band 
brown. 


a Journey to the Hoggar Mountains. 399 


Hind wing pale mouse-grey, terminal edge darker. 
Length of fore wing 8 mm. ; expanse 17°5 mm. 
1 e- Amgid, Feb. te 18, 1914. 


°(87) Pristarthria brephiella (Staud.). 
Nephopteryx brephiella, Staudinger, Hor. Soc. Entom. Ross. vol. xv. 
pp. 193, 194 (1879) (Macedonia). 


1 ?, Oued Dehin, March 21, 1914. 
(88) Pristarthria sablonella, sp. n. 


$. Differs from brephiella in the thorax and fore wing 
being cream- colour, somewhat washed with grey; thie ante- 
median band is more oblique, double, and black, Nor orange, 
and the submarginal band is further from termen and also 
black, not orange. 

Hind wing cream. 

Length of fore wing 11 mm.; expanse 24 mm. 


1 g, Oued Tamoudat, March 20, 1914. 


(89) Heterographis albicosta (Staud.). 


Myelois albicosta, Staudinger, Berl. Entom. Zeit. vol. xiv p. 202. no. 41 
(1870) (Sarepta). 


1 ¢, Amgid, Feb. 13, 1914. 


(90) Heterographis sablonella, sp. n. 


3. Head and thorax clayey buffish sand-colour, abdomen 
paler. 


Fore wing clayey buffish sand-colour. 
Hind wings opalescent cream-white; terminal line and 


fringe pale sandy grey. 
Length of fore wing 13°5 mm. ; expanse 29 mm. 


1 g, Oued Abbou, Jan. 16, 1914. 


(91) Syria arenosella (Staud.). 


Anerastia arenosella, Staudinger, Stett. Entom. Zeit. 1859, p. 227. 
no. 40 (Chiclana). 


1 o, Feb. 13,1 9, April 22, 1914, Amgid. 


PYRALINE. 
(92) Aglossa rhodalis, Hmpsn. 


Aglossa rhodalis, Hampson, Ann, & Mag, Nat. Hist. ser. 7, vol. xvii. 
p- 218 (1906) (Cape Colony). 


1 g, Idelés, March 10, 1914. 


400 Lord Rothschild on Lepidoptera collected on 


(93) Actenia geyri, sp. n. 

¢. Antenne plumose, amber-buff; head, thorax, and 
abdomen sandy buff. 

Fore wing sandy buff; a row of brown streaks in median 
3 of costa, two dark brown somewhat V-shaped marks below 
median vein in basal 3 of wing, a brown discocellular stigma, 
some cloudings on disc, and a postdiscal band darker, more 
orange-buff ; on inside of the darker postdiscal band are 
some irregular dark brown marks on a level with stigma; a 
terminal line of brown spofs. 

Hind wing buffy wood-grey, fringe buff. 

@. Similar, but smaller, and wings less developed, and 
with a duller more greyish wood-buff ground-colour ; antennee 
serrate. 

Length of fore wing, g 15°5 mm., 9 12°5 mm.; expanse, 
& 34 mm., 2? 28 mm. 

1 g, Oued Tamoudat, March 22, 1914; 1 ¢, Oued Gif- 
Aman, March 21, 1914; (¢ type). 


(94) Ulotricha algerialis, Hmpsn. 
Ulotricha algerialis, Hampson, Trans. Entom, Soc. Lond. 1900, p. 877. 
no. (2), pl. exi. tig. 18 (Biskvra), 


1 g,1 2, Ain Taiba, May 23-25, 1914. 


(95) Ulotricha terminalis, sp. n. 


¢. Antenne brownish maroon ; head, thorax, and abdo- 
men brownish maroon. 

Fore wing: basal 4 brownish maroon, rest cream-white, 
with a number of pale maroon crossed hair-lines ; outer 
apical } brownish maroon, sprinkled with cream-white. 

Hind wing cream whitish grey, outer ? sprinkled and 
streaked with pale dirty maroon. 

Length of fore wing 11 mm.; expanse 25 mm. 


1 ¢, Oued Gif-Aman, March 21, 1914. 


(96) Constantia leonalis (Oberth.). 


Stemmatophora leonalis, Oberthiir, Bull. Soc. Entom. France, 1887, 
p- 76. no. 9 (Biskra). 


1 3, Oued Ag’elil, March 18, 1914. 


PYRAUSTINZE. 


(97) Nomophila noctuella (Schiff.). 


Pyralis noctuella, Schiffermiiller, Syst. Verz. Schmett. Wien, p. 186 
(1776) (Vienna). 


a Journey to the Iloggar Mountains. 401 


1 g, 50 kil. S. of Ouargla, Dec. 25,1913; 4g 8,9? 2, 
Amgid, Feb. 16-20, 1914; 1 9, Oued Ag’elil, March 18, 
1914; 2 2 2, Oued Dehin, March 20, 1914 ; 2 ¢ 2, Rharis, 
April 15, 1914. 


(98) Cornifrons ulceratalis, Led. 
Cornifrons ulceratalis, Lederer, Wien. Entom. Monatschr. 1858, p. 147, 
t. iv. fig. 1 (Syria). 
18,592 9%, 25 kil. S. of Bledet Amar, Dec. 16, 1913 ; 
6gd,32 2, 20kil. S. of Ouargla, Dec. 23-24, 1913; 
333,62 3, 50 kil. S. of Ouargla, Dec. 25,1913; 8 og, 
Slassel Dhanoun, Dec. 30, 1913; 2 9 29, Ghourd Torba, 
Dec. 31,1913; 2 ¢ g,N. of Hassi Abbou, Jan. 2 & 3, 1914; 
366,72? ¢, Hassi Abbou, Jan. 13-17, 1914; 636, 
17 2 9, Oued Abbou, Jan. 19, 1914; 6 84,8 2 9, Ti- 
massinin, Jan. 26-30, 1914; 1 g, I-n-Kelemet, Feb. 6-8, 
fie; tg, 20 kil. N. of Amepid, Feb. 10,1914; 8 Ge; 
13 9 9, Amgid, Feb. 13-20, 1914; 1g, 7 9 9, Oued 
Amra, March 15, 1914; 1,3? ?, Oued Av’elil, March 19, 
itt 3 2 9, Oued Delin;’ Mareh 20,1914; 1 9, 20 kilt 
N. of Idelés, March 31, 1914; 1 2, Rharis, April 15, 1914. 


(99) Pionea geyri, sp. n. 

d. Antenne amber-brown,; head, thorax, and abdomen 
pale sandy buff. 

Fore wing white, clouded and banded with irregular bands 
and cloudings of brownish buff ; stigma and terminal row of 
dots dark brown. 

Hind wing cream-white, with rather ill-defined brownish 
termen, in which is a brown hair-line. 

Length of fore wing 8°5 mm.; expanse 19 mm. 

1 g, Timassinin, Jan. 23, 1914. 


(100) Pronea lactealis, sp. n. 

6. Antenne cream-white ; head and thorax cream-white ; 
abdomen greyish cream-white. 

Fore wing cream-buff with a lemon-yellow suffusion, costal 
area darkest. 

Hind wing satiny brownish cream-white, apical 4 washed 
with grey. 

Length of fore wing 10 mm. ; expanse 22 mm. 


1 g, Amgid, Feb. 20, 1914. 
(101) Ponea simplicealis, sp. n. 


3. Antenne, head, and thorax rusty wood-brown ; abdo- 
men greyish wood-brown. 


402 Mr. G. A. Boulenger on a new 


Fore wing rusty wood-brown ; four longitudinal white 
spots on apical 4 of costa, a white spot near base of cell, and 
a second similar one on discocellulars. 

Hind wing satiny wood-grey. 

Length of fore wing 11 mm. ; expanse 24 mm, 


1 g, Oued Ag’elil, March 19, 1914. 


(102) AMetasia pseudobotys, Rothsch. 


Metasia pseudobotys, Rothschild, Novit. Zool. vol. xx. p. 141. no, 154 
(1913) (South Oued Mya), 


2 gg, Oued Amra, March 14 and April 5, 1914. 


(103) Metasia similalis, sp. n. 


3. Similar to pseudvbotys, but larger, duller, and there is a 
distinct sinuate line beyond middle of hind wing. 

Antenne, head, thorax, and abdomen greyish sandy buff. 

Fore wing greyish sandy buff, Nor rufous buff as in pseudo- 
botys ; an ante- and a postmedian sinuate black band and 
two black ring-like stigmas in cell. 

Hind wing satiny buffish wood-grey, with sinuate post- 
median shadow-bands. 

Length of fore wing, g pseudobotys 8 mm., g similalis 
10°5 mm, ; expanse, pseudobotys 17°5 mm., simelalis 23 mum. 

2 3 3, Rharis, April 15, 1914, 


(104) Noctuelia desertalis (Iiibn.). 


Pyralis desertalis, Hiibner, Samml. Europ. Schmett., Pyr. fig. 171 (1793- 
1827) (Europe). 


1 2, Tahihout, April 28, 1914. 


All the specimens enumerated in both parts ‘of this article 
are in the Tring Museum. 


XLVIIL—Description of a new Tree-frog of the Genus Hyla 
discovered by Mr. A. E, Pratt in the Arfak Mountains, 
Dutch New Guinea. By G. A. Boutencer, F.R.S. 


(Pub-ished by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.) 
‘Plate XVIII. ] 
Hyla angiana. 


Tongue circular, free, and slightly notched behind. 
Vomerine teeth in two oblique series between the choane 


nis ees 5 Norte 


ad barge 


Tree-frog from Dutch New Guinea, 403 


or on a level with the hinder edge of the latter. Head 
rather strongly depressed, as long as broad or a little 
broader than long; snout rounded ; canthus rostralis distinct; 
loreal region feebly concave; eye as long as ora little shorter 
than the snout ; interorbital space broader than the upper 
eyelid; tympanum very distinct, small, one-third to two- 
fifths the diameter of the eye. Fingers one-third webbed ; 
no projecting rudiment of pollex ; toes webbed to the disks ; 
subarticular tubercles well developed; disks large. The 
hind limb being carried forwards along the body, the tibio- 
tarsal articulation reaches the eye or the tip of the snout ; 
tibia a little more or a little less than half the length from 
snout to vent. Skin smooth above, granular beneath, 
areolate on the sides; a strong fold above the ear, but no 
parotoids. Slate-blue above (in spirit), the sides of the- 
body and the outer side of the head, foot, and tarsus some- 
times crimson, with white spots or marblings ; a white streak 
on the upper lip, at least from below the eye; a white 
streak, or white spots, on the lower lip ; a white streak above 
the vent, another along the inner side of the leg and the 
outer side of the tarsus ; throat blue or purple, belly white. 
Male without ossified omosternum, with an external gular 
vocal sac, and a patch of fine dark brown rugosities ou the 
inner side of the basal part of the inner finger. 


3 2. 

mm mm, 

Prom. snot. to Vent. 5,03 9.0.51 « ab #0! «4% 57 85 
MNEs tas fahy eos aisiaics as i ie’ 6 als aa 18 24 
WY ERGO OL NORE Fost oe are shee Hee are 18 26 
PUIG aI volar warning sddle’e sn 2% 4 8 
IBV ie Ae oede a Uae ce dathind ta oetlhts tyt< ieee 6 8 
PR yaaa Nya) 4/2 /e's) sn, Pa war aw dese 8 oe 2 3 
THO OWIERD ate a ayhcccahe minute alsa rhs os De 50 
PME petite etna Satna ties) 3'e Mier As 18 25 
Wisk OF Chird HARPER, Gel 3 ies Sas ola 4 5 
Bid meh Ait irate tokr se! tikes 89 150 
ERMDEA ER, coats acta) <ocbhe Papelera 2 ahaha soft aah «ci 28 4] 
BGOte a): cuccn ain antaia dele mons tt tale a) Sea 24 33 


Four specimens (2 ¢, 2 9) from the Angi Lakes 
(6000. feet) in the Arfak Mountains. A fifth specimen ( @ ) 
from Mount Koebré (8000 feet) in the same mountains. 
Presented to the British Museum by the collector, Mr. A. E. 
Pratt. 

This frog belongs to the group of Hyla cerulea, with 
which I have recently dealt*. In the male secondary 


* Zool. Jahrb., Suppl. xv. 1, 1912, p. 211. 


404 Mr. C. Forster-Cooper on new Mammals 


sexual characters it agrees with Hyla cerulea, but differs 
in the small tympanum, a character which it shares with 
H. humeralis. 


EXPLANATION OF PLATE XVIII. 


Hyla angiana, Q, natural size, with lateral view of head and anterior 
part of body, and open mouth. 


XLIX.—New Genera and Species of Mammals from the 
Miocene Deposits of Baluchistan. — Preliminary Notice. 
By C. Forsrer-Coorer, M.A., Superintendent, University 
Museum of Zoology, Cambridge. 


THE following specimens were obtained from the Dera Bugti 
province of Baluchistan ; the types and other specimens will 
be placed, together with the rest of the collection, in the 
British Museum of Natural History, as soon as the whole 
collection is catalogued. 


Parabrachyodus obtusus, gen. nov. 


In a previous issue of this Journal (vol. xii., December 1913, 
p- 520) I described a third lower molar as that of a new 
species doubtfully referred to the genus Brachyodus. Some 
fragments of maxille seem to agree with this particular tooth 
as regards size and general characteristics, and, as they show 
a peculiarity which distinguishes them from the genus 
Brachyodus, a new genus is here created for them. 

The type-specimen of the genus is a left maxilla showing 
the fourth premolar and the full series of three molars (fig. 1). 
Like the lower molar (fig. 2) already described (loc. e7t.), the 
teeth are brachyodont and bunodont, with a moderately well- 
marked cingulum, and are not easily to be distinguished 
from those of b. giganteus, the third upper molar being 
extreniely like the cast of the type third molar of the latter 
species, ‘The fourth premolar, however, shows a distinct 
difference, inthat the upper cusp is practically aborted and 
shows as a very thin ridge lying Just inside the well-developed 
inner cingulum, A side-view (fig. 1 A) is here given, showing 
the difference between the outer cusp, which is normal in 
size and somewhat worn, and the inner cusp, which, though 
quite untouched by wear, is very small. 

That the condition is not an individual variation is shown 


from the Miocene Deposits of Baluchistan. 405 


by its occurrence in more than one specimen. It is possible 
that Lydekker’s B. giganteus belonged to a similar form, in 


Fig. 1a. 


Fig. 1. 


which case some help would be given in elucidating the very 
complex giganteus-hyopotamoides series found in this locality. 


406 Mr. C. Forster-Cooper on new Mammals 


For the present, however, the question must remain in 
gag since the type-specimen of B. giganteus is a single 
molar. 


The characters of this genus, so far as can be ascertained at 
present, are :— : 

1. Fourth upper premolar with the inner cusp much 
reduced. 

2. Third lower molar much wider in front than behind. 

3. The teeth generally are very brachybunodont (a cha- 
racter shared, of course, with other Anthracotheroid genera). 

Measurements :— 


Length. Breadth. 


mim. mm. 
PM can te ree. eee 15:0 218 
i ee ta 28-0 31:0 
BAO. i rk eR ey sick Sie 35°3 39°0 
Nias ns aie 0 Oa al ele 39°0 45°8 


Gelocus indicus, sp.n. (Vig. 3.) 


The Traguloids thus far discovered in the Indian region 
are Tragulus sivalensis (Lyd.), Dorcutherium minus. (Lyd.), 
D. majus (Lyd.), Prodremotherium beatriz (Pilg.), and 
Gelocus gajensis (Pilg.). 

Of these forms Z'ragulus sivalensts is certainly represented 
in the present collection; Gelocus gajensis and Prodremo- 
therium beatriz probably occur also, but the specimens are 
not as yet fully determined. Among them, however, is an 
upper molar showing characters sufficiently distinct to warrant 
its description as a new species. 

The genus Gelocus has never properly been described ; it 
was touuded by Aymard on the species Amphitragulus com- 


— 


From the Miocene Deposits of Baluchistan. 407 


munis (Cong. Sci. Frane. 1885), the generic name Amphi- 
tragulus being changed to (Gelocus without comment or 
diagnosis. 

The present specimen, a third upper molar, therefore is 
placed provisionally in this genus, relying on the characters 
given by Lydekker as follows :— 

“The upper molars of this genus have extremely low 
columns with wide open valleys ; mili external surface of the 
hinder lobe of each of the outer columns is markedly concave,’ 
&e. (Cat. Foss. Mamm.). 

This tooth shows all these characters and in general plan is 
similar to a corresponding zeou of Gelocus communis in the 
British Museum collection (m. 27596) *. 


The specific differences from it of the present specimen 

are : 

1. A greater concavity of the external face of the metacone. 
The posterior horn of the cusp runs down to the 
cingulum and then turns forward as a sharp ridge to 
join the mesostyle, which turns back to meet it at the 
middle of the cusp, the two forming a “ cingulum ”’ 
ridge with a noticeable ditch between it and the body 
of the cusp. 

2. The posterior horn of the protocone does not abut 
against the metaconule (hypocone, according to some 
authors), but turns sharply forwards, leaving a deep 
groove between the two internal cusps. 

3. The cingulum is well marked only at the front border 
of the protocone and in the valley at its posterior edge, 
1. e. between the two internal cusps. In G. communis 
it is continuous round the cusp. 

4, The tooth is larger than that of G.communts and too 
small for Piigrim’s specimen (a lower molar) of 
G. gajensts. 

* This specimen, by an error, is catalogued as a lower jaw. It is an 

upper jaw. 


408 Mr. C. Forster-Cooper on new Mammals 


Aprotodon smith-woodwardi, gen, et sp. n. 


Two fragments of mandibular symphysis, of one of which 
the upper and lower sides are figured (figs. 4 & 5), anda 
portion of the orbital region of a skull are undoubtedly parts 
of asmall hippopotamus. These are interesting as the earliest- 
known occurrence of the hippopotamus (considerably before 
the genus Merycopotamus, which has been suggested as close 
to the ancestral line). The skull portion is indistinguishable 
from that of the Hippopotamide in general, and is about the 


size of H. lemerlei. The lower jaws, so far as the fragments 
go, also show a general similarity to those of the family, but 
differ in the apparent absence of incisor teeth. Both frag- 
ments are the same in this respect, the front border being 
very thin, and where it is broken away in places there is no 
sign of tooth-sockets. This might be due to closure of the 
socket from extreme old age, but there is nothing to show 
that this was the case. One of the fragments shows the 
stump of the first premolar, Large canines were present, as 
shown by the sockets. 


Jrom the Miocene Deposits of Baluchistan. 409 


Width across the jaw from the outside of the canines 
(estimate, the measurement taken to the middle line and 
doubled) 20 em.; depth of symphysis 11 em.; width of 
ramus behind symphysis 5°5 em. 


-~_--—--s 
~—~ ere oe - ™” 


Fee eo oe as = 


Note on the Dentition of Hemimastodon crepusculi (Pilg.). 


Pilgrim * has described some Proboscidian teeth from this 
locality as belonging to Hemimastodon, a new genus inter- 
mediate between the genera Paleomastodon and Tetrabelodon. 

In the present collection are two palates and corresponding 
portions of lower jaws of young adult individuals, which, 
being fairly complete except for the symphysial region, 
throw some additional light on the dentition of this genus. 
The palates show two three-ridged teeth—the first and second 
molars—with remains of two smaller two-ridged teeth in 
front, which apparently represent the third and fourth 
premolars. 

Pilgrim figures f the last two milk-teeth of this species, 


* Pilgrim, ‘ Palzontologia Indica,’ n, s., yol. iy. memoir 2. 
+ Pilgrim, /oc. ctt. pl. iv. fig. 9. 


410 On new Mammals from the Miocene of Baluchistan. 


and the last milk-tooth in his specimen being much smaller 
and otherwise different from the first three-ridged tooth in 
mine shows that the latter is a true molar, and the teeth 
in front of it are true premolars and not milk-teeth. 

The lower-jaw fragments show in one specimen the last 
premolar and the three molars, the last molar being in the 
alveolus, fully formed and ready to come into wear ; it is 
formed at a slanting angle to the future plane of wear, as 
in all later Proboscidia. The other specimen shows only the 
last premolar and tlie first two molars. 

Pilgrim * has suggested that the teeth described by 
Lydekker t from this locality as Tetrabelodon angustidens, 
var. paleindicus, really belong to Hemzmastodon. ‘That this 
surmise is correct is proved by the fact that the third lower 
molar of the first jaw mentioned above is the same as the 
tooth figured by Lydekker ¢ as belonging to the variety of 
T. angustidens. 

The dentition of the genus therefore is :— 


ie C. PM. M. 


0.27.0 0 O07P.02.8.4 1.2. 
O.2P 0 0. Or serrs 724 


The shape of the symphysis is at present unknown, and 
whether the anterior premolars were present or not cannot be 
determined from these specimens. From the condition in 
Paleomastodon it is reasonably certain that they were absent. 
In Pa/womastodon all upper teeth from the second premolar 
to the last molar and all lower teeth from the third premolar 
onwards are in wear at once. In Hemimastodon the third and 
fourth premolars above and below are much worn, and are 
probably pushed out before the third molar is erupted, leaving 
the three molars in wear. In Tetrabelodon § the second and 
third premolars are cut in both jaws, but are entirely lost 
before the second molar comes into wear. In all later forms 
the premolar series is entirely suppressed. L/emimastodon, 
therefore, is shown to occupy a place halfway between the 
genera Paleomastodon and Tetrabelodon, and, considering its 
probable horizon, this is what we should expect. 

A further description and figures of these interesting 
fragments will be published in a forthcoming catalogue of the 
whole collection from the Bugti region. 


* Pal. Ind. n. s. vol. iv. memoir 2. 

+ Pal. Ind. (10) vol. iii. pl. iv. fig. 3. 

} Trans. Roy. Soc. B. vol. 199, pp. 8393-407. 
§ Trans, Roy. Soc. B. vol. 196, pp. 99--118. 


On new Neotropical Butterflies. All 


L.— Descriptions of Three new Neotropical Butterflies. 
By Emiry M. Bowp er Suarpe. 


Havine been entrusted by the late Captain Harry S. Toppin, 
who was employed by the Government on the Peru-Bolivian 
Boundary Commission, to work out the collection of insects 
made by him, I have found three species of butterflies 
which appear to be new. These are described in the present 
paper. One species of Hymenoptera, also new, has very 
kindly been described for me by Mr. Rowland E. Turner. 

A full list of the species collected will appear as an 
appendix shortly, with an account of the journey made by 
Captain Toppin, published in a book by the Royal Geogra- 
phical Society. 

Unfortunately for science, Captain Toppin lost his life at 
the battle of the Aisne, on the 14th of September, 1914. He 
had previously arranged that all types and any other species 
required for the National Collection sbould be presented to 
the Natural History Museum. 

The collection has been carefully collected and is in 
beautiful condition; the remainder is to be kept in his 
family, where it will be greatly prized. 


Family Nymphalidz. 


Pyrrhogyra toppini, EK. M. Sharpe, sp. n. 


Closely allied to Pyrrhogyra amphira, Bates, of which it 
may possibly be only a local form, and from which it differs 
as follows :—The white patch in the centre of the fore wing 
narrower, the white spot at the end of the discoidal cell 
smaller, followed by a distinct white spot on the apical area; 
a suffusion of light spots on the hind-marginal border. 

On the hind wing the white patch is also narrower, with a 
suffusion of light spots on the dark brown hind-marginal 
border ; the red spot on the anal angle is entirely absent. 

Underside very similar to that of P. amphira. 

Expanse 2+ inches. 

Three specimens collected. The type has been presented 
to the Museum. 


412 On Three new Butterflies. 


Family Erycinide. 


Euselasia toppini, E. M. Sharpe, sp. n. 


Allied to Euselasia eucritus, Hewits., but distinguished 
by having the basal area of the fore wing purple, and the 
same colour on the marginal border of the hind wing as in 
Eurygona gelanor, Cram. ; general colour dark brown. 

The underside is very distinct, having alternate transverse 
lines of brown and white, with bright orange at the base and 
on the hind-marginal border of the fore wing. The hind 
wing is heavily marked with similar transverse lines. The 
orange patch at the base of the wing relieved by a black 
spot. On the anal angle the lines are nearly black, with 
fine lines of white and orange, and near the submedian 
nervure is a black streak, 

Expanse 12 inch. 

One specimen only was collected. 

Type in the Natural History Museum. 


Family Pieride. 


Catasticta toppini, E. M. Sharpe, sp. n. 


This handsome and distinct species is similar to Catasticta 
tricolor, Butl., but has the band on the fore wing flame- 
colour, a spot of the same colour being visible near the end 
of the discoidal cell ; a row of rather minute yellow spots 
are visible on the brown hind-marginal border, also a small 
streak of yellow on the inner margin. 

On the hind wing the flame-coloured spots form nearly a 
band crossing the discal area, and the hastate spots on the 
hind-marginal border are yellow instead of red as in C. tri- 
color, a second row of minute yellow spots being visible on 
the extreme edge of the wing. 

The underside hardly differs from the allied species, with 
the exception of the flame-coloured spots being very dis- 
tinctly developed on the fore wing. 

Expanse 2,/5 inches. 

Only the one specimen was obtained. 

Type in Natural History Museum, 


On a new Species of Pepsis. 413 


HyMENOPTERA. By Rowxanp E. Turner. 


Family Psammocharide. 
Subfamily Prrsryz. 
Pepsis toppini, R. E. Turner, sp, n. 


Nigra, sparse nigro-pilosa; flagello aurantiaco, articulo primo, 
secundoque dimidio basali nigris ; alis pallide flavis, venis ferru- 
gineis. 

Long. 52 mm. 


Clypeus broadly and shallowly emarginate at the apex. 
Second joint of the flagellum about five times as long as 
thick ; third more than two-and-a-half times as long as thick, 
Eyes separated on the vertex by a distance equal to the 
length of the second joint of the flagellum ; a strong trans- 
verse ridge on the vertex behind the ocellar space. Pro- 
notum broadly rounded at the anterior angles ; mesonotum 
with a low median carina on the posterior half. Median 
segment coarsely transversely striated, rather thickly covered 
with long black hairs, convex in the middle, the carina sepa- 
rating the horizontal and vertical portions indistinct except 
in the middle, the lateral basal tubercles well developed but 
blunt, the tubercles at the apical angles of the horizontal 
area strongly developed, the horizontal area nearly as long 
as the width at the base. Abdomen elongate-ovate. Tarsal 
ungues nearly as long as the third joint of the hind tarsi, 
inner spur of the hind tibiz about one-quarter of the length 
of the basal joint of the hind tarsi. Radial margin of the 
third cubital cell more than half as long again as the second 
transverse cubital nervure. 

Hab. Peru-Bolivian boundary, between lat. 11° 30! S. and 
14° 15! S., long. 69° to 69° 30’ W. ; May-November (Capt. 
H. S. Toppin). 

This is very near the Mexican Pepsis optima, Sm., but 
differs in the greater distance between the eyes, the more 
strongly developed ridge on the vertex, the greater develop- 
ment of the tubercles of the median segment, the longer 
radial margin of the third cubital cell, and the sherter tarsal 
ungues. There are five long set at the base of the hind 
tarsal ungues in optima and four in foppini. 

The species is named after its discoverer, Captain Toppin, 
who fell in the battle of the Aisne. 

Presented to the British Museum. 


Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol. xvi. 29 


414 Mr. H. A. Baylis on Two new 


LI.— Two new Species of Monhystera (Nematodes) in- 
habiting the Gill-chambers of Land-crabs*. By H. A. 
Bay.is, B.A. 


(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.) 
Dr. CHARLES B. WILSON, of Westfield, Mass., has kindly 


submitted to me for examination some small worms which 
were found by him in the gill-chambers of land-crabs in 
Jamaica during July 1910. They prove to be minute 
Nematodes belonging, apparently, to the free-living genus 
Monhystera, Bastian. They are of two species, and came 
from two species of crabs, determined by Dr. Wilson as 
Gecarcinus rurtcola and Cardisoma guanhumi. Of these 
species, the former provided examples of both Nematodes, 
the latter only of one. 

The chief points of interest to be noted with regard to 
these ‘‘ parasites”? (the word is here used in a broad sense) 
are: (1) that they belong to a genus the species of which 
are commonly found leading a free existence in the earth or 
in fresh water, and are not known to have a parasitic phase ; 
(2) that both the forms, as found in the crabs, appear to be 
either hermaphrodite or parthenogenetic, and at first sight 
seem to be all females; and (3) that they are evidently not 
specially adapted for a ‘ parasitic” mode of life, inasmuch 
as the number of young produced by one female is com- 
paratively small, and these young are apparently hatched 
from the egg before birth. 

In order to facilitate the description of the new species, 
I shall employ certain formule for expressing the relative 
lengths of various parts of the body. For this purpose 
I prefer the system of de Man f to that of Cobb, as being 
simpler and requiring less mathematical calculation §. 


* Other notes on the fauna of the gill-chambers of the Gecarcinide 
will be found in the following papers :—-Wrtson, C. B., “ Crustacean 
Parasites of West Indian Fishes and Land Crabs,” Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 
vol. xliv. p. 189 (1913). Bayzis, H. A., “Oligocheta” in Brit. 
Antarctic (‘Terra Nova’) Exp., 1910, Zoology, vol. ii. no. 2, p. 13 
(Brit. Mus., 1915); and “ A Parasitic Oligochete, &c.,” Ann. & Mag. Nat. 
Hist. (8) xv. p. 878 (1915). 

+ ‘Die frei lebenden Nematoden der Niederlandischen Fauna,’ 1884. 

t “Arabian Nematodes,” Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. W. (2) v. 1890, p. 449. 

§ In adopting de Man’s system, I follow the example of some other 
writers on free-living Nematodes, e. g. Hofmanner and Menzel in various 
recent memoirs on the group (Rey. Suisse Zool. xxiii. no. 5, 1915, and 
other papers), 


Species of Monhystera (Nematodes). 415 


total leneth 
: : ey aE Stee aaa) 
According to de Man’s system, the symbol « = thickness 


total length total length 
= ~—________~____,, and y = ,___=_,,_ [Io these 
length of cesophagus length of tail 
symbols I shall, for the purposes of the present paper, add a 
total length = 
< _ bis 
tween anus and vulva 
can be applied, of course, only to female and perhaps, in 
some cases, to hermaphrodite individuals, but is useful in 
the present instance as a specific character. 
It should be noted that in the following descriptions the 
length of the cesophagus is taken to include the posterior 
sucking-bulb. 


fourth, 6, to signify distance be 


1. Monhystera wilsoni, sp.n. (Figs. 1-3.) 


Measurements taken from a detailed examination of eight 
specimens :— 

?. Length 1:4-16 mm. Thickness very variable, 
especially in the region of the head and neck. 


a=19-32°5. 

8=5'7-8 (usually about 7). 
y= 8°4-10°7. 

6=4-4°7. 


’ 


o unknown. 

Hab. Gill-chambers of Gecarcinus ruricola. 

The cuticle of this species is generally marked with fine 
longitudinal striations, but there are no transverse markings. 
The head is sometimes very broad and square, sometimes 
more tapering. ‘he tail tapers rather rapidly from the 
anus for about half its length ; the posterior half is more 
cylindrical, narrowing abruptly near the tip, and ending 
in a small conical papilla (‘‘ spinneret ” or adhesive organ). 

No lateral organs are visible in the usual position near the 
head-end. The lateral fields are about one-fifth as wide as 
the body. 

The mouth (fig. 2) is small, and is surrounded by six 
slight cuticular elevations, two of which are dorsal, two 
ventral, and two lateral. Hach bears a minute setose papilla. 
The mouth-cavity is small and shaped somewhat like a 
“thistle funnel.”? ‘The cesophagus is at first of the ordinary 
cylindrical type, with thick walls and narrow lumen. At its 
posterior end, as in MV. bulbifera, de Man, there is a pear- 
shaped sucking-bulb (fig. 3, B.), marked off from the rest of 
the cesophagus by a constriction, and similarly distinct from 

29* 


416 Mr, H. A. Baylis on Two new 


Monhystera wilsont, mature Q. Lateral view, much magnified. 


A., anus; B., bulb of cesophagus; C.G., caudal glands; Z., embryo free 
a bree! Int., chyle-intestine; Oe¢es., esophagus; Ov., ovary; _ 
.y Vulva. : 


- B 


Monhystera wilsoni: head-end, very highly magnified, seen from the — 
ventral side. ey 


a 
. : 


Species of Monhystera (Nematodes). 417 


‘the intestine, which follows it. The narrow portion of the 
bulb is anterior. At the sides of the anterior neck of the 
bulb there are two large spherical or ovoid cells, with granular 
contents, and perhaps of glandular nature (fig. 3, G.). The 
walls of the chyle-intestine are composed of a single layer of 
large oblong cells filled with rather dark brown granules, and 
lined with the usual cuticular layer. 

The vulva (fig. 1, V.) is situated at about the beginning 
of the last third of the body. The ovary is unpaired, and 
composed of a single row of ovarian cells. Its apparent 


Win 


OTT: * 


= St 


Monhystera“wilsont: anterior end, showing B., bulb of cesophagus ; 
G., gland-cells (?) at sides of the bulb; Int., chyle-intestine ; 
N., nerve-ring ; Oes., esophagus, 


commencement is shortly behind the bulb of the cesophagus, 
but in reality its anterior end is bent back upon itself for 
a short distance. In the uterus a single row of large ova 
can be seen (fig. 1), generally in all stages of development, 
from unsegmented eggs at the anterior end to fully-developed 
embryos at the posterior end. Sometimes there is one egg in 
each stage of segmentation, so that the complete develop- 
mental history can be seen by simply following along the 
uterus from one egg to the next. ‘The last 3-5 eggs 
generally consist of fully-formed embryos still enclosed in 


418 Mr. H. A. Baylis on Two new 


their membranes ; occasionally, however (fig. 1, H.), one or 
two embryos appear to be already free in utero, and it may 
be inferred that the species is viviparous. 

There are two large caudal gland-cells (fig. 1, C.G), 
situated, one behind the other, just behind the anus, and with 
long fine ducts passing to the adhesive organ at the tip of 
the tail. 

Among about 100 examples of this species more or less 
closely examined, not a single male was observed, and I did 
not notice any individuals which appeared to be herma- 
phrodite. Hence it seems probable that this species is capable 
of multiplying parthenogenetically, or at least that the form 
found in the crab represents a parthenogenetic generation. 
It is, of course, possible that there is also a free-living bi- 
sexual generation. 


2. Monhystera carcinicola, sp.n. (Figs. 4-6.) 


Mature ¢. Length 1:1-1°6 mm, (usually 1-1-1'2 mm.), 


a= 21-32°7. 
8=5'7-7°2 (usually 6-6°2). 


y= 105-133. 
6=8-12°6. 

%. Length 1-1-1:2 mm. 
a=24-26°6. 
B=5'5-6. 


y= 11°5-13. 

Hob. Gill-chambers of G'ecarcinus ruricola and Cardisoma 
guanhumi, 

The first set of measurements given above were taken from 
ten specimens containing more or less mature female organs, 
while the second set are based upon the only two specimens 
which showed distinct hermaphroditism. Of the twelve 
specimens of this species available, eight came from Gecar- 
cimus ruricola, and the remaining four from Cardisoma 
guanhumt, One hermaphrodite specimen occurred in each 
host. No important differences were noticed between the 
two sets, but those from G. ruricola were in somewhat 
better condition, and for this reason my description will be 
mainly based upon them. 

This species is, as a rule, distinctly smaller and more 
slender than MZ. wi/soni, but at a glance it is not very 
easy to separate the two. In most respects the anatomy 
is very similar, but the following are important points of 
distinction, ‘The head-end (fig. 5) is always slender and 


Species of Monhystera (Nematodes). 419 


somewhat tapering ; it is never blunt and square like that of 
some individuals of the former species. A pair of lateral 


Fig. 4. Fig. 5. 


Fig. 4.—Monhystera carcinicola: hermaphrodite form from Cardisoma 
; guanhumi, Lateral view, much magnified. 
A., anus; B., bulb of esophagus; Int., chyle-intestine ; Oes., esophagus ; 
Ov., ovary; T., testis. 
Fig. 5.—Monhystera carcinicola: head-end, very highly magnified. 
Ch., chitinous rod in wall of mouth-cavity ; Z., lateral organ, 
Fig. 6.—Monhystera carcinicola: tail-end of hermaphrodite form from 
Cardisoma guanhumt, highly magnified, 
A., anus; A.P., accessory piece ; C.G., caudal glands; P., papillee ; 
S., spicules. 


organs (fig. 5, L.) is always distinctly visible close to the 
head-end ; they are small and of circular form, 


420 On Two new Speetes of Monhystera. 


The mouth is minute, and is surrounded, as in the other 
ease, by six exceedingly slight cuticular elevations, each 
bearing a very small papilla. The papillee, however, are not 
setose, but conical. ‘The mouth-cavity is much larger in this 
species, and is of oblong shape. Its walls are strengthened 
by four longitudinal chitinous rods of peculiar shape 
(fig. 5, Ch.). 

The bulb of the cesophagus (fig. 4, B.) is smaller, and of 
a somewhat different shape from that of M/. wilsont. It is 
more oblong than pyriform, and nearly parallel-sided, except 
at its anterior end, which isconical. A pair of large granular 
cells is present at the sides of the bulb, near its junction 
with the cesophagus, as was observed to be the case in the 
preceding species. ‘The granules contained in the large cells 
of the chyle-intestine are of a paler colour than in J, wi/sont, 
this character affording one of the readiest means of dis- 
tinguishing the species. 

In the female the vulva is situated much nearer to the 
anus, as is shown at a glance by the values given for 6 at 
the beginning of the descriptions. The distance between 
anus and vulva is, in fact, almost equal to the length of the 
tail. The number of eggs usually found in the uterus in 
mature forms is much greater than in J. wilsont. There 
may be from 16 to 20, and their development, though 
apparently more gradual, appears to take place more simulta- 
neously, a considerable number of embryos being at about 
the same stage, instead of developing one at a time. 

Finally, all the embryos appear to rupture their egg- 
membranes, and lie stretched out nearly straight within the 
uterus. This condition was never observed in Jd. wilsont. 
It is possible that they do not escape until the death or 
rupture of the parent. 

Two examples, having mouth-parts and most of the other 
organs precisely similar to those of the females, were found 
to contain both male and female reproductive organs (fig. 4). 
In both cases there were spicules and an ovary, and there 
also appeared to be a functional testis; but in neither were 
any fertilized ova seen, nor was there any trace of a vulva. 
It seems probable that the species is a protandrous herma- 
phrodite, the same individual which functions at first asa 
male subsequently losing its spicules and other evidences of 
male nature, and becoming purely female. Presumably a 
vulva is devcloped at this period, and the worm becomes 
capable of being impregnated by another individual. 

In the hermaphrodite examples there appear to be two 
excessively fine spicules and a chitinous accessory piece 


On the Parasphenoid of a Paleoniscoid. 421 


(fig. 6, S., A.P.). There are also three pairs of minute 
postanal papille (P.). 

[have placed this species in the same genus as} the first- 
described form, in spite of the peculiar structure of the 
mouth-cavity, because in most respects the two are so closely 
similar that I do not feel justified in separating them 
generically. 


LII.—A Note on the Parasphenoid of a Palconiscoid. By 
Henry Day, M.Sc., Geological Department, The Uni- 
versity, Manchester. 


WHILST engaged in the determination of a number of fish- 
remains collected by the late Mr. Binney of Manchester, and 
labelled merely as “ fish-remains,” I came across two excellent 
examples of the bone which has been called “ parasphenoid ” 
by Traquair (1) speaking of Gonatodus, and similarly by 
Fritsch (2) for Zvrissolepis, Sceletophorus, Amblypterus, and 
Acrolepis. This particular bone of the fish cranium is very 
rarely tound, however, in any very complete state of pre- 
servation; in fact, the one found by Traquair in Gonatodus, 
and described and figured by him (1, p. 16, pl. 11. fig. 5), 
was the only one he encountered in his work on the 
Palzoniscidee. 

Traquair’s example is apparently only moderately well 
preserved, although he speaks of it as “a well-developed 
parasphenoid,” but Fritsch was more fortunate in finding 
good examples in association with determinable fish-remains. 

In addition to the above two specimens from the Pendleton 
Colliery, in the Binney collection, a third specimen came to 
light in association with other fish-remains, from Ashton 
Moss Colliery, and obviously incorrectly determined as 
** Acanthodes.” 

It is now proposed to describe these specimens in some 
detail since they exhibit several very interesting features, 
which throw light on the homology ot this element. 

All three specimens agree in general form and size with 
Traquair’s figured example, and would therefore in all 
probability have belonged to fishes of about four or five 
inches in length. 

Actual specific determination is difficult, but two of the 
specimens are associated with other remains. One of the 
Pendleton examples is associated with typical Palzeoniscoid 


422 Mr. H. Day on the 


scales, and the example from Ashton Moss Colliery is 
associated with the disarticulated skull-bones of a Paleonis- 
coid fish, in association with scales which can be generically 
identified as those of Rhadinichthys—probably R. monensis, 
judging by the scale ornament. The second Pendleton 
example exactly resembles the Ashton one, and probably 
belongs to the same, or closely allied species. The three 
specimens combined give an excellent idea of both dorsal and 
ventral views of the bone. 

For convenience they will be described under the letters 
A, B, andC. A gives us a dorsal view of the bone ; B is in 
part a ventral view, but anteriorly is merely cast; and C is 
an almost perfect cast of the dorsal surface, and supple- 
ments the facts observed in A. 

The bone consists essentially of a posterior rounded 
expanded portion and an anterior rostrum or shaft. The 
posterior portion possesses two pairs of lateral processes or 
wings—an anterior pair situated at the junction of the shaft 
and posterior expansion, and a posterior pair from the postero- 
lateral margins of the expansion. 


Dorsal View. (Specimen A.) 


In the greater part of specimen A the actual bony 
material is preserved, and an excellent view is given of the 
main features of the dorsal surface. 

Anteriorly there is the long shaft which presents a rounded 
convex surface to the observer (¢. e., is dorsally convex). It 
is constricted behind and expands anteriorly to give a slightly 
club-shaped anterior extremity. ‘I'he actual anterior extre- 
mity in all three specimens exhibits distinct evidence of 
having been forked, resembling in this respect the compound 
para-basisphenoid of the common snake and the parasphenoid 
of certain living and extinct Amphibia. 

The shaft, for its posterior two-thirds, is bounded by a 
pair of wings closely applied to it. These wings are broad 
behind, and, gradually tapering anteriorly, pass into the 
shaft about one-third from its anterior extremity. Posteriorly 
they pass into the broadened posterior part of the bone at 
the point where the anterior pair of processes come off. 
‘These wings, the bony material of which is actually pre- 
served, each present a concavity to the observer (t. e., dorsall 
concave); hence in specimens B and C, in which the shaft 
and side-wings are represented as casts, we have the shaft 
represented (except for adherent fragments of bone) as a 
concavity to the observer, whilst the side-wings stand out 
as convexities. 


Parasphenoid of a Paleoniscoid. 423 


Coming now to the posterior expanded part of the bone, 
we find on the centre line of the specimen, and immediately 
behind the posterior termination of the shaft and wings, a 
distinct, rounded, slightly oval depression, which is marked 
out by a definite raised rim, broken in part by splintering of 
the bone. This pituitary region—depression and rim— 
is even better marked out in the cast C of this dorsal 
surface. 

By the side of the pituitary depression we have the right 
anterior lateral process preserved, passing outwards and very 


Fig. 1. 


_| Dorsal view of the compound para-basisphenoid bone of Rhadinichthys 
monensis. (Specimen A.) xX 7G diams. No. L 10820, M. M. 


slightly forwards. This process is apparently of the nature 
of a thick flange of bone, constricted near the base, rounded 
off at its outer and rather wider extremity, and bearing on 
its dorsal surface two or three well-defined ridges. The 
corresponding process of the left side is cut off by the broken 
edge of the rock, whilst the posterior pair of processes is 
also missing. 

A broad well-defined ridge runs outwards and backwards 
on each side from the region of the pituitary depression, and 
the whole of the expanded region of the bone posterior to 


424 Mr. H. Day on the 


these ridges and the pituitary depression has the form of a 
shallow basin-shaped hollow, with a circular outline poste- 
riorly. ‘The whole ,of this basin is floored by the actual 
bony material, but for a few splinters flaked off on the 
posterior margin. The surface of this hollow is almost 
smooth, only a few faint radiating ridges and grooves being 
visible. 

Immediately anterior to the broad ridge on each side, 
mentioned above, there is a shallow depression, followed 
anteriorly by a slight prominence. ‘These appear as reversed 


‘ 
. 


features on specimen C 


Ventral View. (Specimen B.) 

This specimen, as regards outline, is practically complete. 
It exhibits anteriorly the long shaft described in specimen A, 
and expands posteriorly as in that specimen. Both antero- 
lateral processes are well preserved and will be described 
below, and, in addition, we have also preserved in this case 
the posterior pair of processes, which are of a wing-like 
nature and extend outwards and backwards. 

The anterior shaft and its side-wings as described in 
specimen A are here represented as cast, with the exception 
of a small fragment of bone at the extreme anterior end of 
the shaft. Hence, since the shape of the dorsal surface of 
the shaft has been described as convex, the present specimen 
simply exhibits the concavity in which it lay, and the side- 
wings, which in dorsal view are concave, are represented as 
convex surfaces. 

The posterior expanded part of the bone is extremely well 
preserved, and gives us a ventral view of the bone whose 
dorsal surface has been described in A. The portion pre- 
served includes a short stump of the shaft, which is broken 
off by a transverse fracture just in front of the posterior 
termination of itsside-wings. The shaft from this fracture: 
passes backwards and merges into a well-defined, raised, 
diamond-shaped area, lying in the centre of the more or less 
semicircular posterior expanded part of the bone. This 
raised area must correspond with the shallow basin-shaped 
area of the dorsal view. No trace is shown of a raised boss 
corresponding to the depression for the pituitary body, seen 
in dorsal view. ‘There is, however, nothing extraordinary 
in this, since, even in the common snake, the extremely 
deep pituitary depression on the dorsal surface of the com- 
pound para-basisphenoid is not represented in ventral view 
by any boss or tubercle. Antero-laterally the diamond- 
shaped raised central area is bordered on each side by a deep 


Parasphenoid of a Paleoniscoid. 425 


valley which separates it from the anterior lateral process of 
each side. This valley passes outwards and backwards on 
the posterior flange-like side-process, where it flattens out 
and disappears. 

Coming now to a consideration of the preserved part of 
the shaft, we find that it exhibits a practically flat surface, 
with posteriorly a rather greater prominence, and possesses 
numerous well-defined denticle-like prickles, best shown in 


Ventral view of the compound para-basisphenoid bone of 
Rhadinichthys sp. (Specimen B.) xX 76 diams. No. L 10821. M. M. 


that part of the shaft immediately anterior to its posterior 
diamond-shaped expansion. On this latter expansion there 
is apparently a tendency for the prickles to fuse into longi- 
tudinal, slightly diverging ridges. Numerous denticles also 
occur in the antero-lateral valleys mentioned above, with 
some slight tendency towards a linear arrangement. 

It now remains to consider the two pairs of lateral pro- 
cesses. The anterior pair pass almost directly outwards, 


426 Mr. H. Day on the 


slightly dumb-bell shaped in form—broad-based, then con- 
stricting, to expand again and end in what appears to be 
definite articulating facets. ‘These anterior processes, 
which are stout flattened rod-like structures, are to be 
regarded as “ basipterygoid”’ processes, and are of great 
interest on account of their articulating facets, the interest 
of which will be apparent when we come to deal with the 
homologies of this bone. 


Cast of the dorsal surface of the compound para-basisphenoid bone of 
Rhadinichthys monensis showing the well-defined pituitary region. 
(Specimen C.) X76 diams. No. L 10822, M. M. 


The posterior pair of lateral processes are flat thin flanges 
of bone which project outwards and backwards, and possess 
on their surface a few indefinite ridges. 


This completes the account of the dorsal and ventral views 
of the bone, but a few remarks may be added on specimen C. 
This is an almost complete cast of the dorsal surface of the 
bone, only a few small fragments of actual. bony material 
being still adherent. The dorsal surface has already been 


Parasphenoid of a Paleoniscoid. 427 


described from A, but this specimen is interesting in giving 
us an excellent cast of the complete pituitary region, appear- 
ing as a well-defined boss, surrounded by a sharp depressed 
ring, t. e. the reverse of the actual features. Immediately in 
front of the pituitary region the cast exhibits a well-defined, 
symmetrically disposed, shallow V-shaped line, which may 
possibly represent the line of junction, on the dorsal surface. 
of the para- and basi-sphenoids, The anterior pair of lateral 
processes is only fairly well preserved in impression, but the 
posterior pair is much more perfectly cast, the extremity o 

the right-hand process being accurately shown, a feature no‘ 
definitely shown in specimen B. 


Having described the three specimens, it now remains to 
consider their homologies. Are they simply “parasphenoids ”” 
in the restricted sense of the term—as applied to the so-called 
“membrane” bone of that name—or do they represent a 
fusion of membranous parasphenoid elements with one or 
more cartilaginous elements of the basis cranii ? 

This question is best approached by comparing the present 
specimens with the structures to be observed in other fishes, 
and also in the Amphibia and Reptilia. 

When we make such a comparison, we find that the con- 
tours of the above-described. specimens are more or less 
completely imitated by those of the corresponding bone of 
certain Fishes, Amphibians, and Reptiles. All three groups 
possess a bone on the ventral surface of the cranium, 
having anteriorly a narrow pointed shaft, which expands 
posteriorly to form a more or less square plate, which 
possesses usually two pairs of lateral processes. 

In living fishes and Amphibia this is a definite, very well- 
defined mem brane-bone, and there is no distinct ossified 
basisphenoid, although rudimentary ossified structures have 
been found in several Teleosts, and in Ama only amongst 
the Ganoids, indicating the presence of paired basisphenoids. 

In living reptiles the bone which has an exactly similar - 
configuration to the “ parasphenoid”’ of the lower groups is 
termed the basisphenoid. The general statement made is 
“ that the parasphenoid bone, so characteristic of the Amphibia, 
is for the most part very much reduced in reptiles or it may 
be entirely wanting.” Now there are only two possible 
solutions to fit the case in reptiles, both of which may be 
correct, however. One is that the parasphenoid is a de- 
generating structure, as the above general statement might 
lead one to expect ; the second, that the parasplenoid may 
have fused with the basisphenoid. 


428 Mr. H. Day on the 


It certainly seems remarkable that, although the para- 
sphenoid is regarded as a disappearing bone in Reptilia, 
yet it is replaced by a bone—the basisphenoid—which is 
practically identical with the parasphenoid of Fishes and 
Amphibia, as applied especially to fossil representatives of 
these groups. This would lead one to expect a fusion of 
the basisphenoid with the parasphenoid, rather than a 
degeneration of the latter bone. 

Now this fusion can actually be traced in the development 
of reptiles, e. g. the primitive Sphenodon, snakes, &c. 

Swinnerton and Howes (3) indicate that in Sphenodon a 
fusion of basisphenoid and parasphenoid takes place to form 
one bone, which in the adult resembles the “ basisphenoid ” 
of snakes. At their development stage T the parasphenoidal 
splint is still independent of the overlying pre-sphenoidal 
cartilage, but presumably this latter is finally completely 
underlaid or even embraced by extension of the parasphenoidal 
shaft. 

Parker (4) shows that in the common snake the para- 
sphenoid arises as “‘a long styloid tract of granular tissue 
wedged between the trabecule and reaches the pituitary 
body by its broad hinder end,” 7. e. this tract is situated in 
the fore-half of the basis cranii, and later becomes a sharp 
style of bone which broadens out under the pituitary space. 
At Parker’s Stage 4 the basisphenoid is seen to arise as 
‘paired symmetrical films of bone, on the outer margin of 
the trabeculee where the latter pass into the basal plate.” - 
At Stage 5 these films “‘ have grown inwards to meet and 
form one large bone, the basisphenoid proper.” It occupies 
the roots of the trabeculz, but stops in front opposite the 
end of the parasphenoid. At Stage 8 “the basisphenoid is 
now a compound bone, it was made from the two proper 
basisphenoid centres and has gained a bulging floor and a 
large carinate rostrum from the parasphenoid. But neither 
the parasphenoid nor the basisphenoid directly floor the 
cranial cavity.’ In this case there is no pre-sphenoidal 
cartilage. 

In the above-quoted cases, therefore, it is evident that, in 
the basisphenoid, we are dealing with a compound para- 
basisphenoid. 

Dealing now with the fossil Reptilia, we find that the 
parasphenoid is best developed in the Plesiosaurs, where 
it extends forwards from the basisphenoid between the 
pterygoids, and, as usual, the parasphenoid partly underlies 
the basisphenoid to which it is adherent. 

In the Squamata, Ichthyosauria, and most early reptiles, 


Parasphenoid of a Palconiscoid. 429 


the parasphenoid appears as a more or less slender shaft or 
process in front of the basisphenoid. For the Ichthyosauria 
the para-basisphenoid of Ophthalmosaurus (5) may be taken 
as a type, and for the Sauropterygia that of T’ric/eadus (5). 

Thus there is a characteristic form amongst the Reptilia 
for the compound para-basisphenoid bone, compound as we 
know from a study of fossil and recent types. 

Coming now to a consideration of the Amphibia, we find 
that the living Amphibia are much too specialised to be of 
much assistance. All the Anura possess a characteristic 
T-shaped bone termed the parasphenoid, with the cross of 
the T directed posteriorly. There is no trace apparently 
of any basisphenoid. 
~ When we turn to the fossil Amphibia, we find a much 
more satisfactory state of affairs. Watson (6), speaking of 
Lexomma, says: ‘the basisphenoid, parasplienoid, and 
ethmoid are fused together and only their lower surface is 
well seen. The back of the basisphenoid is recessed for the 
anterior end of the basi-occip:tal, and whatis presumably the 
posterior end of the parasphenoid projects backwards covering 
the lower surface of the latter bone.” This backward pro- 
jection of the parasphenoid (though not to underlie the basi- 
occipital) is exactly paralleled in Ophthalmosaurus, certain 
of the Sauropterygil, and even in Sphenodon itself. Further, 
‘the sides of the basisphenoid slope upwards, passing 
imperceptibly into the opisthotic and pro-otic. On each 
side of the bone in the region of the pituitary fossa is a 
powerful process, the processus basipterygoideus, which has 
a well-marked, smooth, articulating surface on its antero- 
lateral side: deeply impressed on the bone on the inner side 
of each of these processes is a groove which leads round 
from the side of the basis cranii to open in front into a 
foramen passing through the bone, which is undoubtedly the 
carotid foramen.”  Anteriorly to this the bone takes the 
form of a narrow pointed splint exactly like those of the 
reptiles quoted above: hence the general form of this bone 
in Loxomma is exactly like that to be found in the reptiles. 
Pteroplax, in the same paper by Watson, is stated to have a 
very similar basis cranii. Finally, Fritsch (7) figures 
numerous bones in the Branchiosauride, &c., of the same 
general form as the compound para-basisphenoid of the 
snake, and to these applies the term “ parasphenoid.” 

Coming now to the fishes themselves, and the primitive 
Teleostomes in particular, we find that Watson (6), speaking 
of degalichthys, says: ‘the basisphenoid of Megalichthys 
has sometimes carotid foramina just as in Lozomma. It has 


Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol. xvi. 30 


430 Mr. H. Day on the 


small but distinct basipterygoid processes which are, however, 
not provided with articulating surfaces but with sutural ones, 
The long parasphenoid extends forwards to the premaxille 
as it may do in Pteroplaz, and its lateral borders are in 
contact with the pterygoids to which they afford support.” 

Here, again, the para-basisphenoid elements have apparently 
the characteristic form with which we are dealing ; and once 
having assumed that in Lovomma the posterior expansion is 
basisphenoid, the assumption is also made in the case of a 
similar expansion with processes and foramina in Mega- 
lichthys. ‘That the assumption is correct in the case of 
Loxomma there can be little doubt, from a consideration of 
primitive Reptilian structures. 

Bones of the basi-cranial axis in fishes are rarely preserved, 
however; in fact, the present specimens, so far as can be 
ascertained, are almost unique in their perfect preservation. 
Even the examples found by Fritsch lacked the side-processes 
in every case, judging by his figures; but, nevertheless, 
the specimens were well enough preserved to cause Fritsch 
on several occasions to comment on their remarkable resem- 
blance to the parasphenoid of the Branchiosauria, by which, 
presumably, he would mean the compound para-basisphenoid 
as described by Watson for Loxomma and Pteroplax. 

One definite fact seems to emerge from a consideration of 
the above points, and that is, that certain primitive fossil 
fishes of the Ganoid group, certain of the primitive fossil 
Amphibia—the Branchiosauria in particular,—and both 
living and fossil Reptilia, exhibit a bone on the ventral 
surface of the cranium, possessing the same general form, the 
same relationships, and all agreeing, as will be gathered from 
the above, in representing in each group a compound para- 
basisphenoid, the parasphenoid in each case having a 
broadened posterior extension underlying the basisphenoid, 
Megalichthys stands as a type for the fishes, Lovomma and 
Pteroplax for the early Amphibia, Ophthalmosaurus and 
Tricleidus for the fossil, and the Common Snake and 
Sphenodon for the recent reptiles. 

The present specimens make the case even more conclusive, 
since in A and C we have the pituitary region well marked 
out as already described. Now the pituitary body always 
comes into relationship with that part of the cartilaginous 
basis cranii which later ossifies to form the basisphenoid. 
Hence, in the present specimens we must assume that in A, 
in the pituitary region, we have the actual dorsal surface of 
the basisphenoid preserved. The depression for the pituitary 
body does not affect the ventral surface of specimen 5, 


Parasphenoid of a Paleoniscoid. 431 


because the actual basisphenoid is underlaid by a posterior 
broadened extension of the anterior shaft, which shaft and 
extension we must recognize as the parasphenoid on account 
of the dentate surface already described, and also by analogy 
with the structures described above for Fishes, Amphibia, 
and Reptiles. 

I think the evidence may be accepted as conclusive that 
specimens A, B, and C are actually compound bones built up 
of a posterior basisphenoid and an anterior shaft-like para- 
sphenoid, which, however, has a posterior extension under- 
lying the basisphenoid and fused with it ; and so we arrive 
at the homology existing between the above specimens and 
the similar bone in such types as Megalichthys, Loxromma, 
Ophthalmosaurus, and the snake. 

Only one other point remains to be dealt with, and that is 
a consideration of the anterior lateral processes of the present 
specimens, which exhibit definite articulating facets. The 
bones with which these processes articulated are unfortu- 
nately not sufficiently preserved to allow of their characters 
being determined, but there is little doubt but that they 
are the pterygoids. : 

These anterior lateral processes have an_ interesting 
bearing on the question of the autostylic and hyostylic modes 
of suspension of the jaws. 

Parker (8) and Swinnerton (9) have shown that Lepi- 
dosteus and Amia possess similar processes from the trabecule 
which articulate with a process (the ‘ pedicle”) of the 
palato-quadrate bar. Swinnerton discusses fully the import- 
ance of this connexion between the basis cranii and the 
palato-quadrate bar. Dealing with the Teleostomi, he shows 
that there has been in the Teleosts a gradual reduction in 
the metapterygoid region of the palato-quadrate bar, con- 
currently with an increase in the importance of the hyo- 

mandibular. He also notes that in those lowly forms in 
which the metapterygoid region is large, a pedicle is sent off 
from its upper border ‘towards the trabecule, and the trabeculee 
have on each side a projecting process to meet this pedicle. 

The evidence, Swinnerton says, “‘ suggests that at some 
former time an actual connection or articulation must have 
existed between the pedicle [of the palato-quadrate bar] and 
the trabecule.” As already noted, Parker indicates that 
such a condition exists in Lepidosteus, in which at all stages 
from the embryo, two-thirds of an inch long, up to the adult 
condition, there is a strongly developed pedicle forming an 
articulation with the ‘‘ basipterygoid”’ process. He says: 
“the proximal part of each trabecula has developed an 

30 


432 Mr. H. Day on the 


oblong facet of cartilage for articulating with the pedicle of 
tle suspensorium.” 

Swinnerton notes that Smith Woodward has discovered 
that in Lepidotus there is a stout process of the metapterygoid 
which bears a large facet which may have articulated with a 
lateral element in the cranium. Swinnerton believes that 
this process is the homologue of the pedicle of the palato- 
quadrate bar in Lepidosteus. After a consideration of Smith 
Woodward’s description and figures (10) it becomes difficult, 
however, to suppose that the ‘lateral element in the 
cranium,” mentioned by him, can represent the basipterygoid 
processes as in Lepidosteus, since in Lepidotus he figures 
well-developed basipterygoid processes of the ‘* parasphenoid” 
which apparently have sutural terminations, and therefore 
could not have been apposed to the facet which is found on 
the anterior process of the metapterygoid, though there can 
be little doubt that these basipterygoid processes united with 
the pterygoid region. 

Watson has shown that Megalichthys has similar processes 
from the basisphenoid region of the basis cranil, and that 
these have a sutural union with the pterygoid region, and 
that Loromma and Pteroplax also pozsess exactly similar 
processes of the “ basisphenoid” articulating with the same 
region. In the present specimens the basipterygoid or 
anterior lateral processes bear articulating faces, and, we may 
take it, correspond with those of Lepidosteus, Lepidotus, and 
Megalichthys amongst fishes, and with the similar processes 
of the basisphenoid region as described by Watson in 
Loxomma, Pteroplux, and Batrachiderpeton amongst the 
fossil Amphibia, and in which the articulation is by facet 
with the pterygoid region. | 

It appears, then, that the additional pedicular articulation 
of the palato-quadrate region with the trabecule is simply 
continued in an homologous form in the union of pterygoid 
region with the basipterygoid processes, a union by facet or 
suture. 

Swinnerton notes that in the Selachii also there is a 
constant recurrence of this pedicle of the palato-quadrate 
region, pointing back to an ancestor ‘ which certainly 
possessed that feature.” 

In that case, on the evidence brought forward above, we 
have a line passing from the Selachii through the primitive 
Teleostomes to the primitive Amphibia and Reptilia, on 
which line there is this characteristic pedicular connexion 
between the palato-quadrate region and the trabeculz of the 
chondrocranium, and hence these groups all agree in possess-— 


Parasphenoid of a Paleoniscoid. 433 


ing this distinctive type of “autostyly.” This points very 
strongly to an affinity along this line and to a derivation of 
the Tetrapoda from some group of primitive Teleostomes. 

It is to be noted also that this characteristic “‘ autostyly ” 
we have traced, is not the “ autostyly”’ of the Dipnoi, nor 
does it agree with the condition in the Tetrapoda to which 
that term is usually applied. In the former group the 
quadrate region of the palato-quadrate bar is directly fused 
to the auditory capsule; in the latter the primitive mode of 
attachment, as Watson has shown for Loxromma, Batrachid- 
erpeton, &c., 1s for the quadrate region to come into 
connexion, not with the auditory capsule, but with the 
dermal cheek-bones—the squamosals. 

We have therefore three distinct methods by which the 
palato-quadrate bar has come to possess an ‘ autostylic”’ 
suspension, and, since this same term has been applied 
indiscriminately to all three, considerable confusion exists in 
consequence. 

The foregoing observations have thus supported two strong 
arguments in favour of a primitive Teleostome, and against a 
Dipnoan, derivation of the 'etrapoda :— 

(1) The compound para-basisphenoid bone has a similar 
form in primitive T’eleostomes and all primitive Tetrapoda, 
while the corresponding bone of the Dipnoi is totally 
different. 

(2) In both primitive Teleostomes and Tetrapoda the 
palato-quadrate has a “ pedicular” autostylic suspension, 
while the type of autostyly present in Dipnoi is not found in 
Tetrapoda. 

REFERENCES. 

(1) Traquair. “ British Carboniferous Ganoid Fishes: Palseoniscide ” 
[Pal. Soc.], p. 16, pl. ii. fig. 5. 

(2) Frirscu. ‘Fauna der Gaskohle und der Kalksteine der Perm- 
formation Bohmens. Band ili. Heft i. p. 79, text-fig. 278; 

’ Band ui. Heft iii. 

(3) Swinnerton and Howss. “On the Development of the Skeleton 
of the Tuatara, Sphenodon punctatus.” Trans. Zool. Soe. vol. xvi. 
(1903), pp. 1-86, pls. ivi. 

(4) W. H. Parker. “On the Structure and Development of the 
Skull in the Common Snake ( Trojidonotus natriz).” Phil. Trans. 
Roy. Soe. 1878 (pt. ii.), pp. 885-417, pls. xxvil.—xxxili. 

(5) C. W. Anprews. ‘ British Museum Catalogue of the Marine 
Reptiles of the Oxford Clay.’ Part I. pp. 12-16, text-tig. 7 ; 
pp. 150-152, text-figs. 73 & 74. 

(6) D. M.S. Warson. “The larger Coal Measure Amphibia.” Mem. 
& Proc. of the Manchester Lit. & Phil. Soc. vol. lvii. (1912-18), 
pp. 1-14, text-figs. 1 & 2, pl. i. 

(7) Frirscu., ‘Fauna der Gaskohle und der Kalksteine der Perm- 
formation Bohmens.’ Erster Band, pp. 69 & 83, pls. ii. & ix. 


434 Mr. R. E. Turner on Fossorial Hymenoptera. 


(8) W. K. Parker. “On the Structure and Development of the 
Skull in Lepidosteus osseus.”” Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. vol. elxxiii, 
(1882). 

(9) Swinnerton. ‘Morphology of the Teleostean Head Skeleton.” 
Journ. of Mier. Science, vol. xlv. (1902), pp. 503-594, text-figs., 
pls. xxvill.-xxxi. 

(10) A. Smrru Woopwarp. “On the Cranial Osteology of the Meso- 
zoic Ganoid Fishes, Lepidotus and Dapedius.” Proc. Zool. Soc. 
1893, pp. 559-565, text-figs., pls. xlix. & L. 


LIII.—Notes on Fossorial Hymenoptera.n—X VIII. On the 


Australian Species of Bembex. By Rowtanp KE, Turner, 
F.Z.S., F.E.S 


So little was known of the Australian species of Bembew at 
the time of Handlirsch’s fine monograph of the genus (1893), 
that I think a key including the species since described, and 
also those described by Smith, most of which were not 
known to Handlirsch, may be useful. The genus is not so 
well represented in Australian collections as should be the 
case ; probably this is due to the extreme rapidity of flight 
rendering capture difficult, for in sandy localities many 
of the species are very common. They burrow in sand, 
often in colonies—that is, a number of specimens form 
burrows close together in suitable localities. Little is known 
of the habits of Australian species, but in other countries 
the burrows are often left open and fresh flies supplied 
to the larva daily. Further collecting will doubtless result 
in the discovery of more species. 


Key to the Australian Species of Bembex. 
dd. 


1. Anterior femora serrate ............ .. B. egens, Handl. 
Anterior femora not serrate 2. 
. Spur of fore tibia much dilated and 
flattened’) co. Aacta? ca, eee tee 3. 
Spur of fore tibia not roundly dilated .. 4. 


to 


3. Bands of apical dorsal segments inter- 
Enpted, 5 ndoia'i Wig HOUSE EAs deat .. B, calearina, Hand. 

Bands of yan dorsal segments con- 
TAOS. Vis tab gg ore tele w wis ees B. flaviventris, Sm. 


4, Second ventral ‘segment with a small 
tubercle on each side of the large 
iInedian fibers is i V4.5 + sve B. lobimana, Hand, 
Second ventral segment without lateral 
PADERCION Fs chs vee be sooo eens Sn 5. 
. Basal joint of fore tarsus strongly dilated. 6. 
Basal joint of fore tarsus not dilated. , 9. 


Or 


10, 


ll. 


16. 


17. 


18. 


2, Intermediate femora serrate 


Mr. R. E. Turner on Fossorial Hymenoptera. 
. Clypeusand labrum deeply longitudinally 


grooved on each side .........-s005 
Clypeus and labrum without grooves 


. Labrum with a narrow median groove at 


WALDEN Cah dad a hates ys oh « CMAN a2 
Labrum without a median groove...... 
Second and third joints of fore tarsus very 

strongly produced outwards; basal 

jomt of intermediate tarsus dilated ; 
fourth dorsal segment with a pale 

IGE: sity Wine natn epee ae eawe < 
Second and third joints of fore tarsus 

normal; basal joint of intermediate 

tarsi not dilated ; fourth dorsal seg- 
ment entirely black 


. Second ventral segment with a raised 


transverse lamella Be tek ae hast ate 0% 
Second ventral segment with a longitu- 
dinal carina or tubercle ............ 
Tubercle of the second ventral segment 
Bil AGERE APEX. 5/2 5 oy wees gnats os Oa 
Tubercle of the second ventral segment 
TPO OI ae tae Bene eee Poorer 
Sixth ventral segment normal, without a 
carina or raised triangular area 
Sixth ventral segment with a carina or 
raised tr iangular ATCA 5 cje7e ase itis os wees 


ee 


Intermediate femora not serrate 


. Three basal dorsal segments with fear 


RUE MEL ADO 2 5 sale: a0 vie sh) xiv Bald 3.20 
Without orange colouring 


. Labrum and cly peus black......... A 


Labrum and clypeus yellow 


. The serration of the intermediate faeied 


extending to the apex; pale markings 
on abdomen almost or quite obsolete . 
The intermediate femora serrate in the 
middle only; pale markings of the 
abdomen more developed ...... 
Black lobes of the basal joint of the ‘fore 
tarsus well developed and clearly 
divided, intermediate and hind legs 
WMioshiy yolow. 3-6; 4 wate wisle dat nde ails) 
Black lobes of fore tarsus not clearly 
divided; intermediate legs mostly, 
hind legs wholly. Wack 3 ¢ cage dane 
Serration of the intermediate femora well 
developed and extending to the apex; 
thorax and abdomen black, with a few 
nurrow abdominal fascie .......... 
Serration of intermediate femora nearly 
obsolete and not extending to apex ; 
thorax and abdomen mostly yellow .. 
Abdominal fasciz# very broad, yellowish 
green; sixth ventral segment emar- 
ginate at the apex, seventh dorsal 
segment sinuate at the sides 


4395 
& 
8. 


B. flavifrons, Sm. 
B, pectinipes, Haudl. 


B. palmata, Sm. 


B. vespifornis, Sm. 
B. lamellata, Handi. 
10. ; 
B. furcata, Evichs. 
11. 

12. 

19. 

13. 

18. 

B. aureofasciata, Turn. 
14. 

15. 

17. 


B. funebris, Turn. 


16, 


B. atrifrons, Sm. 


B. severa, Sm. 


B. trepida, Handl. 


B. latifasciata, Turn. 


B. marsupiata, Handl, 


436 My. R. E. Turner on Fossorial Hymenoptera. 


Abdominal fascize narrow and pale ; sixth 
ventral segment not emarginate, 
seventh dorsal segment not sinuate at 


the sides aii .c5 sce ih eee ee B. cursitans, Handl. 
19. Sixth ventral segment with a raised, 
flattened, triangular tubercle... .. a ee 218 
Sixth ventral segment with a low longi- 
tudinal carina ¢ Fis. /fsSameewente 25, 
20. Clypeus pure white, with a black basal 
fascia, subconcavely truncate ante- - 


riorly ; apical joint of antenne 
strongly bent and pointed, three sub- 


apical joints strongly spined ........ B. flavipes, Sm. 
Clypeus and antenne differing from the 
above characters... oi: lars etece'a ie 'a'e'e!s 21. 


21, Tubercle of second ventral segment not 
much curved, proms truncate at the 
BPOX 5,0 os sant vase he eae nA 22. 
Tubercle of second ventral segment 
strongly curved, pointed at the apex . 23. 
22, Abdomen” yellow "beneath ; basal joint 
of the anterior tarsi with eight spines. 2B. tuberculiventris, Turn. 
Abdomen black beneath ; basal joint of 


the anterior tarsi with six spines .... B. mackayensis, Turn, 
23. Clypeus, scape beneath, and legs almost 
entirely yellow ..........+%. ..... SB. Uittoralis, Turn., var. 
Clypeus and legs mostly black, scape en- 
‘tirely black ¢ios.cs 55.056 sonic 24, 
24, Eighth and ninth joints of the antenne 
prominent behind .............+. « 2B. musca, Handl. 
Kighth and ninth joints of the antenne 
not prominent . 04... 0.1% ane eee oe B. littoralis, Turn. 


25. Seventh dorsal segment broadly rounded 
at the apex; abdomen entirely black. 2. leewwinensis, Turn. 
Seventh dorsal segment narrower, trun- 7 
cate at the apex, or feebly emarginate. 26, 
26. Abdominal fascize interrupted, not very 


broad <b ckesse osu Cease oeens B. variabilis, Sm. 
Abdominal fascise continuous, very broad. ZB. raptor, Sm. 
22. : 
1. Basal joint of the fore tarsus with twelve 
OF More spines... a Fyb. save eek 2. 
Basal joint of fore tarsus with six to eight 
Spies -..i. pos + sane Eh e ee SU ee 3. 
2, Clypeus and labrum with a deep lougi- 
tudinal groove on each side ........ B. flavifrons, Sm. 
Clypeus almost, labrum quite without 
grooves ...... verbs sweet vee sobe | UD. MeCriiipes, santmame 
8. Discal area of the mesonotum marked 
with yellow ;53)..5- > 6556.03 s4sehee 4. 
Discal area of the mesonotum without 
yollow markings 24% 26264-55005 A, 
4, Sixth dorsal segment with yellow mark- 
SOPG coy % vat hs 0 hss SAN GOES ei 
Sixth dorsal segment entirely black . 10. 


or 


. Abdominal fascize very broad, occupy ing 
at least halt the length of the segment. 6. 


Mr. R. E. Turner on Fossorial Hymenoptera, 487 


Abdominal fascisa narrower .......... 


. Sixth dorsal segment with alarge median 


spot SC Ce a 
Sixth doraal: segment with a spot on each 
SIO eset EN IE Tee Mee ater & 


. Sixth dorsal segment broadly rounded 


BEDE ODOR. ote see viata holy scar x hott ! 
Sixth dorsal segment narrowly rounded 
Bt RNGY OPN has aiawiiait «66 tiie oes a's 


. Second ventral segment entirely yellow . 


Second ventral segment black in the 


middle and at the base ............ 

9. Abdominal fascize continuous.......... 
Abdominal fascize narrowly interrupted . 

10. Tibiz entirely yellow; basal joint of 

fore tarsus with seven spines. Large, 

fmm. Wu dertle G25 och tals! store one's «2 

Tibize with broad black line ; basal joint 

of fore tarsus with six spines. Smaller, 

Ree mae WOE EEN ays eee ss cee gee 

11. Third and fourth dorsal seements en- 
tirely black, first with a broad fascia . 

Third dorsal segment at least with a 

fascia, when the fourth is entirely 

black, then the first also without a 
PCV IMIS At ache SEE. ose 

12. Clypeus and labrum entirely black 

Labrum at least yellow .............- 

is, Vhorax entirely black... ..... 0) <20+ 5.» 


16. 


17. 


Thorax with lateral yellow spots on 
mesonotum and scutellum.......... 


s-Glypeus entirely black: :....0.0..0.%06¢% 


Clypeus at least partially yellow ...... 


. Eyes strongly convergent above, second 


ventral segment with a low carina 
from the base TR pt te neg he te 
Kyes not strongly convergent above .... 
With a small yellow spot on each side of 
the anterior ocellus. Length never 
PERV OUMIMIOC LD) MMs os fs viet pais scames 
Without a yellow spot on each side of 
the anterior ocellus. Length always 
BXCROGINP LA MMS facts nee 5 <n he 0s 
Third cubital cell distinctly Jonger on 
the radius than on the cubitus ...... 
Third cubital cell no longer on the radius 


than on the cubitus, ifas long .... 


I have not seen B. lamellata, Handl., 


8, 
B, lobimana, Hand. 


B. marsupiata, Handl. 
B. latifasciata, Turn, 


B. raptor, Sm. 
B. flaviventris, Sm. 
B. flavipes, Sm. 


BL. palmata, Sm. 


B, littoralis, Turn., var. 


B. vespiformis, Sm, 


B, leeuwinensis, Turn, 


B. severa, Sm. 
. r a) 
ee atrifrons, Sm. 
5. 


B. cursitans, Handl. 


B. furcata, Erichs, 
B. variabilis, Sm. 


B. mackayensis, Turn. 


so cannot include 


the female in my key. The species of the musca group are 
so close that I cannot tabulate the females on the insufficient 


material available. 


Some of the species of this group appear 


to have the spines of the fore tarsi much more strongly 
spatulate than others; colour is very variable and not 


reliable in distinguishing these species. 


438 Mr. R. E. Turner on Fossorial Hymenoptera. 


Bembex egens, Handl. 
Bembex egens, Handl. Sitzber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, cii. p..753 (1898). ¢. 


Hab, Australia. 

I have not seen this species, which belongs to the same 
group as flaviventris, Sm., but may be distinguished from all 
other Australian species ’ by the serration of the anterior 
femora. No definite locality is known. 


Bembex calcarina, Handl. 


Bembex calcarina, Handl. Sitzber. Akad, Wiss. Wien, cii. p. 754 
(1893). ¢. 

Hab, Adelaide. 

This species, of which I have not seen specimens, is very 
near flaviventris, Sm., from which it may be distinguished 
by the interrupted bands on the apical dorsal segments, 
which are continuous in that species. ‘There is no mention 
in Handlirsch’s description of any abnormal structure of the 
apical joint of the intermediate tarsus, which in flaviventris 
is very long and slender at the base. Handlirsch, in his 
key, refers under calcarina to his figure of an intermediate 
metatarsus which, according to the plate and description, 
belongs to egens. This is evidently a slip, the only one I have 
yet found in the work of that author. 


‘ Bembex flaviventris, Sm. 
Bembex flaviventris, Sm. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) xii. p. 299 
(1873). do. 
This is very near calcarina, Handl., which may prove to 
be a synonym or subspecies. I have not taken the species 
myself. 


Hab. Southern Cross, W.A.; Perth, W.A. 


Bembex palmata, Sm. 
Bembex palmata, Sm. Cat. Hym. B.M. iv. p. 325 (1856). ¢. 
Bembex tridentifera, Sm. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) xii. p. 298 
(1873). 9. 

Hab. Mackay, Q.; Toowoomba, Q.; Moruya, N.S.W.; 
Victoria. 

‘he male is easily distinguished from flavifrons by the 
normal clypeus and Jabrum and by the fewer spines on the 
basal joint of the fore tarsus. It is nearer in structure to 


Mr. R. E. Turner on Fossortal Hymenoptera. 439 


vespiformis, Sm., but differs conspicuously in the colouring 
of the abdomen, in the much broader joints of the fore 
tarsus, and in the acute spine of the eighth ventral segment. 


Bembex vespiformis, Sm. 


Bembex vespiformis, Sm. Cat. Hym. B.M. iv. p. 327 (1856). 2 d; 
Handl, Sitzber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, cil. p. 93 (1893). 


Hab. Adelaide (Smith), type ¢; Townsville, Q. (Dodd) ; 
Kalamunda, W.A. (Turner) ; Waroona, W.A. (Berthoud). 

This species is easily distinguished by the broad band on 
the basal dorsal segment, sometimes the second and third 
dorsal segments also have narrow bands, often interrupted, 
the fourth always without a band ; scutellum with a spot on 
‘each side, mesonotum immaculate. The male structural 
characters are the very broad basal joint of the fore tarsus, 
which has seven spines on the outer margin and is edged 
with black near the apex; the seventh joint of the flagellum 
strongly excised beneath, with a strong spine at the base, 
eighth joint with a minute spiue at the base; second ventral 
segment with a strong tubercle, sixth and seventh unarmed ; 
apical spine of the eighth stout, truncate or feebly bilobed 
at the apex. West Australian males have the seventh dorsal 
segment mostly, the sixth and the apex of the fifth entirely, 
brownish yellow ; in Adelaide and Queensland specimens the 
seventh and fifth are black, with two yellow spots on the 
seventh in one Queensland specimen, the sixth sometimes with 
a yellow apical band, sometimes without. It appears to me 
that the stipes of the genitalia in the Adelaide form are 
distinctly broader than in the West Australian specimens 
and also somewhat different in sculpture. In Queensland 
specimens the wings are infuscate on the discoidal area. 


Bembezx flavifrons, Sm. 


Bembex flavifrons, Sm. Cat. Hym. B.M. iv. p. 324 (1856). 9. 
Bembex saussurei, Handl. Sitzber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, cii. p. 873 
(1893). 9. 

Hab. Adelaide (Smith, Handlirsch) ; Mackay, Q. (Turner) ; 
Port Denison, Q. (Handlirsch). 

The distinguishing characters are the deep, lateral, longi- 
tudinal furrows on the labrum and clypeus; the large 
number of spines on the basal joint of the fore tarsus, eighteen 
in the male, thirteen in the female; the form of the seventh 
tergite of the male, strongly produced at the apex and trun- 


4140 Mr. R. E. Turner on Fossorial Hymenoptera. 


cate, deeply sinuate at the sides and slightly serrate above 
the sinuation ; the anterior tibiz of the male are produced 
at the outer apical angle and furnished with two long spines ; 
the intermediate femora are feebly serrate beneath; the 
eighth joint of the flagellum is strongly thickened at the 
base and excavated. The labrum of the male has a distinct 
longitudinal groove from the base, which i is also visible but 
less distinct in the female. 


Bembex pectinipes, Handl. 


Bembex palmata, 8m. Ann, & Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) xii. p. 298 (1878). 
do (nec Smith, 1856), 

Bembex pectinipes, Uandl. Sitzber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, cii. p. 875 
(1893). 9. 


I am not quite sure that my identification of pectinipes is 
correct. The type of palmata is identical with Townsville 
specimens, and differs from g flavifrons from Mackay in 
the less produced and less sinuate seventh tergite, in the 
absence of a longitudinal groove on the middle of the labrum, 
and in the greater development of the pale markings, espe- 
cially in the presence of a large mark on the seventh tergite 
and of a large U-shaped mark on the mesonotum. ‘The 
female differs in the more convex clypeus, in which the 
lateral grooves are almost obsolete, and in the total absence 
of grooves on the labrum; the pygidium has a better-defined 
pygidial area and is less closely punctured, and the pale 
markings are more strongly developed, especially on the 
scutellum, which has a transverse band, not merely lateral 
spots as in typical flavifrons. 

Hab. Townsville, Q. ; Port Darwin, N.T. 

The differences between the two forms are so small com- 
pared with the many features in common, especially in the 
male, that I doubt if they should be treated as more than 
local races. ; 


Bembea trepida, Handl. 


Bembex trepida, Hand, Sitzber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, cii. p. 759 (18938). 
G- 

Hab, Adelaide, S.A. 

I only know the male of this species. It is very near 
atrifrons and funebris, differing from the former in the serra- 
tion of the intermediate femora, which reaches the apex, in 
the yellow colour of the labrum, clypeus, and underside 


Mr. R. E. Turner on Fossorial Hymenoptera. 441 


of the scape; from the latter in the same points in colour, 
in the much less broadly rounded seventh dorsal segment, 
and in the much more developed black lobes of the basal’ 
joint of the fore tarsi. 


Bembex severa, Sm. 


Bembex severa, Sm, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) xii. p. 297 (1873). 9 
(nec ¢). 


Hab. Swan River, W.A. (Du Boulay). 

I think the female must be taken to be the type of this 
species. The male described by Smith appears to be funebris 
with more developed abdomiual fasciz, but I do not think 
that the female belongs to the same species, but to another 
male from the same collection, placed by Smith in the series. 
This is a more robust insect, with the serration of the inter- 
mediate femora not reaching the apex, in this point resem- 
bhug atrifrons, from which it differs in the very slight 
development of the black lobes of the fore tarsus, in the 
more robust form, and in tlhe more broadly rounded seventh 
dorsal segment. . In both sexes the labrum and clypeus are 
black. The thorax of the male is almost entirely black, but 
there is a yellow spot on the tegula. The antenne are as in 
atrifrons, but the hollowing of the apical joints is more 
distinct. There are seven spines on the basal joint of the 
fore tarsus in both sexes. 


Bembex atrifrons, Sm, 


Bembex atrifrons, Sm. Cat. Hym. B.M. iv. p. 327 (1856). 9. 
Bembex flavilabris, 3m. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) xii. p. 299 (1878). 


2. 
Bembex atrifrons, Turn. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 353 (1910). go ¢. 


Hab. South Perth (Giles); Yallingup and Busselton, 
W.A. (Turner). 

The male has the serration of the intermediate femora not 
extending either to the base or apex, the intermediate tibiz 
flattened broadly at the apex, the basal joint of the iuter- 
mediate tarsus broadly emarginate at the base beneath, the 
basal joint of the anterior tarsus with seven spiies on the 
outer margin and a row of black lobes, a faint longitudinal 
carina on the third ventral: segment, as well as the usual 
tubercle on the second, the labrum black, the mandibles 
yellow at the base, and the scape entirely black. The female 
has the scape more or less yellow beneath and the labrum 
almost entirely yellow. 

Allied to ¢repida, Handl. 


442. Mr. R. E. Turner on Fossorial []ymenoptera, 


Bembex funebris, Turn. 


Bembex severa, Sm. Ann, & Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) xii. p. 298 (1873). 
nec 2). 

Bi Pat Turn. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 353 (1910). ¢. 

Had. South Perth, W.A. (Giles); Busselton, W.A. 
(Turner). 

The male may be distinguished from the nearly allied 
atrifrons by the complete or almost complete absence of 
abdominal fascize, the only markings being on the legs, by 
the greater extent of the serration of the intermediate femora, 
and by the greater apical breadth of the seventh dorsal 
segment. The lobes of the basal joint of the fore tarsi are 
less developed than either in atrifrons or trepida. The female 
is unknown. ‘The specimen described by Smith as the male 
of severa has the fasciz of segments 2-4 developed, but 
broadly interrupted. 


Bembex aureofasciata, Turn. 
Bembex aureofasciata, Turn. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 354 (1910). ¢. 


Hab. South Perth, W.A. (Giles) ; Waroona, W.A. 
(Berthoud). 

In structure this is allied to funebris, but may at once be 
distinguished by the broad orange fascize of the three basal 
dorsal segments and by the almost smooth seventh dorsal 
segment. 


Bembex lobimana, Handi. 

Bembex lobimana, Handl. Sitzber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, cii. p. 755 (1893). 

dg. 

Hab. New South Wales. 

I have only seen the female of this large species. The 
basal joint of the fore tarsus has seven spines. The clypeus 
of the male is much more broadly flattened in front than in 
the female. 


Bembex marsupiata, Hand). 
Bembex marsupiata, Handl. Sitzber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, cii. p. 757 
(1893). ¢ 9. 


Hab, Waroona, W.A. (Berthoud). 
Both this species and lobimana have the abdominal fascize 
very broad, and have seven spines on the basal joint of the 


Mr. R. E. Turner on Fossorial Hymenoptera. 443 


fore tarsus of the female. In marsupiata the female has 
the sixth dorsal segment more narrowly rounded than in 
lobimana. 


Bembex latifasciata, Turn. 


Bembex latifasciata, Turn, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) x. p. 57 (1912). 
dQ. 


Hab. Strelley River, W.A. (Giles) ; Roeburne, W.A. 

This belongs to the group of lobimana avd marsupiata. 
The serration of the intermediate femora is almost obsolete, 
but is just visible. The tubercle at the base of the first 
ventral segment is much more strongly developed than in 
marsupiata, the sixth ventral segment is not emarginate at 
the apex as in that species. The markings on the thorax 
are much more strongly developed in the present species and 
the seventh dorsal segment is rounded at the apex, not trun- 
cate as in marsupiata. The female has the sixth dorsal 
segment narrowly rounded at the apex, with a yellow spot 
on each side. It is a much smaller species than marsupiata. 
There is a female of the species in the British Museum from 
Hermannsburg, Central Australia. 


Bembex furcata, Erichs. 
Bembex furcata, Erichs. Arch. f. Naturges. viil. p. 266 (1842). g¢ 9. 


Hab. Launceston, Tas. (Simson) ; Eaglehawk Neck, Tas. 
(Turner) ; Hobart, Tas. (Walker) ; Cottesloe, W.A. (Giles) ; 
Woodford, N.S.W. (G. A. Waterhouse) ; Leura, N.S.W. 
(Froggatt). 

This is one of the commonest species in the southern 
portion of Australia, though rare in the south-west. It 
appears to be the only representative of the genus in Tas- 
mania. The male is easily distinguished by the furcate 
tubercle of the second ventral segment; the sixth ventral 
segment is armed with a transverse ridge produced in the 
middle into a rounded tubercle. The labrum usually, and 
often the clypeus, of the male is black, of the female yellow. 


Bembex cursitans, Handl. 


Bembex cursitans, Hand. Sitzber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, cii. p. 762 
(1893). ¢ Q. 


Hab. Yallingup, W.A. (Turner); South Perth, W.A, 
(Giles). 


444 Mr. R. E. Turner on Fossorial Hymenoptera. 


This is a common species in South-western Australia; 
The male has a large tubercle on the second ventral segment, 
a low longitudinal carina on the third, and the sixth unarmed. 
The seventh dorsal segment is truncate at the apex. The 
eyes are more strongly divergent towards the clypeus in 
both sexes than in other species. 


Bembex flavipes, Sm. 


Bembex flavipes, Sm. Cat. Hym. B.M. iv. p. 325 (1856), 9; Turn. 
Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 502 (1998). ¢. 


Hab. Mackay, Q. (Turner); Townsville, Q. (Dodd) ; 
Alexandria, N.'T. (Stalker) ; Adelaide River, N.T. (Walker). 

The male is easily distinguished by the white clypeus, 
which has a black band at the base and is almost vertically 
truncate anteriorly, the face of the truncation subconcave 
and the apex widely and shallowly emarginate. There is a 
large tubercle on the penultimate joint of the antennz, and 
the apical joint is very sharply bent in the middle, the apical 
point being almost at right angles to the rest of the joint. 
The ventral surface of the abdomen is armed as in the musca 
group with a large tubercle on the second segment, truncate 
at the apex, and a flat triangular tubercle on the sixth 
segment. The female has the clypeus yellow, with a more 
or less defined A-shaped black mark at the base, strongly 
convex, the anterior tarsi with six spines on the basal joint, 
and the sixth dorsal segment marked with two yellow spots. 
In both sexes the ventral surface of the abdomen is almost 
entirely yellow. The female might possibly be confused 
with some of those of the musca group, but the markings 
are much more extensive and the form of the clypeus 
different. 


Bembex musca, Handl. 


Bembex musca, Handi, Sitzber. Akad. Wiss, Wien, cii. p. 844 (1893). 
roo 


Hab, Australia. 

I have not been able to identify this species with any 
certainty. It is very near B. littoralis, Turn., but seems to 
differ a little in the strueture of the eighth and ninth joints 
of the antenne. The male only is described. 


Mr. R. E. Turner on Fossorial Hymenoptera. 445 


Other closely allied species in this group are :— 


Bembex littoralis, Turn. 
Bembex littoralis, Turn. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 502 (1908). d. 


Hab. Port Darwin, N.T. 
This species has the tubercle of the second ventral segment 


curved and acute as in B. musca. A form from Perth, 
apparently a variety, has the markings strongly developed 
and the clypeus yellow. 


Bembex mackayensis, Turn. 


Bembex mackayensis, Turn. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p, 351 (1910). 
dQ. ; 
Hab. Mackay and Cairns, Q. (Turner). 


Bembex tuberculiventris, Turn. 


Bembex tuberculiventris, Turn. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 503 (1908). 
3. 
Hab. Cooktown, Q. 


The two last species have the tubercle on the second 
ventral segment truncate at the apex, not acute as in musca ; 
tuberculiventris also has eight spines on the basal joint of the 
anterior tarsi, not six as in the. other species of the group. 
The ventral abdominal segments are nearly entirely yellow 
in tuberculiventris, black in mackayensis. In the shape of the 
tubercle these two species somewhat resemble flavipes, Sm., 
but the clypeus and antenne are very different. 

. The number of females of the musca group available is 

very small, and the colour and markings vary much in the 
same species. Except in the case of mackayensis I do not 
feel sufficiently certain as to the correct association of the 
sexes to venture to describe them. A form of which I 
possess both sexes from Perth and Kalamunda, W.A., and 
which I take to be a highly coloured variety of Jittoraiis, 
Turn., has the markings on the dise of the mesonotum and 
on the five basal dorsal segments of the female well deve- 
loped, also on the six basal segments of the male, the clypeus 
in bothsexes being yellow with a small black mark on each 
side near the base, and the fore tarsiin both sexes are without 
the black marginal line which is present in specimens of 
littoralis taken in the same locality. I have referred to this 
form in my key as a variety of littoralis, but it is quite 
possible that it may prove to be distinct when specimens are 
available for the dissection of the male genitalia. 


Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol. xvi. bl 


446 Mr. R. E. Turner on Fossorial Hymenoptera. 


Bembex lamellata, Hand). 


Bembex lamellata, Handl. Sitzber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, cii. p. 842 
(1893). ¢ 2. 


Hab. Adelaide, 8.A. 
I have not seen this species. 


Bembex variabilis, Sm. 
Bembex variabilis, Sm. Cat. Hym. B.M. iv. p. 825 (1856). 9. 
Bembex crabroniformis, Sm. Aun, & Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) xii. p. 296 
(1873). ¢. 


Hab, Mackay, Q. (Turner) ; Townsville, Q. (Dodd) ; Port 
Darwin, N.T. (G. Turner); Baudin Island, N.W.A. (Walker) ; 
South Perth, W.A. (Giles) ; Waroona, W.A. (Berthoud) ; 
Yallingup, W.A. (Zurner) ; Adelaide, S.A. (Handlirsch) ; 
Hunter River, N.S.W. (Smith). 

I can see no structural differences between variabilis, Sm., 
and raptor, Sm., in the male sex, but have not been able to 
examine the genitalia. At one time I thought they might 
prove to be local races of one species, but I have since taken 
both forms on the same day in King’s Park, Perth. The 
male variabilis has the abdominal fasciz interrupted and the 
basal joint of the anterior tarsus bordered with black on the 
outer edge; the thoracic markings are also less developed 
than in raptor. These colour-differences also exist in the 
female, in which sex also the second ventral segment is 
more sparsely punctured in raptor than in variabilis and the 
sixth dorsal segment slightly broader in variabilis. 


Bembex raptor, Sm. 
Bembex raptor, Sm, Cat. Hym. B.M. iv. p. 326 (1856). ¢. 


Hab. Adelaide, 8.A. (Smith); Killalpanina, E. of Lake 
Eyre, S.A. (Hillier) ; Hermannsburg, N.T. (Hillier); Alex- 
andria, N.T. (Stalker); South Perth, W.A. (Giles) ; Nicol 
Bay, W.A. (Du Boulay) ; Townsville, Q. (Dodd). 

‘This seems to be the commonest form in Central Australia. 
Handlirsch seems to include it in his description of the very 
closely related variabilis. 


Bembex leeuwinensis, sp. n. 


¢. Niger; mandibulisin medio sordide albidis ; orbitis interioribus 
angustissime, tibiis tarsisque anticis subtus, tibiisque intermediis 
subtus basi flavis; tarsis apice brunneis; alis hyalinis, venis 
fusco-ferrugineis. 


On a new Bat from Northern Nigeria. 447 


@. Mari similis; segmentis dorsalibus secundo tertioque fascia 
transyersa angusta undulata utrinque sordide albidis. 

Var. ¢. Clypeo labroque plus minus sordide albidis. 

Long., ¢ 2, 14-15 mm. 


¢. Antenne normal, the apical joint stout, not curved, 
blunt at the apex. Clypeus rather strongly convex, truncate 
at the apex, depressed on the middle of the apical margin. 
Eyes diverging slightly below. Basal joint of fore tarsus 
with seven spines ; intermediate femora not serrate. Second 
ventral segment unarmed, sometimes with a very obscure 
longitudinal carina ; sixth ventral segment with an obscure 
longitudinal carina, sometimes almost obsolete, also with an 
obscure oblique carina on each side converging towards the 
apex, the enclosed space more sparsely punctured than the 
rest of the segment, the apical margin of the segment 
slightly undulating ; seventh ventral segment with a well- 
marked longitudinal carina ; seventh dorsal segment broadly 
rounded at the apex. Anterior wing nearly two-and-a-half 
times as long as the breadth of the thorax, third cubital cell 
about equally long on the radius and on the cubitus. 

?. Seven spines on the basal joint of the anterior tarsus ; 
second ventral segment sparsely punctured in the middle, 
more closely and finely on the sides ; sixth ventral segment 
convex, subcarinate longitudinally im the middle; sixth 
dorsal segment narrowly rounded at the apex. 

Hab. Yallingup and Busselton, W.A.; December and 
January (Turner). 

This belongs to the group of B. variabilis, but is easily 
distinguished by the difference in colour, by the much less 
developed carina of the second ventral segment, and by the 
different shape of the seventh dorsal segment. The female 
has the sixth dorsal segment more rounded at the apex than 
in variabilis and much more sparsely punctured. 


LIV.—A new Bat from Northern Nigeria, 
: = g 
By OLpDFIELD ‘| HOMAS. 


(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.) 


Scotecus falube, sp. n. 


A medium-sized brown species, rather larger than S. hirundo. 
General characters very much as in S. hirundo, to which 
the new form is most nearly allied. Size rather larger. 


448 On a new Bat from Northern Nigeria. 


Fur 3:5 mm. in length on the shoulders. General colour 
sepia-brown, but the light bases of the hairs showing through, 
especially across the shoulders, where the hairs are promi- 
nently buffy whitish for the greater part of their length, the 
tips only brown. Under surface dull buffy whitish, the 
throat clearer white, but nowhere so pure a white as in 
S. hirundo. Membranes blackish brown throughout. Tragus 
short, broad, rounded, slightly incurved, the inner margin 
concave. Wings to the end of the metatarsus. A distinet 
postealearial lobule present. 

Skull, as compared with that of S. hirwndo, larger, more 
rounded, higher, and less flattened than in S. hirundo, and 
still more so in comparison with the other species. The inter- 
orbital broadening less noticeable than in any known species. 

Dentition as in S. Atrundo, except that minute anterior 
premolars are present on each side, standing in the notch in 
the posterior base of the canines. 

Dimensions of the type (the italicized measurements taken 
in the flesh) :— 

Forearm 36 mm. 

Head and body 51 ; tail 86 ; ear 12; third finger, meta- 
carpus 34, first phalanx 11°2; lower legand hind foot (¢.u.) 20. 

Skull : occiput to base of canine 13°7 ; condylo-basal 
length 13°3; interorbital breadth 6°8 ; intertemporal breadth 
4:8 ; breadth of brain-case 8°5; front of canine to back of 
m= 5°6 ; front of p* to back of m? 3-7. 

Hab. Kabwir, Northern Nigeria. Alt. 2500’. 

Type. Young adult female. B.M. no. 15. 10. 8. 1. 
Original number 70. Collected July 28, 1915, and presented 
to the National Museum by Dr. J. C. Fox. 

This species differs from S. hirundo by its larger size, 
higher skull, and more obviously bicolor fur. The type of 
S. hirundo is a very old female with worn teeth. 

The inconvenient variability in the presence or absence of 
the small upper premolars isa character of Scotweus unique 
in the Vespertilionide. How far these teeth will prove to be 
generally constant within each species remains to be seen, 
but in S. hindet, at least, they are absolutely inconstant. 

The specific name is given in commemoration of Dr. Fox’s 
escape from the peaceful liner ‘ Falaba,’ barbarously sunk on 
its way out to Africa. 


$44 


LEE ARN AES 
MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY. 
[KIGHTH SERIES.] 


No. 96. DECEMBER 1915. 


LV.—A new African Earthworm, collected by Dr. C. Christy 
for the Congo Museum ; with a Note on its Spermathece 
and Spermatophores. By H. A. Bayuts, B.A. 


(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.) 


A sMALL collection of earthworms made in the Belgian Congo 
by Dr. Cuthbert Christy, for the Congo Museum at Tervueren, 
has been sent to the British Museum for examination and 
report. I am indebted to the Belgian Colonial Administra- 
tion for permission to describe any new species. 

The earthworms, to the number of fifteen specimens, one 
of which is immature, prove all to be referable to the same 
species. It belongs to the very large and widespread genus 
Dichogaster, Beddard, of which already upwards of one 
hundred species have been described from the African con- 
tinent alone, besides others in Central America, the West 
Indies, Southern Asia, and elsewhere. ‘The genus is a very 
well-marked one, but the specific characters, as is natural 
when the number of closely related species is so large, are 
very minute. I have not, however, been able to identify 
the species with any of the previously described African 
forms ; and, as the localities where it was collected are in a 
comparatively unexplored region, the presumption that this 
is a new form is not so rash as it might at first sight seem 
to be. 

The worm is said by Dr. Christy to be very common and 
widely distributed in the region explored by him, i. e., the 


Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol. xvi. 32 


450 Mr. I]. A. Baylis on a 


Ituri Forest district, between the rivers Welle and Aruwimi. 
The particular localities mentioned for the syntypes are 
Medje and Fundi. 


l am indebted to Dr. Christy for some most interesting 


notes on the habits of these worms, from which | take the 
liberty of quoting some passages. With regard to their 
habitat and mode of life, he says :—‘* The worms are found, 


I think, all through the Ituri forest region, in wet forest. 


They go down sey eral feet in the red clay, and it requires a 
lot of digging to get them. It is a common sight... to 
see their red clay ‘chimneys’ [casts] sticking up amongst 
the dead leaves. These are sometimes 4 or 5 inches ligh, 
aud about 14 inches in diameter : usually open at the top, 
but sometimes closed and rounded off... I have scen miners 
at the Bahayru mines using them as ; tobacco-pipes after 
baking them in the fire.” 

When irritated, the worms have the habit, like some other 
large earthworms, of squirting fluid from the dorsal pores te 
a considerable distance. The natives avoid touching them 
on this account, probably thinking them to be p»isonous*. 
With regard to this habit, I again quote Dr. Christy’s 
notes :—‘‘ Their squirting propensities only come into play 
under provocation. Many times | had picked them up with 
the fingers—which is not easy—before I discovered the 
habit. “Ouly when I used the rat-tongs did 1 find out what 
they could do. ‘I'he little jets of milky or opalescent and 
somewhat viscid fluid come simultaneously from all the 
pores [along each side of the body], and, to be on the safe 
side, are 10 or 12 inches high, but 1 think higher. The 
animal can make a second discharge some minutes later, or 
even a third.” The words in square brackets in this passage 
ure Dr. Christy’s, but I think he must have been under a 
false impression with regard to the pores being on the sides 
of the body. 1 cannot ‘find any pores there from which the 
fluid could have been squirted, and am of the opinion that it 
must come from the dorsal pores, which are large and con 
spicuous. With a struggling worm held in the forceps it 
would be difficult to see exactly where the jets of fluid 
originated. 

On Dr. Christy’s suggestion that the specific name should 
have reference to this power of squirting, I propose to cal} 
tle new species Dichogaster jaculatriz. ; 


* A reference to the effectiveness of the same protective habit in 
another (unidentitied) earthworm in Sierra Leone will be found in my 
paper on Aspidodrilus (Anu. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) xiv. 1914, p. 146), 


new African Larthworm. 451 


Dichogaster jaculatrix, sp. u.* 


EXxtTeRNAL FEATURES. 


The specimens vary in length between 18 and 34 cm., and 
have a diameter of about 10 mm. The number of segments 
is about 180. 

The colour during life, according to Dr. Christy, was a 
*oreenish blue.” ‘The cuticle of the specimens in spirit still 
shows a beautiful green and blue iridescence, the colours 
being remarkably intense and brilliant. Beneath the cuticle 
cach segment is marked, on the dorsal side, with a purplish 
transverse band. 

The prostomium is small, entering into a slight notch in 
the anterior border of the first segment. Often, however, it 
is completely withdrawn into the buceal cavity. 

The clitellum commences on segment xiil., and extends 
back to segment xxi. or xxiil. The ‘“ genital area”? on the 
ventral side of the clitellar region is roughly hourglass- 
shaped in outline, and usually rather deeply sunk. It 
occupies segments xvil.—xix. ‘The pores of the spermiducal 
(‘‘ prostate”) glands are arranged in two pairs, a pair near 
either end of the genital depression, on segments xvii. and 
X1x. respectively, as is usually the case in this genus. The 
position of each of these pores is indicated by a single large 
penial seta, which projects from the body-wall in a very con- 
spicuous mauner. These penial sete (fig. 1) measure 5 mm. 
in length and 0:13 mm. in thickness. They are entirely 
smooth, without ornamentation of any kind, and diminish 
rather suddenly at the tip, which is very slightly hooked. 

The male pores lie on segment xviil., between the two 
apertures of the spermiducal glands on either side. The 
“seminal gutters,’ which connect the three pores on either 
side, are curved inwards towards the middle line, so as to 
approach each other more closely in the middle than at the 
ends. No genital papillze have been observed. 

The oviducal pores are quite easily seen on the ventral 
surface of segment xiv. They are situated rather near the 
middle line. 

The ordinary chit (fig. 2) are very small for the size of 
the worm. The minute size of the chitz, however, is a 
feature of almost universal occurrence in the genus. They 
are, as usual, arranged in four pairs ou each segment, 
beginning with segment ii. They measure 0°8 mm. in 


* A specific diagnosis is given on p. 457. 


o2* 


452 Mr. TH. A. Baylis on a 


length and 0-045 mm. in thickness. The portion distal to’ 
the nodular thickening is much shorter than the proximal 
portion, and ouly a very short piece projects beyond the 
body-wall. 

The dorsal pores invariably begin at v./vi. The continuity 
of the series is always broken by the absence of one or more 
of the pores in front of the clitellum, as has been remarked 
in the closely allied forms D. moorei and D. johnstoni*. ‘The 
pore at xi./xii, seems to be invariably absent, while of those 
at x./xi. and at xii/xiii. one or both may also be missing. 


Fig 1. Fig. 2. 


o-Smm. 


V4 


| 


Fig. 1.—Dichogaster jaculatrix, Distal end of one of the penial sete. 
Fig. 2.—Ditto. Two ordinary cheti. 


There is little doubt of the normal absence of these pores, as 
the remainder are, in nearly all cases, well-expanded and 
easily visible. The pore at xili./xiv. is sometimes visible, but 
the rest of the pores belonging to the segments of the 
clitellum, if present, are greatly obscured, until near the 
hinder end of the thickened epithelium. From xxi./xxii. or 
XXii./xxiii, onwards there is a continuous series of pores. 

The apertures of the two pairs of spermathece occupy 
their usual positions at vii./vili. and vili./ix., near the mid- 
ventral line. 


* Beddard, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1901, ii. pp. 192, 199. 


new African Earthworm. 453 


INTERNAL ANATOMY. 


In the arrangement of the internal organs of this species 
there is little that calls for special notice. It agrees closely 
in almost all points with that usual in the genus. 

Some of the anterior septa are wanting, as in other 
species ; judging from the external segmentation, the missing 
ones are Vi. /vii. —vii./ix, The septa anterior to vi. /vil. are 
represented onjy by muscle-strands connecting the alimentary 

canal with the body-wall. The first true septum, recog- 
nizable as such, is apparently ix./x. This absence of septa 
makes it difficult to decide to which segments the gizzards 
and other organs belong. The septa ix./x. and x./xi. are 
pushed back considerably by the second gizzard, and both 
join the alimentary canal close together behind it. The two 
gizzards are not very distinct externally, but the separate 
muscular thickenings of their walls are easily scen on cutting 
them open. 

There are three pairs of calciferous glands, situated, as 
usual, in xv.-xvii. The last pair is the largest, and the first 
the smallest. The glands of the first pair are sometimes of 
a much whiter appearance than the others, probably owing 
to the much greater quantity of calcareous crystals contained 
in them. The ducts of the glands open separately into the 
alimentary canal. 

There is a single dorsal blcod-vessel. The last pair of 
hearts is situated in segment xil. 

Coucerning the excretory system it is advisable to speak 
with some reserve. It is probable, however, that, with 
material specially preserved for histological investigation, the 
nephridia of this species would prove highly interesting. 
For the present it will be sufficient to indicate their peculiar 
arrangement. In the anterior half or two-thirds of the 
body there is in each segment, midway between the septa 
which limit it before and behind, a slight transverse mesen- 
tery, which seems to run completely round the inside of the 
body- wall, save for its interruption in the mid-ventral line 
by the nerve-cord and a slight gap on the dorsal side. On 
either side of this mesentery there is a series of small, 
whitish, flattened lobes, each of which may be regarded either 
as a separate nephridial organ or as a branch of a large 
compound nephridium. ‘There is a tuft of such lobes, 
smaller than the rest, near the mid-ventral line on either 
side. These lobes are connected with a narrow duct which 
runs, in the thickuess of the mesentery, round the segment. 


454 Mr. H. A. Baylis on a 


Whether it is continuous all the way round, I am unable to 
state. This duct, which appears to be ciliated, gives off 
numerous Other very fine, ciliated ducts, at right angles to 
itself, which pass towards the periphery. In_ transverse 
sections through the body-wall very delicate tubes, in whose 
walls no cellular structure has been detected, can be seen 
passing out between the bundles of longitudinal and cirenlar 
muscles to the exterior. I have not succeeded in establishing 
their connection definitely with the ciliated tubes above 
mentioned, though it seems probable that such connection 
exists. The ciliated tubes in the mesentery were visible in 
whole preparations of nephridia, which were removed 
together with the mesentery, and mounted in glycerine, 
The distal ends of the tubes, where they pass between the 
muscles of the body-wall, could, of course, only be seen by 
the section method. 

These tubes in the body-wall are generally accompanied 
by fine blood-vessels, while the mesentery is also well supplied 
with blood-vessels, sending branches to the nephridial lobes. 

In the more anterior segments (7. ¢., in segments a short 
distance behind the clitellum) I have not succeeded in finding 
any trace of ciliated nephridial fumiels, or any other kind of 
internal nephridial opening, in spite of the examination 
of several whole preparations and a considerable number of 
sections. In the more posterior segments, however, 2. é.. 
about the last third of the body, such funnels certainly 
exist. In each segment in this region there is, near the 
ventral nerve-cord, a single pair of nephridial lobes of a 
much larger size than the 1 rest, and each of these ergans has 
a duct which perforates the septum in front and ends in a 
well-developed funnel in the preceding segment. In other 
respects, the arrangement of the nephridia appears to be the 
same as in the more anterior region. 

The external nephridial pores are exceedingly difficult to 
detect, even in sections, being, apparently, the narrowest of 
passages between the cells of the epidermis. In spite of 
caretul examination undera comparatively high power, I have 
heen unable to recognize the pores in pieces of stripped-off 
cuticle, even when taken from the posterior region, where 
the internal funnels are undoubtedly present. There is a 
series of minute lozenge-shaped ‘impressions’? in the 
cuticle, arranged in a single row round each segment, in a 
line with the little tubular invaginations surrounding the 
chete. These, however, are not pores, but are probably to be 
compared with the markings said to be the impressions of 


new African Earthworm. 455 


groups of sense-cells, and figured by Vejdovsky * in the case 
of his “Dendrobena rubida.” 

The ‘nephridial lobes,” to which reference has already 
been made, consist of loops of the ciliated nephridial ducts 
and their accompanying blood-vessels, surrounded by a loose 
spongy mass of glandular cells, among which are scattered, 
usually in clumps, numerous small globules of some 
yellowish-brown substance. ‘They thus seem, on the whcle, 
to resemble the “tufts” of tubules, surrounded by aggrega- 
tions of peritoneal cells, described by Beddard +} in the allied 
form Dichogaster damonis. 

It will be :een from the foregoing account that the 
nephridia in this species, though clearly to be included in 
the category of “diffuse” nephridia, are arranged on a plan 
which differs somewhat from the usual type. ‘The appear- 
ance of pairing in the nephridial organs of each segment 
may, of course, be secondary, but it is suggestive of an 
intermediate condition between the strictly paired and the 
irregularly diffuse types of excretory system. There may 
be a network of tubules connecting the nephridia of succes- 
sive segments, but, so far as my observations have gone, it 
seems more probable that each segment has its nephridial 
organs distinct from those of its neighbours. 

Genital Organs.—The sperm-sacs consist of two pairs of 
dorsal prolongations, united by a median ventral space, in 
segments xi.—xli. The two pairs of testes and the two pairs 
of voluminous sperm-funnels occupy their usual positions in 
these segments. The sperm-ducts run for the greater part 
of their length in the thickness of the body-wall. The 
ovaries are in segment xiii. 

~The spermiducal or “ prostate” glands are arranged in 
two pairs. They are large, massive, and solid organs, each 
consisting, apparently, of a single tube much coiled, and 
covered by a coat of peritoneum, so that the coils are not 
visible externally. Hach gland gives off a narrow duct 
which opens close to the penial seta. The epithelium of the 
glands consists, as in other members of the family, of several 
laye ers of flask-shaped cells with very long ducts. The 
outermost cells are often grouped together in bunches. 

There are two pairs of large spermathece in the usual 
position. These organs (figs. 3 & 4) have a stout muscular 
duct (D.) and a sac which is divided by a narrow passage 


* Syst. u. Morph. d. Oligocheten, 1884, pl. xv. fig. 1a, 
+ Quart. Journ. Mier. Sci. n. ser., xxix. 1889, p. 259, 


456 Mr. 1. A. Baylis on a 


into two chambers, of which the inner, blind, chamber 
(figs. 3 & 4, 2) is the larger, and has comparatively thin and 
little-folded walls. Near the commencement of the duct 
there are visible, on the outside of the anterior and outer 


Fig. 3. 


Fig. 8.—Dichogaster jaculatrix. The right spermatheca of the posterior 
pair, viewed from the right side. D., the musenlar duct: 
Div., sperm-containing diverticula; 1, middle chamber ; 2, ter- 
minal sac. 

Tig. 4.—Ditto. View of the inside of one-half of a spermatheca, which 
has been longitudinally divided. The spermatophores, complete 
and in process of formation, have been removed. D., the 
muscular duct; Div., sperm-containing diverticula; 1, middle 
chamber in which the upper capsule of the completed spermato- 
phore lay ; 2, terminal blind sac. 


wall of the spermatheca, from one to three small sessile 
diverticula (figs. 3 & 4, Div.), which are found to contain 
sperm. 


new Ajrican Earthworm, 457 


The following is an attempt to summarize, in the form of 
a brief diagnosis, the chief characteristics of the species :— 


Dichogaster jaculatriz, sp. 0. 


Length (in spirit) 18-34 cm. ; thickness 10 mm.; number of 
seyments about 180. Colour iridescent greenish blue, with a 
purplish transverse band on each segment dorsally. Pro- 
stomium enters slightly into peristomium. Clitellum xiii.—avii. 
(wxit.). Genital area hourglass-shaped, xvii.-wvix. Penial 
sete smooth, straight, tip narrower and sliyhtly hooked, with- 
out ornamentation. Seminal gutters conrex inwardly. No 
genital papille. Dorsal pores begin at v./vi. Pores (a./xi.), 
ar./xtt., (xit./aiit.) missing. Septa vi./vii.—viii jix. absent. 
Nephridia in the form of a double series of lobes in each seg- 
ment, supported by a transverse mesentery. Funnels present 
only in posterior segments. Spermathece with 1-8 small 
sessile diverticula visible externally. Spermatophores of 
characteristic form usually present in spermathece. 

Hab. ituri Forest, Beigian Congo ; in wet forest districts, 
among dead leaves. 


Note on the Spermathece and Spermatophores. 


The spermathecze and their coutents in this worm are of 
peculiar interest, and give rise to questions of a very puzzling 
nature. 

In some other species of Dichogaster certain objects have 
been seen in the spermathece by the describers, which have 
been regarded by them as spermatophores. Our present 
knowledge of them is mainly due to the researches of Beddard, 
who has mentioned them in his descriptions of D. (Benhamia) 
moore: * and D. austeni t+, and has also devoted a special 
paper } to the discussion of those seen in the latter species. 
Michaelsen had also, previously to Beddard’s memoir, made 
a brief reference to structures of a similar kind in D. (Ben- 
hamia) monticola and D. itoliensis §. 

Of these various instances, the structures described by 
Beddard for D. austeni are certainly the most similar to 
those which I have observed in the present species. 

Besides those of Dichogaster, the spermatophores of some 
other genera of earthworms are also of a more or less similar 


* P.Z.S. 1901, ii. p. 197. 

+ T.c. p. 209. t T.c. p..704. 

§ “ Die Regenwiirmer Ost-Afrikas,”’ in ‘ Deutsch-Ost-Afrika,’ pp. 27 
& 28. 


458 Mr. H. A. Baylis on a 


form; I may mention, for example, those of Stuhimannia *, 
of Polytoreutus kenyaensis aud magilensis t, Pheretima f, 
and more especially Pareudrilus §. 

The spermatheca (figs. 3 & 4) of D. jaculatriz consists, as 
is usually the case, of a thick-walled muscular duct (D.), a 
middle chamber (7) with walls of medium thickness, and 
a large blind terminal chamber (2) with comparatively thin 
and little-folded walls. The walls of tlhe middle chamber 
are thrown into numerous deep folds and pockets, and the 
whole organ, including the terminal pouch and the duct 


Dichogaster jaculatriv. Portions of the epithelium from the inside of 
the spermatheca: a, from the terminal sac: 6, from the middie 


chamber. (Cam., oil-imm. 7,", oc. 2 Zeiss.) 


itself, is lined with an epithelium consisting of tall goblet- 
shaped glandular cells, which appear to have been im a 
state of somewhat active secretion. 

There are certain differences in the form of these cells 
in differeut parts of the organ, probably corresponding to 
differences in function. The cells lining the terminal 
chamber (fig. 5, a) are tall, but not very narrow, aud each has 
a long goblet-like cavity filled with granular secreted matter, 
The actual distal end of the cell appears to be capped by a 
thick membrane pierced with perforations. The large nucleus 

* See Beddard, P. Z. S. 1901, i. p. 344, and text-fig. 86. 

t+ Id. P. Z. 8. 1902, ii. p. 200, and text-figs. 52-64. 

t Id. P. Z. 5. 1911, p. 412. § Id. P. Z. 8. 1903, i, p., 219, 


new African Earthworm. 459 


is situated near the stalk-end of the cell. In the middle 
chamber the cells (fig. 5, 6) are much taller and narrower, 
and have a very short “cup” at the free end, a much 
narrower stalk, and a smaller nucleus, situated further from 
the basement-membrane. 

The sperm-containing diverticula (figs. 3 & 4, Div.), 
varying in number from one to three, which project on the 
anterior and outer surface of the organ, open into the cavity 
of the middle chamber by a narrow passage a little above its 
junction with the muscular duct. When more than one of 
these diverticula or pockets are present, their ducts appear 
to unite into a single canal of small calibre. There is a 
muscular coat external to the epithelium lining the pockets, 
which probably serves for the expulsion of the sperm at the 
appropriate moment. 

The pockets and their ducts, like the rest of the sperma- 
theea, are lined with a glandular epithelium, the cells of 
which are similar to those of the middle chamber, but 
smaller. The contained sperm is massed together into a 
solid ball—so much so that, on teasing out the mass of 
sperm from the pocket, I at first imagined that it was 
enclosed in a membrane. On the examination of sections, 
liowever, this does not appear to be the case. It is probable 
that the spermatozoa were swimming in a fluid medium, 
which has become solid as the result of preservation. 
Possibly it is the function of the cells of the epithelium to 
produce a special fluid for the nutriment of the spermatozoa 
during their retention in the pocket. If they were “ glued” 
together, in the manner described, during life, it is difficult 
to understand how they could ever escape from the pockets 
again, since the way of egress is so narrow. 

The muscular duct of the spermatheca seems invariably to 
contain a tough cuticular lining of peculiar shape. This is, 
in fact, the lower, trumpet-shaped portion (fig. 6, 7.) of the 
“spermatophore,” and is almost exactly like that described 
by Beddard in the case of D. austeni. To the more detailed 
study of this portion of the apparatus I shall return later, 
The upper part of the spermatophore consists of a spherical 
capsule (fig. 6, Cap.) of a fibrous or parchment-like con- 
sistency, which when fully developed occupies the middle 
chamber of the spermatheca, and fits into the trumpet- 
shaped upper end of the cuticular tube. This capsule and 
the trumpet-shaped tube together make up the complete 
“* spermatophore.” 

The wall of the upper capsule is composed of numerous 
layers of some substance which is apparently non-cellular 


460 Mr. H. A. Baylis on a 


and structureless, but stains deeply with eosin. It is some- 
what opaque, and of a tough consistency, but becomes 
softened in caustic potash ; hence, it seems to me, there is 
reason to think that it is not chitinous. The contents 
of this upper portion of the spermatophore consist mainly of 
a spherical mass (fig. 6, G.) of a peculiar refractive substance, 
which, in the spirit-specimens at least, is extremely hard 
and brittle. It is composed of numerous granular masses 
closely pressed together, which can, however, without much 
difficulty be separated. In general appearance the substance 
of this mass is not unlike the yolk of au egg. Its separable 


A complete spermatophore, viewed as a transparent object. Cap., up; er 
capsule; G., solid mass of granular substance ; Sp., spermato- 
zoa contained in lumen of lower portion; 7., rim of trumpet- 
shaped tube. 


block-like constituents may have been formed as fluid or 
semifluid globules, and have assumed their present irregular 
shapes under pressure, the whole mass having become hard 
and solid as the result of fixation. 

In the case of D. austeni Beddard has described a very 
similar spherical capsule, the wall of which is supposed to be 
chitinous and to be secreted by the columnar cells in the 
blind terminal sac of the spermatheca. But this capsule is 
said to be full of sperm, and there is no reference to the 


. Test) fs 


‘ rap : 
Ai A 


new African Earthworm. 461 


presence of a hard mass of non-cellular substance in it. In 
Polytoreutus kenyaensis, however, the same author describes * 
the acorn-shaped spermatophores as containing a solid mass 
of non-staining granular substance, in which are embedded 
numerous “ sperm-ropes,” or bundles of spermatozoa (which 
have themselves been called ‘‘ spermatophores”? in other 
species). The nature of the solid matrix, the author con- 
siders, is ‘probably identical with that of the substance 
forming the walls of the spermatophore,’ and he arrives at 
the conclusion that this substance 1s formed by the breaking- 
down of cells which wander away from the lining of the 
spermathecal sac. 

In Pheretima the upper and larger end of the pear-shaped 
spermatophore is said + to be filled with a granular mass, 
probably composed of broken-down cells, and the sperm 
contained in the narrower portion is said to be separated 
from it by a delicate membrane. In attempting to interpret 
the functions of the granular mass, the author says that its 
“ position ...at the apex of the spermatophore suggests 
that it may be of mechanical assistance in expelling the 
sperm... Furthermore, if the case be watertight, the 
presence of this possibly largely fluid mass may be advan- 
tageous to the spermatozoa... Its function may be to keep 
the sperm moist and active.”. In any case, it seems clear, as 
the author says, that the granular substanee plays some 
important part in the processes leading to fertilization. 

The lower, trumpet-shaped tube of the spermatophore is 
in intimate connecticn with the epithelial lining of the duct 
of the spermatheca, and there seems to be no reasonable 
doubt that it is formed by the activity of this epithelium, 
and not out of material introduced from another worm. In 
D. austenit this portion of the spermatophore is described 
as having a structureless inner layer, and an outer layer 
“composed of a parallel series of oblong pieces closely 
adpressed,” which are supposed to correspond to the indi- 
vidual cells of the epithelium. ‘* When the spermatophore 
is viewed from the outside, these brick-like constituents 
form a kind of mosaic upon its surface.” In D. jaculatrix 
this mosaic-like appearance is also seen, but tne ‘ brick-like 
constituents” in this case appear granular, and they are, 
I believe, of a different nature. In sections through the 
duct of the spermatheca, the trumpet-like tube is seen to 


* P. Z.S. 1902, ii. p. 200. 
+ Beddard, P. Z.S. 1911, p. 419. 
t P. Z. 8. 1901], ii. p. 706. 


462 Mr. I]. A. Baylis on a 


consist of a non-staining, clear, structureless substance, in 
close contact with the tall columnar cells lining the sperma- 
thecal duct. Into its outer portion each of these cells sends 
a finger-like or clavate protoplasmic process (fig. 7, Pr.). 
Beyond this process there are sometimes visible traces 
of a cavity in the matrix, from which the process has 
evidently just been withdraw n, and which is doubtless filled 
with secreted matter which has not yet become solidly fused 
with the rest of the wall of the tube. When the spermato- 
phore is dissected out from the spermathecal duct, and the 
epithelium of the latter teased off with needles (an operation 
which it is not easy to perform completely, owing to its very 


Portion of the lining epithelium of the duct of the spermatheca. 
ES: basement-membrane ; M., secreted matrix (wall of 
trumpet -shaped tube); M., nucleus ; Pry protoplasmic pro- 
cesses secreting the substance of the tube. (Cam., oil-imm. 
zy, oc. 2 Zeiss.) 


close adherence), some of the protoplasmic processes are 
torn out, but the majority of them are broken off from 
their cells and remain embedded in the matrix of secreted 
matter. It is these processes, I believe, which give the 
wall of the spermatophore its mosaic-like appearance when 
viewed from the outside. Beddard considered that this tube 
was probably of chitinous nature; but, owing to its being 
cousiderably softened and altered by caustic potash, I am 
inclined to think it is of a less hard material. 

The trumpet-like tube is filled with slightly eosinophilous 
matter of a yellow colour and a stratified appearance, down 
the ceutre of which there is a very narrow lumen, containing 


new African Earthworm. 463 


sperm (fig. 6, Sp.). This lumen is, I think, open at its lower 
extremity. The yellow matter and sperm were present in 
the spermatheca of which serial sections were cut, although 
no upper capsule was found in the middle spermathecal sac. 
The outer extremity of the trumpet-like tube was also blocked 
by a mass of homogeneous substance, having much the 
appearance of yolk. This substance differs somewhat, 
however, from that of the mass contained in the upper 
capsule, when this is present, for the latter is much more 
granular. 

In a spermatophore both parts of which, 7. e., both the 
trumpet-like tube and the upper capsule, were fully formed 
and in contact, the yellow stratified matter within the tube 
was found by the section method to be continuous with the 

wall of the upper capsule, but stained much less deeply. 
The sperm-containing lumen in this yellow matter was also 
in communication with the cav ity of the capsule, the lower 
part of which also contained a small quantity of sperm, 
clinging to its walls. 

It will probably be impossible to arrive at any definite 
Eouclusions regarding the history and ultimate fate of the 

* spermatophores ”’ in these worms, until some good observer 
furnishes us with an account of their breeding-habits. 
Viewed from a structural standpoint, the spermatophores, if 
such they are, are most interesting and puzzling. It is very 
difficult to understand what can be the advantage of 
enclosing the sperm in such an elaborately-formed case, and 
not less so to trace the probable manner of its formation. 

The only point which appears to me to be now settled 
almost with certainty, is that the lower, trumpet-like tube 
of the spermatophore is actually secreted, and not merely 
moulded, by the epithelium of the spermathecal duct. 
Beddard has already reached the conclusion that in D. austeni 
it is moulded at least, if not really secreted, by this duct, 
‘but with the reservation that the material might have been 
derived from the spermiducal glands of another worm. ‘The 
evidence, in the present case, of the protoplasmic processes 
of the cells of the duct, exteuding as they do into the edges 
of the secreted matter, seems to me to place this question, 
with regard to D. jaculatriz at least, almost beyond doubt. 

The origin of the other parts of the spermatophore, and 
the order of formation of all the parts, are, however, still 
very doubtful. From the glandular nature of the cells lining 
both divisions of the spermathecal sac, it would seem almost 
certain that they must play some part in the formation 
of the apparatus. I am inclined to believe that they are 


464 On a new African Earthworm. 


concerned in the secretion of the substance which forms the 
wall of the upper capsule ; but whether any of this substance 
is derived from the spermiducal glands of another worm 
during copulation, appears to me still open to question. 

In the spermatheca which I have examined by means of 
serial sections, the terminal chamber contained two or three 
bodies of somewhat irregular shape, with thick, stratified, 
strongly eosinophilous walls, and with their cavities filled with 
more or less hard granular matter. In fact, there can be no 
doubt that these bodies correspond exactly with the part of the 
fully-formed spermatophore which I have called the ‘upper 
capsule.” It is not easy, however, to account for the mass 
of granular matter within the capsule. It appears to me not 
unlikely that this, if anything, is what is derived from the 
spermiducal glauds, and that it is the substance which acts 
as a stimulus to the epithelial cells of the spermatheca, and 
causes them to throw out their secretion and so surround 
it with the successive layers of matter which form the 
capsule. This, however, is merely suggested as a possibility ; 
it is not incompatible with the appearance of the granules or 
globules of-secretion seen in the cells of the spermiducal 
gland and the granular residual matter also found in the 
terminal chamber of the spermatheca. In any case, it seems 
doubtful whether either the granular mass or the capsule 
ean be derived from broken-down epithelial cells of the 
spermatheca, since I have been unable to find any cells, 
recognizable as such, which had wandered off into the cavity 
of the sac. 

Probably the formation of the capsule is not completed 
until it has been transferred from the terminal chamber into 
the middle chamher of the spermatheca. Here, it may be 
supposed, the yellow stratified matter is formed, which lines 
the trumpet-shaped tube, and the lower end of the capsule 
is fused with this. How the spermatozoa are introduced 
into the apparatus is very doubtful. It may be that just 
before the fusion of the two portions a contraction of the 
sperm-diverticula, or of one of them, takes place, by means 
of the muscles of their walls, and the sperm is driven down 
the duct and into the required position near the mouth of 
the trumpet-shaped tube, whence it finds its way mto the 
spermatophore. 

Finally, the mass of homogeneous substance blocking the 
outer end of the spermathecal duct has to be accounted for, 
It seems to me probable, though by no means certain, that 
this is a plug formed by the coagulation of some secretion, 
after the act of copulation is complete. Beddard has 


On Mammals from the Upper Congo. 465 


suggested in the case of Stuhlmannia* that the thickened 
plug-like end of the spermatophore is derived from the 
spermiducal glands of the other worm. I think that in the 
present case a similar explanation may be applicable, and 
that this substance may be either a product of the spermi- 
ducal glands or a mucoid secretion of the skin of the clitellar 
region, and that it may serve a useful purpose in retaining 
the recently-injected sperm within the spermatheca, until it 
is stored in the special pockets provided for it, and also as a 
plug for the completed spermatophore. 

My thanks are due to my friend and colleague, Dr. W. T. 
Calman, for some useful suggestions and criticisms while 
working at the subject of this paper. 


LVI.—Jist of Mammals (exclusive of Ungulata) collected 
on the Upper Congo by Dr. Christy for the Congo Museum, 
Tervueren, By OLDFIELD THOMAS, F.R.S. 


(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.) 


In the ‘ Annals’ for last August fT I published a few of the 
more striking novelties from the fine series of Mammalia 
brought home from the Congo by Dr. Cuthbert Christy, 
who had been employed by the Congo Museum to make a 
collection for them on the Ituri and Welle, and, by request of 
the Belgian authorities, | now give a list of all the species 
obtained by him, with the exception of the Ungulates. 

Such a list is always valuable for zoo-geographical 
reasons, and Dr. Christy’s fine collection so supplements 
those made in the same region by Emin Pasha, the 
Alexander-Gosling Expedition, and the members of the 
Ruwenzori Expedition, as to make the complete list a very 
long one. 

In a general way, there is a great uniformity in the 
Mammal life from the Cameroons to Uganda, as might he 
expected from the uniform nature of the country, but ina 
few cases there is enough local difference to authorise the 
distinction of special subspecies for the Upper Congo forms. 

In all, Dr. Christy’s collection contains 74 species and 
subspecies, of which 10 have proved to need description 


* P. Z.S. 1901, i. p. 351. 
+ Ann. & Mag. N. H. (8) xvi. p. 146 (1915), 


Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol. xvi. 33 


466 Mr, O. Thomas on 


as new. Five of these were described in the previous 
yaper. 

Dr. Christy’s numbers run up to 1530, but the present 
account only deals with the later two-thirds of the collection, 
the earlier series having either been already named by 
Mr. Dollman or else gone elsewhere for determination. 

The great majority of the mammals here referred to were 
obtained at two localities, Medje, on a branch of the Ituri, 
about 27° 40’ E., 2° 20’ N., and Poko, some 20 or 30 miles 
north-west of it, but across the watershed in the Welle basin. 
The latter is not very far from Emin’s locality, Tingasi. 
The other localities mentioned are mostly in the Aruwimi- 
Ituri basin. 

By the generosity of the authorities at Tervueren, the 
British Museum has been allowed to retain examples of 
nearly all the species obtained, including all those described 
as new. In particular, we have to thank Dr. Schouteden for 
his kindness both in placing the collection in our hands for 
determination and for the liberality with which we have 
been allowed to select duplicates. The sum of these latter 
forms a very valuable donation to the British Museum. 

In normal times this list would have been prepared by 
Mr. Dollman in continuation of the paper he published in 
the Tervueren Journal in 1914 *, but he has gone to serve 
his country, and it is quite impossible for publication to take 
place in Belgium. With the consent of the Belgian 
authorities the paper is therefore prepared by me and 
published in the ‘ Annals.’ 


1. Colobus cottoni, Lyd. 
1219 (young). Poko, 


2. Cercopithecus schmidti, Matsch. 
716, 755. Medje. 
900, 1008, 1164, 1165, 1352, 1353. Poko. 
3. Cercopithecus neglectus, Schl. 
1168. Poko. 


4. Hemigalago demidoffi medius, subsp. n. 
737, 750. Medje. 
979, 994, 1091, 1214, 1247, 1292, 1359, 1388, 1390, 1397. 
Poko. 


* Rey. Zool. Afr. iy. p. 75 (1914). 


Mammais from the Upper Congo. 467 


Coloration and general characters as in true demidoffi, but 
skull averaging larger, 

Size distinctly larger than in demddoffi, smaller than in 
the Ruwenzori and Uganda thomast. General colour above 
near Prout’s brown, but very variable, rarely so bright as in 
demidoffi or so dull as in thomas?, but the series shows all 
stages between the two. Under surface always washed with 
yellowish, not more or less white as in poensis. 

Skull larger than in demédoffi, about equalling that of 
poensis, smaller than in thomas’. 

Dimensions of no. 1214, the type, ¢ (taken on the skin) :— 

Head and body 150 mm.; tail 193; hind foot 50. 

Skull: greatest length (occiput to gnathion) 39°3 ; occiput 
to tip of nasals 39°3 ; basal length 31:2; zygomatic breadth 
24°3; breadth of brain-case above meatus 20; front of canine 
to back of m? 13. 

Ordinary mainland western specimens have a greatest 
skull-length of about 36 to 38 mm., these middle-area 
examples, as also those from Fernando Po (subsp. poensis) 
about 38-40, while in the Ruwenzori thomasi this measure- 
ment is 41-42 mm., the general size of the skull varying 
in proportion. 

With regard to Pousargues’s Galago (Hemigalago) ano- 
murus, from the Ubanghi, the colour as described and figured 
and the short tail are so different from what is found in any 
form of the present series, that it is evidently a wholly 
distinct animal. If by any chance the original skulls, whose 
measurements nearly agree with those of H. d. medius, 
should prove not to belong to the skins described, the latter 
would clearly have to be taken as typical, as their characters 
are those on which the species is mainly founded. 

Specimens of this new form were obtained by Emin Pashe 
in 1884 and the Alexander-Gosling Expedition in 1905-6. 


5. Perodicticus faustus, Thos. 
850. Medje. 
893, 957, 958, 1102, 1284, 1293, 1309, 1496. Poko. 
6. Eidolon helvum, Kerr. 
889. Medje. 


7. Epomops franqueti franqueti, Tomes. 
860, 883. Medje, Ituri, 


22% 


ve 


4168 Mr. O. Thomas on 


8. Hipposideros caffer, Sund. 
996, 997, 1078, 1251, 1252, 1296-1300. Poko, Welle. 


9. Nycteris grandis, Pet. 
1351. Poko. 


10. Nycteris hispida, Schr. 


818. Medje. 
1311, 1372, 1401. Poko. 


11. Scotophilus nux, Thos. 
739, 740. Medje. 


The conspicuous difference between the colour of S. nuzx 
and that of all forms of S. négrita makes me now think that 
it should be recognized as a distinct species, and not merely 
a subspecies of the older known furm. 

These specimens show no difference from the type, which 
was collected by Mr. Bates at Efulen, Cameroons. 


12. Otomops martienssent, Matsch. 


1290. Poko. 

Only hitherto known by the type in the Berlin Museum, 

As I expected when describing O. wroughtoni, this African 
Otomops is quite remarkably similar to its Indian relative. 
All the important skull-characters marking the genus 
Otomops are quite the same, even to the peculiar vertical 
plate on the zygomata. 

In colour, however, there is quite sufficient difference to 
leave no doubt that the two forms are specifically distinct. 


[ Although not a part of the Christy collection, the follow- 
ing interesting bat, being from the same region of the Congo, 
may be here described. Most unfortunately, it is without the 
skull, but the structure of its ears and muzzle leave me in 
little doubt as to its affinities. 

These would appear to be with the bat hitherto known as 
Eomops whitleyi, but Mr. Miller has made out so strong a case 
for the generic identity of Homops with the far earlier Myo- 
pterus, Geoft., that | am prepared to accept it until such 
time as the capture in Senegal of a bat corresponding with 
Daubenton’s description confirms or upsets Mr. Miller’s 
hypothesis. 


Mammals from the Upper Congo. 469 


It should, however, be noted that Gervais’s figure of the 
skull shows no trace of the high and abrupt sagittal crest so 
well marked in £. whitleyi, and likely to be still more 
developed in a larger species of the same genus. 


Myopterus albatus, sp. n. 


A large whitish and white-winged species with the upper 
body-colour arranged in a lineated pattern. 

Size large, the forearm about half as long again as in 
M. whitleyi, and rather larger than that of MZ. daubentoni 
would be if in the same relative proportion to the skull (that 
is to say, about twice the length) as in M/. whitleyt. Fur 
soft and fine, hairs of shoulders about 43 mm. in length, of 
lower back 34. Fur not extending at all on the membranes, 
and stopping on the lower back a little way short of the tail, 
just as in AZ. whitleyz. General ground-colour above drabby 
brown (“dusky drab”), the hairs white at their bases, brown 
terminally ; but on the median area of the nape, from occiput 
to withers, and along two broad lines running down the back 
on each side from the withers, the white extends nearly to 
the tips of the hairs, so as to show through above, and to 
form broad whitish lines, the brown along the side of the 
body and that in the middle line from the withers backwards, 
therefore, appearing as three broad brown longitudinal lines 
separated by whitish. Fur of whole of under surface pure 
creamy white, sharply contrasted on the sides of the neck 
with the brown of the upper surface. Wing-membranes 
white throughout, except that by the side of the body which 
is spotted with brown granules, just as in A/. whitleyi; inter- 
femoral membrane brown. Upper surface of forearms, 
digits, legs, and feet also brown. 

Ears apparently similar in structure to those of AZ, whitleyi, 
separated in the middle line, their inner keels low and little 
- developed. Tragus short and broad. Nasal septum without 
a mesial ridge, clothed with fine whitish hairs. Edges of 
lips with a close mixture of spoon-shaped and normal bristle- 
hairs. Lips practically without wrinkles. Wings to the 
distal end of the tibiz. 

Dimensions (measured on the skin) :— 

Forearm 55 mm. 

Head and body (probably stretched) 84; tail 40; ear 
(dry) 19; third finger, metacarpal 545, first phalanx 19°5, 
second phalanx 19°5; fifth finger, metacarpal 365, first 
phalanx 15; hind foot (c. u.) 13. 

Hab. R. Welle. Collected by M. Hutereau, 


470 Mr. O. Thomas on 


Original number 17. Congo Museum, no, 2911. 

The coloration of this beautiful bat is quite unique, but of 
course it assimilates, in the brown upper and white lower 
surface, with that of A. daubentoni and whitley7.) 


13. Rhynchocyon claudi, Thos. & Wrought. 


789. Medje. 
984, 1020, 1021, 1189, 1198, 1199, 1209, 1216, 1227, 
1232, 1377, 1409. Poko. 


14. Potamogale velox argens, subsp. n. 

763. Medje. 

1206. Poko. 

All essential characters as in true P. velow of the Lower 
Congo, Gaboon, &c., but the white of the underside more 
extended, reaching higher up on the sides, where also the 
brown hairs are prominently tipped with greyish white. 
Fore limbs whitish, almost wholly in the whitish area. 
Sides and under surface of hairy base of tail silvery white, 
nearly wholly brown in velow. 

Hind foot of no. 763, the type, 40°5 mm. 

Skull: condylo-basal length 66 ; upper tooth-series 32:3. 


15. Croctdura surure, Hell. 


890. Viadama, Welle. 

949, Poko. 

949 is quite like examples from Wadelai and others from 
the Alexander-Gosling Expedition determined by Mr. Doll- 
wan; 890 is rather darker. 


16. Crocidura poensis attila, Dollm. 


807, 812, 854, 858, 866, 873. Medje, Welle. 


17. Scutisorex congicus, sp. n. 


gd. 840. Medje, Upper Ituri, 17th April, 1914. 

Skull smaller than in S. somereni, and colour more suffused 
with buffy. 

General appearance and coloration quite as in S. somerent, 
except that the fur is more suffused with buffy or isabella, 
but even this difference is not unlikely to be individual or 
sexual. Fur slightly shorter and harsher than in the allied 
species. 


eee ee 


Mammals from the Upper Congo. 471. 


Skull decidedly smaller than in S. somerenz, the specimen 
being a male and that of somereni a female ; the difference 
is greater than occurs within any of the series of African 
Crocidure recently published by Mr. Dollman. Lambdoid 
crests not projecting backwards beyond the level of the 
condyles. ‘Teeth essentially similar, but the last upper uni- 
cuspid rather smaller in proportion. 

Dimensions (measured in flesh) :— 

Head and body 148 mm. ; tail 77; hind foot 20; ear 10. 

Skull: condylo-incisive length 31:3 ; condylo-basal length 
30°2 ; greatest breadth 13:2; anterior breadth across palate 
9:6; palatal length 14; upper tooth-row 13°6; tip of 2° to 
tip of p* 7:2; front of p* to back of m? 6:4 (in somerent 7:5) ; 
lower tooth-row 12:7. 

This shrew differs from its Uganda ally mainly by its 
smaller size and smaller teeth. The type of S. somerent was 
hitherto the only specimen of the genus known, so that this 
second example is of much value. The generic characters 
used to distinguish Scutisorexr from Sylvisorex, in which 
somerent was first placed, are as marked in S. congicus as in 
the typical form, no approximation to Sylvisorex being 
perceptible. 


18. Sylvisorex morio, Gray. 
824 (immature). Medje, Ituri. 


19. Sylvisorex gemmeus irene, Thos. 


809. Medje. 

1250. Poko. 

This dark form was first obtained by Mr. Robin Kemp in 
Southern Uganda, but was only distinguished on the arrival 
of these specimens. 


20. Felis ocreata, Gmel, 
1205, 1440, 1504. Poko. 


21. Civettictis civetta, L. 
814. Medje. 
1030, 1063, 1282, 1308, 1523, 1530. Poko. 
No. 1530 the only adult, no. 1063 melanoid. 


22. Genetta victorie, Thos. 


642. Moera. 
706. Mawambi. 
1575. Peli-Peli, near Stanleyville. 


472 Mr. O. Thomas on 


23. Genetta bettoni, Thos. 


655. Moera. 
741. Medje. 
1104, 1494. Poko. 


24. Genetta stuhlmanni, Matsch. 


742, 801, 888. Medje. 
$96, 1055, 1056, 1146, 1147, 1148, 1528. Poko. 


25. Nandinia binotata, Gray. 
745, 865. Medje. 
986, 1025, 1054, 1190, 1203, 1204, 1289, 1525, 1529. 
Poko. 
26. Mungos paludinosus, G. Cuv. 
1166. Poko. 


27. Mungos albicauda, Cuv. 
894, 1202. Poko. 


28. Bdeogale nigripes, Puch. 
684. Zambo. 


29. Crossarchus alezandri, Thos. & Wr. 


504, 704. Mawambi. 
643. Moera. 
1316. Poko. 


30. Crossarchus gothneh, Fitz. 
917, 987, 1152, 1153. Poko. 


31. Anomalurus jacksoni, Thos. 
648. Moera; Beni 


802, 813. Medje. 
1133, 1222, 1361, 1362, 1389. Poko. 


32, Anomalurus pusillus, Thos. i, 
628. Moera, Beni. 
747, 751, 822, 874. Medje. i 


1158, 1360, 1366, 1395, 1456, 1497, 1498. Poko. j 


Mammals from the Upper Congo. 473 


33. Protoxerus stangeri centricola, ‘Thos. 


594, 624, 647. Moera. 

660, 693. Alimasi. 

707, 710. Mawambi. 

892, 959, 1001, 1003, 1006, 1157, 1356, 1358, 1422, 1445, 
1503, 1522, 1532. Poko. 


34. Heliosciurus rufobrachiatus pasha, Schwann. 


551. Irumu. 

744, 746, 770, 810. Medje. 

976, 1000, 1004, 1010, 1342, 1345, 1399, 1402, 1417. 
Poko. 


35. Paraxerus boehmi emint, Matsch. 


do. 738, 808; 2. 743, 795. Medje. 

S. 708, 709; ¢. 702 (young), 705. Mawambi. 

df. 931, 1074, 1151, :1218, 1286, 1291, 1306, 2307; 
@. 1271. Poko. 


36. Parawerus alexandri, Thos. & Wr. 


3. 754, 790, 833; 9. 794. Medje. 

fatarG. Poko. 

Type-locality. Gudima, R. Tri, Upper Welle. 

Like P. boehmi, this beautiful little squirrel has 1—2=6 
mammee, 


37. Funisciurus anerythrus, Thos. 


711. Mawambi. 

726. Avakubi. 

736, 764, 799, 805, 829, 853. Medje. 

906, 908, 947, 954, 1007, 1024, 1035, 1228, 1236, 1255, 
1263, 1283, 1315, 1404, 1419. Poko. 

Correspond closely with the two original specimens obtained 


by Emin Pasha at Buguera. 


Examination of these fresh skins has enabled me to dis- 
criminate /. a, bandarum, the form tound on the Upper 
Shari, which had hitherto been referred to #. anerythrus. 


38. Funisciurus akka, de Wint. 


766, 768, 846, 847. Medje. 

961, 977, 1249, 1294, 1357, 13865, 1479. Poko. 

The type of F. akka has more rufous legs than any speci- 
men of this series; but a paratype, also from Tingasi, tlie 
type-locality, is quite similar to the average of the present set. 


474 Mr. O. Thomas on 


39. Euverus erythropus lacustris, Thos. 


895, 898, 899. Panga, Poko. 4 
919, 978, 995, 1005, 1081, 1201, 1208, 1524. Poko. 


40. Graphiurus christyi, Dollm. 


803, 870. Medje. 
1274. Poko. 


41. Graphiurus lorraineus, Dollm. 


1061, 1162. Poko. 
‘he type of G. lorraineus was collected by Capt. Boyd 
Alexander near the junction of the Welle with the Ubanghi. 


42. Deomys christyi, Thos. 
T. c. p. 150. 


950, 968, 990, 1048, 1089, 1134, 1145, 1305. Poko, 
Welle. 

A well-marked eastern representative of the D. ferrugineus 
of the Lower Congo, and one of the most striking new species 
discovered by Dr. Christy. 


43. Dendromus messorius, Thos. 
787, 804. Medje. 
891. Viadama. 
1239, 1286. Poko. 
Quite similar both in skin and skull to typical examples 
from the Cameroons. 
“ Banana-mouse ”’ (Christy). 


44, Tatera dichrura, hos. 
a 6D, Bags 
945, 955, 964, 969, 971, 975, 980, 1011, 1027, 1028, 
1036, 1037, 1049, 1057, 1058, 1064, 1065, 1075, 1084, 1212, 
1224, 1244, 1304, 1435, 1444, 1453, 1455, 1460, 1514, 1517, 
1519. Poko, Welle. 
A large species of the 7’ liodon group. 


45. Taterillus congicus, Thos. 
T. c. p. 147. 
916, 918, 940, 993, 998, 1009, 1043, 1047, 1053, 1035, 


1070, 1076, 1079, 1080, 1093, 1094, 1105, 1139, 1188, 1238, 
1242, 1243, 1287, 1303, 1448, 1449, 1454. Poko. 


Mammals from the Upper Congo. 475 


46. Cricetomys gamb‘anus emini, Wrouglit. 
757, 758, 765, 769, 826. Medje. 
960, 1059, 1060, 1062, 1103, 1141, 1220, 1314, 1393, 
1403, 1492, 1493, 1512. Poko. 


47. Cricetomys gambianus dichrurus, Osg. 


897. Panga, Welle. 

The close agreement of this specimen, as of the pair from 
the same region mentioned by Mr. Osgood, with the type of 
dichrurus is very marked. 

Possibly this greyish form is really a race of C. ansorgei, 
but I provisionally accept Mr. Osgood’s name for it. 


48. Lophuromys ansorgei, de Wint. 


861. Medje. 

914, 920, 952, 1144, 1270, 1341, 1473, 1510. Poko. 

Reddish below, as in Heller’s “ L. pyrrhus,” but this is 
also the case in specimens from Mt. Elgon, near the type- 
locality of ansorgei. 


49. Lophuromys aquilus, True. 


755, 827, 868. Medje. 

1320, 1333, 13868, 1400, 1474. Poko. 

I provisionally put these specimens under the same name 
as that which Wrougliton and I used in the Ruwenzori Report 
for the common speckled Lophuromys. A considerable 
number of names have, however, been added in this group, 
but the characters are so slight, and in every locality there is 
so great a range of variation both in colour and skull, that I 
think many of them will ultimately prove to be untenable. 


50. Colomys goslingi, Thos. & Wrought. 


876, 884, 885. Medje. 

991, 1039, 1051, 1100, 1101, 1131, 1156, 1310, 1318. 
Poko. 

This remarkable Murine, previously only known by the 
type collected by the late Capt. G. B. Gosling at Gambi on 
the Welle, attracted Dr. Christy’s attention very much by 
its peculiar habits. He says that it lives constantly at the 
water’s edge, where its elongated feet enable it to wade about 
on the stones, and that it feeds on small water crustaceans 
and insects, not on vegetable matter, 


476 Mr. O. Thomas on 


51. Gnomys hypoxanthus, Puch. 


756, 760, 789, 806, 821, 841. Medje. 

1040, 1135, 1229, 1230, 1321, L158, 1470, 1471, 1472. 
Pp oko. 

The majority of the specimens agree absolutely with 
Cameroons and Gaboon examples of hypowanthus, and have 
teeth of the same comparatively large size ; but in some the 
teeth are rather smaller, and it is possible that these are 
referable to the Uganda CE. bacchante. There i is, however, so 
much variation both in colour and skull-characters in this 
genus that it is not possible to identify every specimen satis- 
factorily without more material and prolonged study. 


52. Thamnomys rutilans centralis, Dollm. 

752, 762, 781, 782, 792, 834, 855, 856. Medje. 

1041, 1067, 1071, 1087, 1106, 1130, 1132, 1350, 1372, 
1374, 1375, 1378, 1380, 1383, 1386, 1387, 1391, 1392, 1411, 
1412, 1413, 1481. Poko. 

Although I use the above name as being unquestionably 
applicable to these specimens, there is so much variation 
among them in the size of the skull and teeth that they may 
possibly prove to grade into the earlier Thamnomys kuru, 
Thos. & Wr., whose distinction from Zh. rutilans mainly 
consists in its smaller size. The type of Th. kuru was from 
Gambi, Mobatti country, and that of centralis from Fundi. 


53. Thamnomys venustus, Thos. 


g. 830. Medje. 

Only hitherto known from the type, which is slightly 
larger, but the difference does not exceed that found among 
the series of Th. rutilans. The long parallel-sided palatal 
foramina and the grey-based chest-hairs are very charac- 
teristic. Zh. kempi, Dollm., also belongs to the same group. 


54. Grammomys macmillani, Wrought. 
1457. Poko. 


55. Malacomys centralis, de Wint. 

783, 786, 875, 877, 878. Medje. ) 

951, 956, 962, 1015, 1019, 1068, 1072, 1086, 1107, 1128, 
1238, 1319, 1334, 1335, 1337, 1338, 1339, 1379, 1381, 1382, 
1383. Poko. 

Type from Tingasi (Emin Pasha). 


Vy Perey thee 


——s 


Mammals from the Upper Congo. 477 


56. Epimys (Aithomys, subgen. nov.) kaiser, Noack. 


922, 932, 933, 934, 939, 948, 953, 965, 966, 967, 981, 
982, 985, 992, 1016, 1022, 1029, 1042, 1045, 1052, 1083, 
1096, 1108, 1109, 1137, 1187, 1197, 1215, 1217, 1246, 1257, 
1425, 1427, 1436, 1441, 1442, 1446, 1447, 1451, 1459, 1520. 
Poko, Welle. 

These may represent Heller’s ZL. k, centralis, if really 
distinct from the older known forms. 

In working out this series of African Epzmys, I come, not 
for the first time, to the conclusion that the classification of 
these difficult animals would be advanced if certain of the 
“‘ sroups’? were given subgeneric names. Detailed characters 
will need much further material and study, but the most 
obvious characters of the subgenera lying in their mammary 
formule, I may give the following preliminary synopsis :— 


A, Mamma less than 14, separated into pectoral 
and inguinal sets, 
a, Inguinal mamme 3 pairs. 
Mamme 2—3 or 8—3=10 or 12 ........ Epimys, 8. 8. 
b. Inguinal mamme 2 pairs. 
a, Pectoral mamme 2 pairs or less. 
a’, Size large; form heavy; mammz 
O—2=—4 or 1—2=6 ole ee Aithomys *, subg. n. 
b?, Size small; form delicate and mouse- 
like ; mammeze 1—2=6 or 2—2=8 . Praomys, subg. n. 
fae Mamma 3-2 LOL oes ee ann ore ays Myomyst, subg. n. 
B, Mamme more than 14, in continuous series . Mastomys, subg. n, 


The type of Zthomys would be Epimys hindet, Thos., of 
Praomys E. tullbergi, Thos., of Myomys E. colonus, Smith, 
and of Mastomys EZ. coucha, Smith. 

I hope to give later more detailed characters of these sub- 
genera, with lists of the species that fall into them. 


57. Epimys dithomys) longicaudatus ituricus, Thos. 
T.c. p. 149. 
759, 767, 848, 849, 857, 869. Medje. 
970, 1013, 1017, 1031, 1129. Poko. 
As already stated, this rat is distinguished from true 


E. longicaudatus, better known as JF. sebastianus, by its 
greyish flanks and whitish lower side of tail. 


* From aids, the basis of the word Ethiopian. 
+ Mammary formula the same as in true Mus, 


478 Mr. O. Thomas on 


58. Epimys (Praomys) tullbergi, Thos. 


702. Mawambi. 

748, 749, 791, 796, 811, 815, 820, 823, 825, 828, 837, 839, 
862, 863, 882, 886, ’Medje. 

937, 989, 1018, 1088, 1136, 1140, 1149, 1150, 1155, 1261, 
1340, 1466, 1467, 1468, 1469. Poke. 


59. Epimys (Praomys) stella, Thos. 


752, 836, 845, 864, 871, 879, 880, 887. Medje, Ituri. 
1127. Poko, Welle. 


60. Epimys (Mastomys) coucha, Smith. 


723. Bosabangi. 

761. Medje. 

904. Panga. 

907, 942, 983, 1033, 1044, 1050, 1066, 1077, 1143, 1200, 
1226, 1258, 1259, 1260, 1262, 1268, 1269, 1279, 1280, 1281, 
1285, 1369, 1370, 1408, 1416, 1424, 1452, 1465, 1483-1490, 
1513, 1516, 1518, 1521. Poko. 

Common in houses of natives. 


61. Mus pasha, Thos. 


910. Panga, Welle. 

909, 912, 936, 941, 973, 974, 1002, 1014, 1421. Poko. 

This distinct species having been only hitherto known by 
the single imperfect specimen sent home by Emin Pasha, the 
present fine series is very acceptable. 

I may note that by some accident the measurement of the 
upper molar series was given as 4 mm. in the original 
description. Its true measurement is 3°7 mm. 

The dimensions of one of Dr. Christy’s specimens are as 
follows :— 

Head and body 75 mm. ; tail 50; hind foot 15; ear 11. 

Skull: greatest length 21°2 ; condylo-incisive length 20; 
upper molar series 3°7. 


62. Mus bellus, Thos. 


793, 803, 831, 852, 867, 881. Medje. 
1023, 1480. Poko. 


Mammals from the Upper Congo. 479 


63. Hybomys univittatus, Pet. 


725. Avakubi. 

771, 835, 838. Medje. 

913, 972, 1032, 1046, 1069, 1072. Poko. 
As usual, very variable in size and colour. 


64. Alylomys alberti, Thos. 
T. c. p. 148. 


oa teat soe 1237.'' Poko, Welle. 

A most handsome species. Named after is Majesty the 
King of the Belgians. 

Owing to the original label having fallen off, the measure- 
ments in my description were taken from the skin. Now, 
however, the label has been found, and the flesh-measure- 
ments taken by Dr. Christy may be recorded as follows :— 
Head and body 180 mm.; tail 165; hind foot 36; ear 21. 


65. Arvicanthis striatus, L. 


724. Bosabangi. 

905. Panga. 

921, 938, 946, 1322, 1323, 1333, 1336, 1384, 1414, 1415, 
1461, 1462, 1464, 1475, 1476, 1477, 1478, 1511. Poko. 

Allowing for their variation in colour according to freshness 
of fur, there seems remarkably little difference between these 
specimens and the E.-Atrican A. massaicus, on the one hand, 
and true W.-African A. striatus, including A. pulchellus, on 
the other. 


66. Arvicanthis micropus, Hell. 


Sie, L463: «Poko: 

Described by Heller as a subspecies of A. pulchellus; but, 
as that species (1. e., A. striatus) is abundantly represented at 
Poko, this reference would seem to be incorrect. Intermediate 
in size between A. striatus and A. macculus. 


67. Arvicanthis macculus akka, subsp. n. 


943. Poko. (Typeaspecimen obtained by Emin Pasha.) 
General characters as in true macculus of Ruwenzori and 
Uganda, but the general greyish colour strongly suffused 
with cinnamon and the intermediate dorsal light stripes much 


480 Mr. O. Thomas on 


less conspicuous. A well-marked buffy line over each eye. 

Crown grizzled greyish cinnamon. Ground-colour of back 
buffy or cinnamon greyish as compared with the clear 
greyish of true macculus. 

I lesh-measurements of no. 943. 

Head and body 100 mm.; tail 95 ; hind foot 21; ear 16. 

Hind foot of type 20°5. 

Skull: greatest length 27°5 ; condylo-incisive length 24°5 ; 
zygomatic breadth 12°3 ; breadth of brain-case 12 ; palatal 
foramina 5°5 ; upper molar series (crowns) 4°5. 

Hab. Welle area. Type from Tingasi, Bomakandi River. 

Type. Male. B.M. no. 87.12.1.67. Collected 30th 
September, 1883, and presented by Emin Pasha. 

Compared with seven specimens of A. macculus taken at 
different places and seasons, these Welle examples differ by 
their general cinnamon coloration. Dr. Christy’s modern 
specimen is quite similar to that obtained by Emin Pasha in 
1883 on the same affluent of the Welle. 


68. Dasymys bentleyw, Thos. 


800. Medje, Ituri. 

935, 999, 1012, 1038, 1092, 1125, 1126, 1127, 1213,1235, 
1245, 1255, 1256, 1301, 1802. Poko, Welle. 

These specimens, taken as a series, are intermediate 
between D. bentleye of the Lower Congo and D. medius of 
Ruwenzori. ‘The majority are as large as the latter (one or 
two are even larger), while, on the other hand, several are 
fully as small as the type of D. bentleye and have equally 
small bulla. But in this latter character there is, as usual, 
considerable variability. 

Swamp and river-side animals such as Dasymys are not 
very likely to have distinctive geographical races in so 
uniformly waterlogged a country as the Congo area. 


69. Zelotomys instans, sp. n. 


2. 1026. Poko, Welle. 20th June, 1914. 

A Congo representative of the Hast-African Z. hildegardee., 

Size about as in hildegardee. Fur rather shorter and 
crisper. General colour above slaty greyish, without the 
drab suffusion characteristic of hildegardew. Median line 
blackish slaty, sides clearer greyish. Under surface slaty 
grey washed with whitish, the slaty bases of the hairs showing 
through. Cheeks and throat not so markedly white as in 


Mammals from the Upper Congo. 481 


the allied species. Hands and feet white. Tail almost 
naked, finely speckled with brown as in the darker-tailed 
individuals of Z. hildegardee. Mamme 3—2=10, as is also 
the case in Z. hildegardee. 

Skull of about the same size as in hildegardee. Zygomata 
rather more widely and evenly spaced, their widest point 
opposite the posterior molars instead of further back. Bulle 
slightly larger. 

Incisors longer and more strongly thrown forward, the 
general line of the exposed portion directed forwards instead 
of being vertical. Molars decidedly larger and heavier. 

Dimensions of the type (measured in the flesh) :— 

Head and body 133 mm.; tail 88; hind foot 22; ear 16. 

Skull: greatest length (bone only) 30°8 ; condylo-incisive 
length (increased by forward direction of incisors) 31°2 ; 
zygomatic breadth 17°3 ; nasals 12; interorbital breadth 4°8 ; 
palatilar length 15; diastema 9; palatal foramina 7:4; 
upper molar series (crowns) 5:9. 

This rat is readily distinguishable from its East-African 
ally, hitherto the only known species of the genus, by its 
greyer and less drabby colour, more projecting incisors, and 
larger molars. 


70. Thryonomys harrisont, Thos. & Wrought. 
1210, 1211, 1531. Poko. 


71. Atherurus centralis, Thos. 
1312, 1313, 1343, 1346, 1353, 13864, 1396, 1398, 1406, 
1499, 1500. Poko. 
72. Manis gigantea, Ill. 
- 687. Zambo. 


73. Manis macroura, Erxl. 


(No number.) Poko. 


74. Manis tricuspis, Raf. 


713, 832, 843. Medje. 
1142, 1207, 1443, 1495, 1501. Poko. 


Ann. & May. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol, xvi. 34 


482 Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell—Deseriptions and 


LVII.—Deseriptions and Records of Rees—LXX. 
By T. D. A. CocKERELL, University of Colorado. 


Melissodes robustior, sp. n. 


9? .—Length about 13 mm., anterior wing 10 mm. 

Robust, black, with the pubescence mainly light ochra- 
ceous, but a moderate amount of black on vertex ; meso- 
thorax with a large patch of black hair on dise posteriorly, 
not approaching sides; anterior part of scutellum with much 
black hair; tegule with light hair in front and black about 
middle; hair on apical part of anterior and middle tibie 
externally sooty ; anterior and middle tarsi and inner side of 
hind tarsi with dark brown hair; scopa of hind legs very 
large, collecting a great amount of sunflower pollen ; hind 
margins of abdominal segments dark, only the first narrowly 
subhyaline ; abdominal bands very pale ochraceous, no well- 
defined basal band on second segment, and the middle one 
more or less interrupted in middle ; fifth and sixth segments 
with black hair, fifth with long pale hair at sides; venter 
with reddish hair. Head broad, facial quadrangle broader 
than long; antennz black, the flagellum marked with dull 
red beneath ; tegule black or rufo-piceous. Wings dusky, 
nervures fuscous ; disc of mesothorax shining, with distinct 
well-separated punctures ; spurs very pale yellowish. 

¢ .—Length about 11 mm., flagellum 7 mm. 

Pubescence pale ochraceous, with a little black on dise of 
mesothorax and scutellum ; mandibles black ; labrum with 
a round cream-coloured spot ; clypeus bright lemon-yellow ; 
flagellum bright ferruginous beneath ; third antennal joint 
longer than broad; tegule with ochreous hair. Wings 
dusky, nervures fuscous, the basal nervure ferruginous. 
Hind margins of abdominal segments broadly reddish sub- 
hyaline ; hair on inner side of hind tarsi ferruginous. 

Hab. Berkeley, California; females at flowers of cultivated 
Helianthus annuus, the type, Aug. 9, 1915. The male, 
which possibly represents a distinct species, was collected at 
Los Angeles, California, at flowers of Helianthus lenticularis, 
August 1915 (Cockerell). At Orange, California, Aug. 16, 
I found numerous Mel ssodes visiting [Helianthus lenticularis, 
but they were all J/. aurigenia, Cresson. 

The female Mf. robustior runs in my tables in Trans. Amer. 
Ent. Soc., 1906, to M. grindelia, but is much larger, and is 
easily distinguished by the black hair of the thorax being 
separated from the tegula by a broad ochraceous band. In 


a a i eatin atta Rial 


Records of Bees. 483 


the arrangement of the hair on thorax it is like M. semiag/lis 
(Ckll.), but that is a consider: ably smaller species, and the 
male is quite different. It is also close to ML nigrosrgnata, 
Ckll., but the facial quadrangle is broader and shorter, the 
hairless area on apical part of second abdominal segment is 
much less, and the abdomen beneath lacks the conspicuous 
black hair, contrasting with the pale at sides. The male 
robustior, in the same tables, runs to AZ. gi/ensis, but differs 
by the broad lemon-yellow clypeus, the yellow nearly reaching 
the eye ; also by the yellow spot on labrum and less elevated 
vertex. It is easily known from MM. grindelie by the light 
hair on tegule, very small amount of dark hair on meso- 
thorax, &e. It is also close to M. helanthophila, Ckll., but 
differs by the ochraceous pubescence, dusky wings, darker 
antenne, with the third joint twice as long, &e. 


Bombus edwardsii, var. kenoyert, var. n. 


2 .—Like var. difarius (Cresson), but the red colour of 
abdomen replaced by pale tawny, so that all the light abdo- 
minal hair is of the same colour. The second abdominal 
segment has a broad triangle of black hair at base. 

Hab. Tolland, Colorado ; at flowers of Frasera stenosepala, 
July (L. A. Kenoyer). Also on Frasera stenosepala, at 
Tolland, Mr. Kenoyer took B. edwardsii bifarius (Cr.), 
B. rufocinctus astragali (Ckll.), Psithyrus insularis (Sen) 
Colletes kincaidit, Ckll., Chelynia nitida (Cr.), Monumetha 
albifrons (Kirby), and Megachile wootont calogaster (Ckll.). 
Bombus kirbyellus, Curtis, was taken by Mr. Kenoyer on 
Nebraska Hill, Colo., above timber-line, July, at flowers of 
Polemonium confertum and Trifolium. At Corona, Colorado, 
above timber-line, he took Bombus appositus, Cr., at flowers 
of Trifolium dasyearpum, and B. flavifrons at Mertensia 
bakeri. B. flavifrons was also taken on Nebraska Hill at 
Trifolium dasycarpum. 


Osmia kenoyert, sp. n. 


3 (type).—Length nearly 11 mm. 

Dark green, the head and thorax rather bluish green, the 
aedotaca Bisse olive-green, the margins of segments con- 
colorous ; antennse long, black, the apy Joints oF flagellum 
conspicuously swollen beneath ; tegule piceous, green in 
front ; legs black, without metallic tints; hair of head, 
Fives first pidonmnal segment, and greater part of legs long 
and white, of second abdéminal segment also white, but 
shorter, of segments 3 to 5 black, of Gor mixed Blick and 


34* 


484 Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell—Descriptions and 


white, a fringe of long white hairs at apex; head broad, 
quadrate, finely and very densely punctured; mandibles black ; 
mesothorax and scutellum densely punctured ; area of meta- 
thorax dul] and granular. Wings hyaline. Tarsi with red 
hair on inner side ; anterior tarsi with joints 2 to 4 having the 
anterior apex produced ; middle tarsi with basitarsi obcordate, 
very short, and greatly swollen, very hairy, the hair mostly 
fuscous ; hind basitarsi also broadened, but not so short, the 
inner margin with a prominent angle beyond the middle, the 
anterior face shining, not hidden by hair; spurs of hind legs 
dark, curved at end, not peculiar; small joints of middle and 
hind tarsi thickened, but not otherwise remarkable. Abdo- 
men shining, sixth segment with a scarcely noticeable trace 
of an emargination, seventh strongly bidentate ; second 
abdominal segment thickened on the apical middle; third 
deeply emarginate, the sides of the notch with a short fringe 
of orange hair. 

2? .—Length about 10 mm. 

Robust, tegumental colours like those of male, but clypeus 
and adjacent sides of face blue-black, supracly peal area green, 
and face on each side of antennz steel-blue; mandibles tri- 
dentate ; clypeus subemarginate; hair of face long and 
entirely black, of cheeks up to sides of vertex black, but of 
head and thorax above pale orange-yellow, not mixed with 
black ; middle of mesothorax with well-separated punctures ; 
pleura and metathorax with black hair. Legs black, with 
black hair, except on anterior tarsi, where it is pale ; first 
abdominal segment with yellowish-white hair, the others 
with black, the hair quite long and coarse; ventral scopa 
black. 

Hab. Nebraska Hill, Colorado, at flowers of Trifolium, 
above timber-line, July 1915 (LL. A. Kenoyer). 

Known from all other North-American species by the 
structure of the male tarsi. The female may be compared 
with O. hendersoni, Ckll., but the abdomen is quite differently 
coloured and the sixth segment has not the pale reddish hair- 
fringe seen in hendersoni. The abdomen of hendersoni is 
smoother and less hairy. In Friese’s tables of Palearctic 
Osmia both sexes run near O. angustula, but are quite 
distinct from that species. Also on Nebraska Hill, above 
timber-line, but not on a flower, Mr. Kenoyer took a male 
Osmia abnormis, Cresson. On Nebraska Hill, at Saliz, 
100 feet below timber-line, Mr. Kenoyer took /Zalictus 
sisymbii, Ckll. 


. 


Records of Bees. 485 


Prosopis personatella, sp. n. 


? .—Length about 5°5 mm. 

Head, thorax, and abdomen entirely black, without light 
markings ; flagellum dull ferruginous beneath ; head broad ; 
front and vertex dull and very finely punctured, but region 
behind tips of eyes shining; mesothorax dullish, extremely 
minutely and closely punctured ; scutellum broad and flat, 
shining, the punctures distinctly separated ; metathorax dull, 
the area roughened; tegule black. Wings very ample, clear 
hyaline, nervures and stigma piceous ; second s.m. large and 
long. Legs black, the hind tibize with rather more than the 
basal fourth cream-coloured. Abdomen shining, first segment 
with very minute, widely separated punctures, second micro- 
scopically lineolate. Under the compound microscope the 
base of metathorax appears cancellate. 

Hab. Corona, Colorado, above timber-line, at flowers of 
Erigeron pinnatisectus, July (LL. A. Kenoyer). 

Readily known by the entirely black face, combined with 
the rather small size and ordinary antenne. It has some 
superficial resemblance to the smaller P. sanicule, Rob. At 
the same place and flowers Mr. Kenoyer took a male which 
I referred to P. coloradensis, Ukll., for, although it looks a 
little different from typiéal specimens of that species, there is 
nothing tangible on which to separate it. The female 
described above differs from coloradensis (tuertonis, CklIl.) 
not only by its black face, but also by the long second s.m. 
The mesothorax of tuertonis is much more deeply and strongly 
punctured. It therefore seems that we have to do with a 
distinct species, not a variety of coloradensis, and that the 
male coloradensis is not conspecific. 


Prosopis vartjrons, Cresson. 

Females from Florissant and Boulder, Colorado, are recog- 
nizabie by their relatively large size; lateral face-marks 
ending about the level of antennz, where they are very 
obliquely truncate (approaching the form of those in the 
male); first abdominal segment very smooth and shining, 
second finely and distinctly punctured, in complete contrast. 
Metz (Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. xxxvii. pl. ix. fig. 130) figures 
as female varifrons an unusual variety or some other species. 
P. subtristis, Swenk. & CkIl., appears to be a race of vari- 
frons, as was suggested in the original description. Metz, 
who makes subéristis a variety of P. episcopalis, Ckll., 


486 Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell—Descriptions and 


remarks that some of the species cannot be distinguished 
from P, varifrons. The male which Metz refers to P. sub- 
trists, of which I have an example determined by Metz 
(Ormsby County, Nevada, July, Baker), is quite distinct, 
aud is really related to P. episcopalis, having the yellow 
markings reduced and the lateral face-marks much narrower 
above. It is P. universitatis, Ckll., which Metz remarks “ is 
probably the variety subtristis.” 


Prosopis luzonica, Cockerell. 

3g —Length about 7 mm. 

Black, with broad transverse mark on lower margin of 
clypeus, lateral face-marks (rather narrow, notched at an- 
tennal sockets, and ending narrowly on orbital margin below 
level of middle of front), interrupted line on prothorax, spots 
on tubercles and tegule, anterior tibize in front, middle tibie 
at extreme base, rather more than basal third of hind tibie, 
and all the basitarsi yellow ; flagellum long, the apical part 
ferruginous beneath. 

Hab. Mt. Banahao, Philippine Is. (Baker coll. 3664). 


The species was described from a female. 


Prosopis mindanensis, sp. 1. 

g¢ .—Length about 6°5 mm. 

Black, with a large triangular mark on lower part of 
clypeus, lateral face-marks (shaped like feet on tip-toe, broadly 
truncate at about level of middle of supraclypeal area, but 
continued narrowly a short distance up orbital margin), small 
stripe on scape, interrupted line on prothorax, tubercles, spot 
on tegule, anterior tibia in front, and bases of middle and 
hind tibiz yellow ; anterior tarsi ferruginous, the small joints 
dusky, the other tarsi black ; face rather long and narrow ; 
antenne short for a male, reaching about to level of tubercles, 
third and fourth joints very short, flagellum obscure reddish 
beneath ; mesothorax rather strongly and extremely densely 
punctured ; area of metathorax coarsely wrinkled. Wings 
greyish hyaline ; first r.n. meeting first t.-c.; second s.m. 
Jonger than high; first abdominal segment shining, with 
extremely fine punctures; the other segments also very 
finely punctured, without any distinct hair-bands or patches ; 
stipites long and spine-like. 

Hab. Dapitan, Mindanao (Baker coll. 3663). 

Resembles P. palavanica, Ckll., but is distinguished by 
the shorter antenne, yellow bases of middle and hind tibie, 
broader abdomen, &c. Among the continental Asiatic species 
it is related to P. feat, Vachal. 


s 
¥ 
i 


Records of Bees. AST 


Apis indica nigrocincta (Smith). 


Dapitan, Mindanao (Baker coll. 3660). 
This agrees with a Chinese specimen from Smith’s 
collection, 


Xylocopa fuliginata, Pérez. 
A new locality is Mt. Makiling, Luzon (Baker coll. 5233). 


Mesotrichia bombiformis (Smith). 


Baguio, Benguet (Baker coll. 4995). From the same 
locality comes a female Xylocopa fuliginata (Baker coll. 
4994). 


Nomioides valde, sp. n. 


3 .—Length about 4 mm. 

Head and thorax dark steel-blue, abdomen black ; clypeus, 
labrum, end of mandibles, broad but short stripe on scape, 
tubercles (with extension on sides of prothoracic margin), 
knees (the anterior broadly), tibie (except large dark mark 
on hind pair), and tarsi yellow ; abdomen with rather narrow 
interrupted yellow bands at bases of second and third seg- 
ments; front dull; mesothorax and scutellum_ brilliantly 
shining. Wings hyaline, nervures and stigma dilute sepia, 
second s.m. very small. 

Variety a.—Abdomen with interrupted band only on third 
segment, and this may be nearly obsolete. 

Hab. Cagayan, Mindanao (Baker coll. 3670). 

Named after Julian Valdez, Professor Baker’s collector. 
Very close to the Australian NV. perditellus, Ckll., but differs 
by the much broader head, base of mandibles black, and 
much darker flagellum. The third antennal joint is not 
about twice as broad as long, as it isin male perditellus. The 
wings are not clear white, as they are in the Huropean 
N. variegatus (Oliv.). 


Nomioides melanogaster, sp. n. 


6 .—Length 4°5-5°5 mm. 

Head and thorax steel-blue ; abdomen broad, black, without 
markings, the first segment variably blaish ; clypeus (except 
two rather large black spots), labrum, most of apical half of 
mandibles, margin of tubercles, knees, anterior tibiz in front, 
and all the tarsi yellow ; head broad ; clypeus small, sparsely 
punctured ; antennz long, flagellum dark, very obscurely 
brownish beneath ; sides of tace greenish ; front blackish, 


488 Descriptions and Records of Bees. 


entirely dull ; mesothorax and scutellum smooth and shining; 
area of metathorax large, dull, and granular, with the apical 
margin shining ; tegule dark brown. Wings hyaline, stigma 
and nervures dilute brown. Abdomen shining. 

Hab. Dapitan, Mindanao (Baker coll. 3162). 

Allied to V. valdezi, but easily known by the larger size, 


dark tibixw, &e. 
Megachile albobarbata, sp. n. 


¢.—Length about 9 mm. 

Black, the head and thorax with black and white hair ; 
abdomen densely covered dorsally with bright red (colour of 
red lead) tomentum, except the basal part of first segment 
(which is bare) and the caudal keel (which is broadly 
rounded, slightly emarginate in middle) ; head broad ; clypeus 
shining, strongly punctured, the lower margin heavily and 
regularly fringed with white hair; under side of head with 
long white hair ; sides of face with black hair, white hair 
between antenne, black hair on vertex and sides and upper 
part of front; region behind ocelli broad, shining, with 
scattered large punctures; antennze very long and slender, 
black ; mesothorax shining, with well-separated distinct 
punctures ; scutellum coarsely and more closely punctured ; 
area of metathorax with a series of fine plice forming a 
transverse line near the base; dorsum of thorax with thin 
black hair, but anteriorly and posteriorly and on sides it is 
white; hind corners of mesothorax tutted with white hair; 
tegule black. Wings fuliginous. Anterior coxz spined ; 
anterior tarsi simple ; hind tarsi long ; hair of legs pale. 

flab. Dapitan, Mindanao (Baker coll. 3673). 

Allied to J. mystacca (Fb.) from Australia, but smaller 
and with different sculpture. ‘There is a general resemblance 
to M. malayana, Cameron. 


Halictus taclobanensis, sp. n. 


? .—Length nearly 6 mm. 

Robust, golden green ; pubescence scanty, tinged with 
ochreous, that at apex of abdomen warm pale ochreous ; 
mandibles broadly red in middle; basal half of the slender 
scape red, antennee otherwise dark, the flagellum reddish at 
tip; basal part of legs green, but knees, tibie, and tarsi 
bright ferruginous, the hind basitarsi with a dusky stain; 
tegule pale testaceous. Wings clear hyaline, nervures and 
stigma dilute reddish, outer r. n. and t.-c. very weak, first r.n. 
meeting second t.-c; third s.m. narrow (short), smaller than 


“My 
y 


Mr. W. L. Distant’s Rhynchotal Notes. 489 


second. Head broad, brassy green, densely rugoso-punctate, 
the clypeus with strong separate punctures ; mesothorax 
golden-green, very densely punctured ; scutellum blue-green, 
polished, the punctures small and weak ; area of metathorax 
golden-green, very coarsely irregularly reticulate. Abdomen 
golden-green, smooth and polished, without distinct punctures, 
hind margins of segments not darkened ; venter with a long 
curled scopa on second and third segments; hind spur much 
shorter than its mate, and furnished with three long blunt 
spines and a rounded lobe beyond. 
- Hab. Yacloban, Leyte, Philippine Is. (Baker coll. 3672). 

Resembles H. testaceipes, Friese, from Java, but the abdo- 

minal segments are not dark-bordered, the femora are less 


red, &c. 
Sphecodes bakeri, sp. n. 


2 .—Length 7°5 mm. 

Black, with the abdomen red, the apical part more or less 
dusky, but not black; small joints of tarsi obscure reddish ; 
head much broader than long, eyes very prominent; man- 
dibles falciform, bidentate, the apical part obscure red ; 
clypeus densely punctured ; antenne black, third joint very 
short; mesothorax coarsely and extremely densely punctured ; 
area of metathorax coarsely ridged, divided into two rows of 
large shining hollows, with a transverse ridge between them ; 
hair of head, thorax, and legs white ; tegule piceous, with a 
hyaline spot. Wings dilute fuliginous; second s.m. very 
high and narrow, receiving first r.n. a little before its end. 
Abdomen shining, impunctate; apex dark. 

Hab. Dapitan, Mindanao (Baker coll. 8662). 

Distinct from the species described from Java by the black 
legs and red abdomen ; not very close to the species of India 
or Formosa. Genus new to Philippine Islands. 


LVII1.—Rhynchotal Notes—LVII. By W. L. Distant. 


HOMOPTERA. 
Fam. Membracidz (continued from p. 328). 
Division GARGARARIA. 
Gargara addahensis, sp. n. 


Head, pronotum, and body beneath black ; femora black, 
their apices and the tibiw and tarsi testaceous; tegmina 


490 Mr. W. L. Distant’s Rhynchotal Notes. 


greyish white, their basal areas black, a narrow transverse 
tuscous fascia before apex and the extreme apical margin 
palely of the same colour ; lateral areas of sternum greyishly 
tomentose ; pronotum thickly punctate, sparingly shortly 
pilose, the lateral angles subprominent, the posterior process 
broad, robust, its apex subacute and reaching the posterior 
angle of the inner tegminal margin ; basal teyminal dark area 
punctate. 

Long. 3 mm.; breadth lat. pronot. ang]. 2 mm. 

Hab. W. Africa; Addab, Gold Coast (H. T. Palmer, 
Brit. Mus.). 

A short, broad, and very robust species. 


Gargara fraterna, sp. 0. 


Pronotum and legs pale chestnut-brown; face black, 
thickly, finely, palely pilose ; tegmina pale chestnut-brown 
with pale greyish suffusions, principally appearing as a 
transverse fascia near base and small elongate spots on apical 
area, the apical margin also distinctly paler ; body beneath 
greyishly pilose, a greyish-white spot at each basal angle of 
the posterior pronotal process ; pronotum thickly finely punc- 
tate and obscurely pilose, the lateral angles subprominent, 
with a strong percurrent central longitudinal ridge, posterior 
pronotal process broad and robust, distinctly centrally con- 
cavely sinuate, its apex black, subacute, and recurved down- 
wardly, slightly passing the posterior angle of the inner 
tegminal margin. 

Long. 3 mm. ; breadth lat. pronot. angl. 2 mm. 

Hab. W. Africa; Addah, Gold Coast (4. 7. Palmer, 
Brit. Mus.). 

Allied to the preceding species, but, apart from its different 
colour and markings, the posterior pronotal process is a little 
longer and more concavely sinuate. 


Gargara perpolita, sp. n. 

Head, pronotum, and legs black; tegmina greyish white, 
about basal fourth black and apical third purplish black ; 
abdomen beneath greyish white, with the segmental margins 
black ; pronotum thickly, somewhat coarsely punctate, 
ceutrally, percurrently, longitudinally ridged, the lateral 
angles subprominent, the posterior pronotal process broad, 
robust, almost straight above, the apex subacute, a little 
recurved and distinctly passing the posterior angle of the 
inner tegminal margin. 

Long. 3-4 mm.; breadth lat. pronot. angl. 24-3 mm. 


Mr. W. L, Distant’s Rhynchotal Notes. 491 


Hab. Uganda Prot.; Budongo Forest, Unyoro, 3400 ft. 
(S. A. Neave). 

Var.—The apical third dark area of the tegmina appearing 
only as two united transverse fasciz. 

Hab. Uganda Prot.; Mpanga Forest, Toro, 400-800 ft. 
(S. A. Neave). 


Gargara wnea, sp. 1. 


Head, pronotum, and legs black; body beneath black, 
obscurely, shortly pilose; tegmina bronzy brown, the basal 
area, narrow costal margin, apical margin and apical area of 
inner tegminal margin, black or piceous, in some specimens 
a subapical spot ot the same colour ; pronotum thickly punc- 
tate, the central, longitudinal, percurrent carination more 
pronounced on the posterior process, which is very slightly 
sinuate, its apex obtusely acute and reaching the posterior 
angle of the inner tegminal margin, lateral angles subpromi- 
nent ; dark basal area of tegmina punctate. 

Long. 6 mm.; breadth lat. pronot. ang]. 35 mm. 

Hab. Uganda Prot. ; Entebbe and Bodongo Forest, Un- 
yoro, 3400 ft. (S, A. Neave). 


Gargara aterrima, sp. 0. 


Head, pronotum, body beneath, and legs shining black ; 
tegmina black, the apical area more or less pale bronzy 
brown; pronotum thickly, coarsely punctate, somewhat 
faintly, longitudinally, percurrently carinate, the posterior 
pronotal process broad and robust, strongly tricarinate, the 
apex obtusely acute and reaching the posterior angle of the 
inner tegminal margin; this process is nearly straight, 
scarcely at all sinuate, strongly ridged above, and declivous 
on each side. 

Var.—Tegmina totally black with the exception of a 
narrow transverse ochraceous fascia near base. 

Long. 6 mm. ; breadth lat. pronot. angl. 25 mm. 

Hab. Uganda Prot.; Budongo Forest, Unyoro, 3000- 
4000 ft. (S. A. Neave); Buamba Forest, Semliki Valley, 
2300-2800 ft. (S. A. Neave); Mabira Forest, Chagwe 
(C. C. Gowdey). 

The typical specimens were received from Mr. Neave, the 
varietal form (one) from Mr. Gowdey. 


Gargara asperula. 
Centrotus asperulus, Walk, List Hom., Suppl. p. 162 (1858). 
Hlab. Sierra Leone. 


492 Mr. W. L. Distant’s Rhynchotal Notes. 


Gargara semifascia. 
Centrotus semifascia, Walk. Journ. Linn. Soce., Zool. i. p. 94 (1857). 


Hab, Malacca, Borneo. 


Gargara semivitrea. 
Centrotus semivitreus, Walk. Journ, Linn. Soc., Zool. i. p. 94 (1857). 


Hab. Singapore. 


Gargara minuscula. 
Centrotus minusculus, Walk. Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool. x. p. 191 (1868). 


Hab. Mysol. 


Gargara biplaga. 
Centrotus biplaga, Walk. Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool. x. p. 191 (1868). 
Hab. Celebes. 


Gargara venosa. 
Centrotus venosus, Walk. Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool. x. p. 189 (1868). 


Hlab. Tondano. 


Gargara consocia. 
Centrotus consocius, Walk. Journ. Linn, Soc., Zool. i. p. 164 (1857). 


Hab. Borneo. 


Uroxiphus simplex. 
Centrotus simplex, Walk. Insect. Saund., Homopt. p. 78 (1858). 


S. Africa. 


Terentius rolandi, sp. n. 


Head, pronotum, and body beneath black, legs piceous 
(face mutilated in unique type) ; tegmina shining ochraceous, 
the apical area shining, brilliant castaneous, base, costal area, 
and very narrow apical margin black; pronotum thickly, 
coarsely punctate, centrally, percurrently, longitudinally 
carinate, the carination somewhat faint en anterior area and 
more pronounced on the posterior process, which is apically 
attenuated, its extreme apex acute, and passing the posterior 
angle of the inner tegminal margin ; tibize distinctly pilose ; 
lateral areas of the sternum greyishly tomentose. 

Long. 8 mm. ; breadth lat. pronot. angl.4 mm. . 

Hab. N. Queensland; Kuranda, 1-100 ft. (#. £. Turner). 


Mr. W. L. Distant’s Rhynchotal Notes. 493 


Terentius punctatissimus. 


Terentius punctatissimus, Stal, Gifv, Vet.-Ak. Férh. 1869, p. 286. 
Centrotus spissus, Walk. MS. 
Centrotus pictipennis, Walk. MS. 


Hab. New Guinea (Wallace) ; Batchian (Doherty) ; 
Dorey (Wallace). 

Two specimens in the British Museum are labelled C. 
spissus and C. pictipennis, Walk., but I cannot trace any 
description of the species. 


Terentius retractus. 
Centrotus retractus, Walk. Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool. x. p. 190 (1868), 


Morty ( Wallace). 


Terentius conterminus. 


Centrotus conterminus, Walk. Journ, Linn, Soc., Zool, x. p. 190 (1868), 
Centrotus curtulus, Walk. loc. cit. p. 190 (1868). 


Aru (Wallace). 


Terentius reductus. 
Centrotus reductus, Walk. Journ, Linn. Soe., Zool. x. p. 190 (1868). 


New Guinea (Wallace). 


Terentius nubifasciatus. 
Centrotus nubifascia, Walk. Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool. x. p. 191 (1868). 


New Guinea. 


Terentius densus. 
Centrotus densus, Walk. Journ, Linn, Soc., Zool. x. p. 189 (1868). 


New Guinea. 

Under the too all-embracing genus Centrotus, as used by 
Walker, that writer described two species under the name of 
C. densus—one the above, and another from Borneo (Journ. 
Linn. Soc., Zool. i. p. 163, 1867). As these two species 
belong to different genera, both names are available. 


TIBERIANUS, gen. nov. 


Pronotum anteriorly gibbous and rounded, its frontal area 
somewhat truncate and a little inclined inwardly, strongly, 
ceutrally, longitudinally, percurrently carinate, the anterior 


494 Mr. W. L. Distant’s 2?hynchotal Notes. 


area with a strong carination on each side of the central 
one and parallel with it, the posterior process only slightly 
elevated above the scutellum, moderately slender and im- 
pinging on the tegmina, the apex subacute, and reaching or 
passing the posterior angle of the inner tegminal margin ; 
legs moderately robust but not dilated ; tegmina with four 
apical and two discoidal cellular areas. 

This genus is to be recognized by the tricarinate surface of 
the anterior disk of the pronotum combined with its unarmed 
lateral angles. 


Tiberianus typicus, sp. n. 


Pronotum testaceous, its disk and the posterior process 
more or less piceous ; face testaceous, thickly, finely, palely 
pilose ; legs and abdomen beneath testaceous, the sternum 
more piceous; tegmina subhyaline, wrinkled, the base nar- 
rowly testaceous or piceous, the costal margin testaceous, the 
venation pale fuscous ; pronotum finely pilose and punctate, 
the pronotal ridges very prominent; other structural cha- 
racters as in generic diagnosis. 

Long. 4 mm.; breadth lat. pronot. ang]. 2} mm. 

Hab. 8.F. Rhodesia; Umtali, 3700 ft. (G. A. K. Mar- 
shall), 


Tiberianus bulbac-us, sp. 0. 


Head, pronotum, and legs fuscous-brown ;_ tarsi ochra- 
ceous ; tegmina subhyaline, wrinkled, the base fuscous- 
brown margined outwardly with an obscure pale ochraceous 
macular fascia, costal area more or less shaded with fuscous- 
brown, the venation concolorous, very obscurely and finely 
speckled with fuscous-brown; pronotum thickly punctate, 
very obseurely pilose, centrally, longitudinally, moderately, 
percurrently carinate, the discal area tricarinate, the lateral 
carinations parallel to the central one, the lateral angles 
subprominent, the posterior process tricarinate, its apex sub- 
acute and distinctly passing the posterior angle of the inner 
tegminal margin. 

Long. 5 mm.; breadth lat. pronot. ang]. 2} mm. 


Hab. Cape Colony ; Stellenbosch (G. A. K. Marshall). 


Demanga deflectens, sp. n. 


Head, pronotum, and scutellum shining black; face more 
or less and base of scutellum thickly ochraceously pilose ; 
legs black; lateral areas of sternum ochraceously pilose ; 


Mr. W. L. Distant’s RAynchotal Notes. 495 


tegmina bronzy brown, extreme basal area black, narrow 
costal area piceous, black at base, immediately beyond the 
black basal area a macular transverse pale ochraceous fascia ; 
ocelli about as far from eyes as from each other; face very 
strongly deflected ; pronotum unarmed, coarsely punctate, 
the disk elevated, posterior process somewhat slender, strongly 
tricarinate, at a distance from scutellum, straightly obliquely 
deflected from near base, and impinging on inner margin of 
tegmina near its posterior angle; scutellum with the apex 
upwardly recurved. 

Long. 64 mm. ; breadth lat. pronot. angl. 3 mm. 

Hab. Brit. E. Africa ; Ngare Narok, 12,000-13,000 ft. 
(Capt. A. O. Luckman) ; W. slopes of Kenya, on Meru- 
Nyeri Rd., 6000-8500 ft. (S.A. Neave). German E. Africa ; 
Rnanda Distr. (Dr. C. K. Marshall). 

The genus Demanga was founded for the reception of an 
Indian species ; it is now also found to be represented in the 
Ethiopian Region. 


PROMITOR, gen. nov. 


Pronotum elevated, practically unarmed, strongly cen- 
trally longitudinally carinate, on each side near base an 
irregnlar foveate spot, the margin of which is strongly irregu- 
larly ridged, the posterior process robustly recurved to apex 
of scutellum, after which the apical area is slender, linear, 
and upwardly and backwardly recurved, the lateral pronotal 
angles shortly and obsoletely subacute. 

Allied to the Oriental genus Coccosterphus, Stal, but 
differing in the entirely divergent structure of the posterior 
pronotal process, the completely visible scutellum, &c. 


Promitor nominatus, sp. n. 


Head fuscous-brown ; pronotum pale ochraceous ; legs 
pale brown, the apices of the femora and the whole of the 
tarsi ochraceous ; body beneath fuscous-brown; tegmina 
subhyaline, wrinkled, the base, a subcentral fascia, a more 
oblique subapical fascia, and some irregular apical spots 
fuscous-brown ; pronotum thickly coarsely punctate, the 
posterior process robustly recurved to apex of scutellum, after 
which the apical area is slender, linear, and upwardly and 
backwardly recurved, about or alino-t reaching the posterior 
angle of the inner tegminal margin; face moderately 
deflected. 

Long. 5 mm.; breadth lat. pronot. ang]. 24 mm. 

Hab. Natal (Brit. Mus.) ; mouth of Umkomaas River 
(G. A. K. Marshall). 


496 Mr. G. C. Robson on the 


UMFILIANUS, gen. nov. 


Pronotum elevated, the front oblique, the posterior process 
moderately slender, tricarinate, convex at base, well separated 
from scutellum (which is quite exposed and about as long as 
broad), its apical area impinging on the tegminal suture and 
the apex about reaching the inner tegminal margin, lateral 
angles subprominent; ocelli almost as far apart from each 
other as from eyes ; face a little concavely declivous ; legs 
simple; tegmina with four apical areas. 

By the shape and direction of the posterior pronotal pro- 
cess resembling the genus Jndicopleustes, Dist., but altogether 
removed from the division in which that genus is located by 
the absence of lateral pronotal processes. 


Umyilianus declivis, sp. n. 


Head and pronotum black; legs black or piceous; body 
beneath black or piceous, the abdominal segmental margins 
ochraceous ; tegmina subhyaline, wrinkled, base and sub- 
costal area obscurely ochraceous, the costal, subcostal, and 
apical veins black, the interiors of the basal cells also 
blackish ; scutellum about as long as broad, its apex and a 
small spot at each basal angle greyishly tomentose ; lateral 
areas of the sternum ochraceously tomentose; pronotum 
thickly finely punctate ; other structural characters as in 
generic diagnosis. 

Long. 6 mm.; breadth lat. pronot. angl. 3 mm. 


Hab. Mashonaland ; Umfili River (G. A. K. Marshall). 


LIX.—On the Extension of the Range of the American 
Slipper-Limpet on the East Coast of England. By G. C. 
Rosson, B.A. 


(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.) 


Recorp of the progress of the American slipper-limpet 
(Crepidula fornicata) in its invasion of the English coastal 
waters was brought up to date by Orton (1) when he described 
its occurrence at Emsworth, in Hampshire. This gave the 
animal a range from Mersea Island (Kssex) to Hampshire, 
with a secondary area of distribution (apparently quite dis- 
connected with the S.E. one) on the Lincolnshire and York-— 
shire coast (discussed by Murie (2)). In the summer of the — 


American. Slipper-Limpet. 497 


present year the westward range was extended by the dis- 
covery by Col. Worthington Wilmer of shells of the species 
at Ryde (Isle of Wight). 

Hitherto no records have been forthcoming of the extension 
of the animal’s range up the East Coast from the Colne 
estuary. However, in September of the present year I 
received a number of shells of the species from Miss B. 
Nicholson, who had found them on the beach at Frinton-on- 
Sea (Essex). Miss Nicholson informs me that she found the 
same form at Frinton in 1914, only in far less quantity than 
in the present year. 

Having some knowledge of the features of the N. Essex 
coastal waters, I thought it would be interesting to follow 
Miss Nicholson’s discovery up. I accordingly communicated 
with persons at Walton-on-Naze, Dovercourt, and Woodbridge 
Haven, and, as a result, found that Crepidula fornicata has 
established itself all along the Essex and Suffolk coast from 
Frinton to the mouth of the River Deben (Woodbridge 
Haven). I hope that field-naturalists will follow up this 
clue and attempt to determine its present range and record 
its further progress. 

A few remarks upon the method by which this species is 
extending its range may be offered at this point. In the 
first place, itis highly probable that the extension up the Essex 
coast from Mersea Island and the mouth of the Colne River, 
at least along the Clacton-Frinton coast-line, was effected by 
the free-swimming larva. Orton has pointed out (3) that the 
spat of Crepidula can be caught upon floating rafts; so it is 
not impossible that the larvae might settle down upon the 
submerged and projecting parts or tackle of a coasting vessel 
plying between the places involved, just as they settled downon 
the raft in the experiment described by Orton. But, owing to 
the excessive shallowness of the water off Frinton, no coasting 
vessels call there. It is just possible that yachts that lie up 
at Brightlingsea during part of the year, and during the rest 
are used off the coast, may have carried spat about with 
them, but the number of such yachts that visit Frinton is 
very small. With regard to the extension of range to Dover- 
court and the Suffolk coast, it is possible that a small coaster 
or sea-going wherry may have acted as the disseminating 
agent, carrying the spat from the Colne estuary to Harwich 
and Woodbridge Haven (the latter being accessible to 
coasting traffic). Dovercourt, on the other hand, is not visited 
by coasting traffic for the same reason as Frinton is not. On 
the other hand, the animal may be effecting its extension of 
range entirely in the larval (free-swimming) stage. In this 


Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. &. Vol. xvi. 35 


498 On the American Slipper-Limpet. 


ease it would be, on the whole, favoured by the tidal stream 
(ef. Orton (7)). According to information kindly supplied by 
the Hydrographical Department of the Admiralty, the tidal 
stream runs from Orfordness to Harwich nearly parallel to the 
coast S.W. on the flood, turns W.S.W. across the shoals into 
Harwich Harbour, 8. off the Naze, S.W. off Frinton, and 
W. by N. off the Wallet into the Blackwater River. On 
the ebb the above bearings are all approximately reversed, 
Further, the ebb or N.E. going tide is slightly stronger than 
the flood—a fact which would tend to favour the spread of 
the larvee up the coast northwards. Dr. Fowler informs me 
that the general normal drift (resultant of tide+wind+ 
current) is south-westerly. As Lo Bianco has pointed out (4), 
the annual distribution of plankton is very much affected 
by drift-currents (those produced by wind), so we cannot 
afford to neglect this factor (see below). 

Noith of the Naze the Essex coast is indented by an irre- 
gularly-shaped arm of the sea, several miles in area, and 
consisting of sands uncovered at low tide, saltings and channels 
of various width meandering among sand and mud-flats. 
It would be extremely interesting to discover if Crepidula 
jornicata has spread round this maze of channels and flats and 
reached the Dovercourt coast by this route, or whether, as is 
more prubable, it isabsent from this area, having been carried 
across to the opposite coast direct by the tidal stream. 

In any case, whether Crepidula fornicata is extending its 
range by natural transit or as a ‘ stowaway” on coasting 
vessels and yachts, the alternatives are sufficiently interesting 
to warrant discussion. It should be pointed out that, if 
the first method is the one responsible, the progress must 
be slow, as the balance in favour of the N.E. going ebb is 


not very great, the extreme rates of the ebb and flow being 
as follows * :— 


Knots. 
Ebb (N.E.) 3 hours after H.W. Dover...... 08 to 1:9 
a eG; P| 5 pee Ce 0-7 to 16 
Flood (S.W.) 4 hours before H.W. Dover .. 0:1 to 17 
DB M5y ” ” .» £0 tomer, 


According to Orton (5) the spawning-period of C. fornicata 
extends from March to November, the veligers swimming 
free for about two weeks (Conklin (6)). Larve are thus 
practically certain to be present in the plankton during April, 
in which month, according to information kindly given me 


* At the Cork Light off Harwich, 


On the Periproctal Plates of Discoidea cylindrica. 499 


by Commander Campbell Hepworth, the wind on this coast 
varies from S.W. to N.W. We have thus a period during 
which the drift-currents will accelerate the N.E. going ebb 
and favour the northward dispersal of the larve. 


WorKS QUOTED. 


(1) Orton, J. H. Proc. Malacological Soe. xi. 4, 19145, p. 190. 

(2) Murr, J. ‘The Zoologist,’ no. 845, November 1911. 

(3) Orton, J. H. Journ. Marine Biol. Assoc. x. 2, 1914, p. 320, 

(4) Lo Branco, S. Mitth. Zool. Station zu Neapel, 19 Bd. 4 Hft. 1909, 
. 527. 

(5) Orton, J. H. Journ. Marine Biol. Assoc. ix. 3, 1912, p. 439. 

(6) Conxiry, E.G. Journ. Morphology, xiii. 1897, p. 19. 

(7) Orron, J. H. Trans. Plymouth Inst. xy. 4, 1915, p. 250, 


LX.—On the Periproctal Plates of Discoidea cylindrica 
(Lamarck). By Freperick J. Norru, B.Sc., F.G.S., 
Assistant Keeper, Geological Department, National Mu- 
seum of Wales. 


THE periproct in fossil echinoids belonging to the Exocycloida 
usually appears as an open hole in the posterior interambu- 
lacrum, the plates which covered it during life being lost 
as a result of the decomposition of the membrane which held 
them together. This is not to be wondered at when the large 
size (in many genera) and the exposed position of the peri- 
proct are considered. Occasionally, however, the periproct 
is seen to be covered by a mosaic of plates surrounding the 
very small anal aperture ; but this is so rare an occurrence 
that little or nothing is known concerning the periproctal 
system of many genera. It therefore seems desirable that 
any such occurrence should be recorded, especially as the 
few instances that are known suggest that the system is of 
taxonomic value. 

The following is an account of the plates as seen in a 
specimen of Discoidea cylindrica (Lamarck) from the Upper 
Chalk of Swaffham, Norfolk, and now in the Geological 
Department of the National Museum of Wales (reg, no, 
152,156. G:; 8). 

The specimen in question has a small, almost hemispherical 
test, the shape and proportions of which are indicated by the 
plan and profile (text-tig., B& A). The periproct, which 
occupies a position on the adoral surface rather nearer to the 
anbitus than to the mouth-opening, is oval in shape, rounded 

35* 


500 Mr. F. J. North on the 


adorally, and acuminated adapically. It is 4mm. long and — 
2°75 mm. wide. “a 

The anal aperture, which is rather less than 0°5 mm. in 
diameter, is situated on the adoral half of the long axis 
of the periproct, and since the whole system is adapically 
situated, the anus is just midway between the ambitus and 
the oral opening. It is raised slightly above the plane of the 


A, B, C, D. Discoidea cylindrica (Lamarck), Upper Chalk, Swaffham, 
Norfolk. In Geol. Dept., National Museum of Wales. 
Reg. no. 15, 156, G. 8. 
A. Profile (py, periproctal system), nat. size. 
B. Plan of adoral surface (m, mouth-opening), nat, size. 
C. Periproctal plates, x 12. 
D. Ditto, side view (a, anal aperture), x 12. 


E. Periproctal Satie of Discoidea minima, Agassiz, enlarged (after 
right). 


adoral surface of the test, and is surrounded by the peri- 
proctal plates, which slope from it in all directions, giving 
the whole system the appearance of a low boss (text-fig., A p 
& D). . 

The periproctal plates are nineteen in number, arranged 
in two cycles of nine plates each, with one odd pentagonal 


es 


Periproctal Plates of Discoidea cylindrica. 501 
plate adjacent to the anus. The plates of the outer ring are 
larger than those of the inner ring, the largest being the 
unpaired lozengesshaped plate at the adapical end of the 
system. The unpaired plate of the inner cycle, which 
resembles in shape, but is smaller than, the unpaired plate 
of the outer cyele, is situated adorally. None of the plates 
bear primary tubercles, but miliary granules occur on most 
of them ; probably all were originally so granulated, the 
granules, which are necessarily very small, having been 
obliterated during the cleaning of the specimen. 

The periproctal system of the specimen under consideration 
differs in certain important respects from that of Discoidea 
minima, Agassiz, which was described and figured by 
Osticnu *, and copied by Wright f ; it also does nor conform 
to the generalized account for the genus Discoidea given by 
Mr. Hawkins { ; this is, however, accounted for by the fact 
that, at the time of writing, that author had not had the 
opportunity of examining the periproctals of D. cylindrica. 
From D. minima the specimen described differs in having 
a larger number of periproctal plates, none of which bear 
tubercles, and in the absence of any conspicuously large 
plate corresponding with the adoral plate of D. minima. In 
the latter the outer cycle has eight and the inner cycle only 
two plates, nearly half the total area of the periproct being 
occupied by one plate. Further, the anus is situated ad- 
apically, instead of adorally as in D. cylindrica. 

No specimen of D. cylindrica of the elevated hemispherico- 
cylindrical type, in which the periproctals are preserved, has 
come under the notice of the writer, but, taking the specimen 
here described as representative of the large Discoidew, and 
D. minima as representative of the series of small species, 
including D. subuculus (Klein), the nature of the periproctal 
mosaic seems to be a further item of evidence favouring the 


_ separation of the two series. 


Other genera in which the periproctal plates bear some 
resemblance to those of Discoidea are Canholectypus and 
LEchinoneus, both of which, however, have more plates and do 
not possess the bilateral symmetry characteristic of Discoidea. 


* Cotteau, Pal. Frangaise, tom. vii. (1866) pl. 1012. 

5 game Wright, “ Cretaceous Echinodermata,” Mon. Pal. Soe. vol. 
(1873) p. 219, pl. xlvii. fig. 4 h. 

nN si Br Hawkins, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1912, p. 467. 


502 Mr. F. W. Edwards on Three new Species of 


LXI.—Three new Species of the Dipterous Genus Olbio- 
gaster, O.-S., in the British Museum Collection. By 
F. W. Epwarps, B.A., F.E.S. 


(Published by permission of the Trustees of the British Museum.) 


THE genus Olbiogaster was founded by Osten-Sacken in 1886 
(Biologia Centrali-Americana, Diptera, vol. i. p. 20) for an 
insect belonging to the family Rhyphide, of which he had 
seen specimens from Costa Rica and Porto Rico; at the 
same time he referred to the new genus Bellardi’s Rhyphus 
teniatus, described from Mexico. Townsend (Ann. & Mag. 
Nat. Hist. ser. 6, xx. p. 21, 1897) recorded another specimen 
of O. teniatus from Mexico; Williston in 1901 (Biologia 
Centr.-Amer., Dipt. vol. i. Suppl. p. 229, and pl. iv. fig. 6) 
described and figured another Mexican specimen ; and, finally, 
Enderlein in 1910 (Stett. ent. Zeit. vol. 1xxi. p. 65) described 
another species from South Brazil. 

It will thus be seen that the very few known specimens of 
this interesting genus were all obtained in the Neotropical 
region. The British Museum contains examples of two 
additional species from West Africa and Ceylon, and, as these 
specimens so greatly extend our knowledge of the geo- 
graphical range of the genus, it seems worth while to describe 
them. At the same time it may be desirable to give a name 
to the specimen figured by Williston and to call attention to 
some inaccuracies in his depiction of the wing-venation. 


1. Olbiogaster sackent, sp. n. (Williston MS.) 


This name is proposed for the above-mentioned specimen 
figured by Williston, who refrained from naming it himself 
as lhe was unable to compare it with the description of 
O. twniatus, Bellardi. According to this latter description 
there is a very marked difference in the coloration of the legs 
in the two specimens, and, while it is indeed possible that 
they represent merely varieties of oue species, it will, in view 
of this difference, be convenient to refer to Williston’s 
specimen under a separate name. The distinction is as 
follows :— 

U. teniatus, Bell. Legs black, the apex (parte antica) of 
the front femora, the front tibize, the base of the middle and 
hind tibize; and the apex of the hind femora yellow. | 

O. sackeni, sp. n. Legs yellow, the base of the four 
auterior femora, the whole of the hind femora, the extreme 


the Dipterous Genus Oibiogaster, O.-S. 503 


tip of the hind tibia and the distal joints of all the tarsi 
blackish. 

In Williston’s figure the vein R,,3; (second longitudinal) 
is represented as terminating in Kk, (first longitudinal) just 
before the tip of the latter, while Osten-Sacken describes both 
these veins as terminating in the same point in the costa, and 
presumably on this account he named his species O, cognatus. 
An examination of the types of the two species in the British 
Museum, however, shows that both these statements are 
incorrect ; in reality, Ry,3 terminates in the costa distinctly 
beyond the tip of Ry, as figured by Philippi in the nearly 
allied (and possibly identical) genus Lobogaster. Williston 
also incorrectly represents tlhe upper two of the three veins 
arising from the discal cell as springing from the same point, 
while he omits the M-Cu cross-vein, which is really quite 
distinct, and shows Cu, as being slightly arched upwards 
instead of downwards. All these points combine to give 
quite a wrong idea of the venation, which is really very 
little different from that of Lobogaster. Neither Osten- 
Sacken nor Williston mentions the fact that the costal vein, 
instead of terminating as in Rhyphus at the tip of Ry, 
(third longitudinal), extends about halfway from that point 
to the tip of My. 


2, Olbiogaster africanus, sp. n. 


3. Head: Vertex and occiput shining black, with some 
not very conspicuous black hair ; front shining black above, 
dull grey towards the antennz ; clypeus shining dark brown, 
lighter towards the eye-margins, with some dark hair. 
Ocelli close together in a nearly equilateral triangle. 
Antenne in both sexes nearly twice as long as the head and 
thorax combined, black, the two basal joints reddish yellow ; 
joints of flagellum about twice as long as broad, Palpi 
yellowish, the tip of the last joint dark. Thorax: Pro- 
thoracic lobes yellow ; mesothoracic scutum shining black, 
except for a narrow yellowish side margin extending from 
the humeral callus to the base of the wing, sparsely clothed 
with rather long whitish-yellow hair; scutellum and post- 
notum blackish. Pleuree shining dark brown, with a large 
shimmering grey patch. Abdomen black, somewhat shining, 
with narrow yellow apical margins to segments 1-5, which 
are narrowest in the middle; pubescence black, except on 
these yellow bands, where it is white. Segments 6 and 7 
are somewhat expanded and, like the genitalia, are entirely 
black. Legs; Coxe black, the front pair more or less 


\ 


504 On Three new Species of Olbiogaster, O.-8. 


yellow; femora yellow; tibia dark brown, with some 
slender short black bristles on the under sides, spurs yellow ; 
tarsi blackish. Wings practically hyaline, the stigma dark 
brown; venation as in O.sackeni. LHalteres with yellowish 
stem and dark knob. 

9. Resembles the male, except that the mesothoraci¢ 
scutum is brown in the middle; the yellow apical margins 
to the abdominal segments are obsolete, although the white 
pubescence is conspicuous; the abdomen is narrowed towards 
the tip instead of having segments 6 and 7 expanded. 

Length (without antenne) 7-8 mm. 

ASHANTI: 2 ¢ (including type), 2 9 from Obuasi, 7. vi., 
24. vi., 5.vii., and 1.x. 1907, caught on leaf and ov window 
(Dr. W. M. Graham). 3S. Nigerta: 1 &, Oshogbo, 
23. viii. 1910, in house (Dr. T. F. G. Mayer). 


3. Olbiogaster orientalis, sp. n. 


9. Head mainly yellow ; a large shining blackish-brown 
triangular spot on the vertex, with its apex extending down 
the front almost to the base of the antennae, and at the level 
of the ocelli connected with the eyes by a small projection 
on each side. Clypeus mainly occupied by a round black 
spot, the margin remaining yellow. Antenne with the two 
basal joints yellow, the next three black (remainder missing) ; 
first flageliar joint a little over twice, second and third three 
times as long as broad, with a very short black pubescence. 
Palpi and labella yellow. Thorax: Prothoracic lobes shining 
black, except on upper edge, which is yellow. Scutum 
mainly shining black; margin and a pair of humeral spots 
yellow; no long pubescence (possibly denuded) ; lighter 
brown areas in the middle and on the anterior part of the 
post-alar calli. Scutellum yellow. Postnotum biack, with 
some long pale hairs. Pleuree shining black, upper margin 
yellow, a whitish spot above the middle coxe. Abdomen : 
segments 1-5 blackish, with large yellow, basal, lateral spots 
which, except on the first segment, are triangular; sixth 
segment black, except that the posterior margin is narrowly 
white ; seventh segment and ovipositor yellow. Pubescence 
long and pale on the first segment, short on the remainder 
and of the same colour as the underlying integument. Legs : 
Front and middle coxz yellow ; hind coxe (which are dis- | 
tinctly the shortest) blackish. All the femora and the front 
tibize yellow ; the hind femora darkened at the tip; middle 
and hind tibiee dark brown, lighter towards the base; tarsi 


The Species described by Gray as Galidictis vittatus. 505 


blackish brown. Wings nearly hyaline; the apical third 
and the posterior margin slightly but distinctly infuscated ; 
stigma blackish; a brownish mark across the R—M cross- 
vein, and another at the tip of the discal cell. Venation as 
in O. sackeni, except that Cug is almost straight. 

Length (without antenne) 10 mm. 

Creyion: Pundaluoya, July 1897 (Z. EH. Green) ; a single 
female. 


LXIL.— The Name of the Species described by Gray as 
Galidictis vittatus. By R. I. Pocock, F’.R.S. 


IN my recent revision * of the species formerly referred to 
the genus Galidietis, | pointed out that the form described by 
Gray as G. vittata (P. Z. 8. 1848, p. 22) may be placed ina 
distinct genus, for which the name Mungotictis was proposed. 
At the same time | adopted for that animal the name vittata, 
or, rather, vittatus, given to it by Gray. Seiior A. Cabrera, 
of the Museo de Ciencias Naturales, Madrid, has, however, 
kindly written to inform me that that name is inadmissible, 
because in 1844 Schinz (Syst. Verz. Siting. i. p. 360) 
employed it for the species described and figured by I. Geoftroy 
as Galidictis striata (Mag. de Zool. 2ud ser. 1. 1839, pp. 32-33, 
pl. xviii.). Although, according to modern views, Schinz had 
no right to make this alteration, his action, nevertheless, invali- 
dated the use of vittata for a second species assigned to 
Galidictis ; and this conclusion is, of course, not in any way 
affected by the subsequent removal of vittatus, Gray, to the 
genus Mungotictis. 

I propose, therefore, to rename the species in question 
Mungotictis lineatus. 

Seiior Cabrera further points out to me, and quite rightly, 
that if, as I suggested, my Galidictis ornatus should prove by 
chance to be identical with the one to which I. Geoffroy gave 
the inadmissible name striata, then Schinz’s name vitiata 
must be adopted for that species. But the present state of 
our knowledge of G. vittata, Schinz (=striata, Geoffr.), 
makes such an identification impossible ; and unless 
Geoffroy’s specimen is still preserved in the Paris Museum, 
and shows the published differences between G. vittatus and 


* Ann, & Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) xvi. pp. 113-124 (Aug. 1915). 


506 Mr. G. Dollman on the African Shrews 


G. ornatus to be due to errors on the part of the describer 
and artist, the two forms must be regarded as distinct on the 
available evidence as to the constancy of the distinguishing 
characters relied upon. 

Since the synonymies of the three species above discussed 
are somewhat complicated, it may simplify matters to restate 
them briefly :— 


1. Mungotictis lineatus, nom. nov. 


Galidictis vittatus, Gray, P. Z. 8. 1848, p. 22. 

Mungotictis vittatus, Pocock, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) xvi. p. 121, | 
pl. vii. fig. 8 (1915). 

Nec Galidictis vittatus, Schinz, Syst. Verz. Siiug. i. p. 860 (1844), 


2. Galidictis vittatus, Schinz, Syst. Verz. Siug. i. p. 360 
(1844). 
Galidictis striata, Is. Geoffroy, Mag. de Zool. 2nd ser. i. pp. 32-83, 
pl. xviii. (1839). 
Nee Viverra striata, Desm. 1820 (= Galidictis fasciatus, Gmel., 1788). 


Described by Geoffroy as having five wide black bands 
and two smaller ones on the body, thus suggesting the 
presence of a broad median spinal stripe. The figure shows 
a median dorsal stripe and four on the side, one of them 
short. 


3. Galidictis ornatus, Pocock, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (8) 
Xvi. p. 118, pl. vii. fig. 2 (1915). 


With four black stripes on each side and no median dorsal 
stripe. 


LXIII.—On the African Shrews belonging to the Genus 
Crocidura.—VI. By Guy Doxtiman. 


(Continued from p. 389. } 


Group 17 (hildegardee). 


Size small. Colour above reddish or dark brown. Skulls rather flat. 
Second and third upper unicuspids about equal in size. 


(94) Crocidura maanje, Hell. ; 
Crocidura maanje, Heller, Smith, Misc. Coll. vol. lyi. no. 15, p.4 
(1910). | 
Allied to hildegardee, but distinguished by its darker 
colour, narrower skull, and rather heavier teeth. 
General proportions much as in hildegardee. 


belonging to the Grenus Crocidura. 507 


Colour of dorsal surface seal-brown, merging gradually 
on the sides into the greyer underparts. In the Museum 
Collection there is a specimen from Toro which may be 
accepted as representing this species ; the new unbleached 
fur is dark seal-brown as described by Heller—patches of the 
old worn coat, still retained by this individual, are much 
redder in tint, about as in “ Prout’s brown.” Backs of hands 
and feet dark brownish. ‘Tail dark sepia-brown, a trifle 
paler below ; caudal bristle-hairs numerous. 

Skull rather narrower than that of hildegardee, the Toro 
specimen with rather a higher brain-case than in the Fort 
Hall species, in shape more as in jacksoni. Teeth rather 
heavier, second upper unicuspid a trifle smaller than third. 

Dimensions of the type (as given by Heller) :-— 

Head and body 82 mm.; tail 52; hind foot 12°5 
(measured dry). 

Skull: greatest breadth 3°7; length of tooth-row 8°5. 

Skull-dimensions of Toro specimen: condylo-incisive 
length 18°7 ; greatest breadth 8; Jeast interorbital breadth 4; 
length of palate 7°6; postpalatal length 85; greatest 
maxillary breadth 6 ; length of upper tooth-row 8°l. 

_ Hab. Kabula Muliro. 
Type. Adult male. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 164639. 


(95) Crocidura hildegardee, Thos. 


Crocidura hildegardee, Thomas, Ann, & Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) vol. xiv. 
p. 240 (1904). 

Size rather smaller than in jacksoni, about as in gracilipes, 
skull with flat brain-case and the second and third upper 
unicuspids about equal in size. 

Hind foot small, about 12°5 mm. in length. 

Colour above dull cinnamon-brown very finely speckled 
~ with buff, general effect as im ‘‘ mummy-brown” mixed with 
‘‘ Prout’s brown,”’ very different from the dull brown and 
silver-grey mottling of jacksoni, and considerably brighter 
than in gracilipes. Flanks rather greyer than back, the 
brown tint, in the new pelage, merging rather abruptly into 
the lighter grey of the belly; in the more worn pelage, 
where the ventral surface is rather browner, the differentia- 
tion between the two areas is less distinct. Belly greyish. 
Lateral glands small, as in gracilipes. Backs of hands and 
feet dirty white or brownish. ‘Tail slender and cylindrical, 
very finely haired, considerably more naked in appearance 
than in jacksoni, more as in gracilipes, upper surface brown, 


508 Mr. G. Dollman on the African Shrews 


rather paler below ; bristle-hairs grey or light brown, very “4 
inconspicuous. 

Skull rather smaller than in jacksoni, with smaller and — 
much flatter brain-case; muzzle and maxillary region con-_ 
siderably narrower. Teeth smaller, second and third upper — 
unicuspids about equal in size, heart-shaped i in section, the 
third slightly overlapping the internal posterior angle of 
the second, Compared with gracilipes the skull is smaller 
and flatter, with smaller teeth. 

Dimensions of the type (measured from dry skin) :— 

Head and body 78 mm. (stretched) ; tail 50; hind foot 
12°5. 

Skull of type and ? from Elgon : condylo-incisive length 
19-6, 19°4; greatest breadth 9, 8°7; least interorbital 
breadth 4°3, 4°3; length of palate 8°3, 7°8; postpalatal 
length 9, 9; greatest maxillary breadth 5°9,6; median 
depth of brain-case 4°6, 48; length of upper tooth-row 
8:2, 8. 

Dimensions of two topotypes (preserved in spirit) and 
two specimens from Mt. Elgon (measured in the flesh) :— 


Head and body. ‘Tail. Tlind foot. 


mm. mm, mm, 
a. Bort Halll ask sae 62° ATU: 12:7. 
Se ae ee eee 61 ees: 12:4 
Go: Mt, Blgon: ©. -o<5 oa: 70 _ 12 
2s a Raa Van's 3 67 45 12 


Hab. Fort Hall, Kenia District, British East Africa. 

Type. Adult female. B.M. no. 3.3. 2.7. 

The small series of skins in the collection shows that 
there is a certain amount of colour-change due to bleaching; 
the new pelage being rather darker and browner than the 
old worn fur. 

Externally this shrew is distinguished from jackers by 
its brighter, more cinnamon-coloured coat, slender, almost | 
hairless tail, and its lighter underparts. From gracilipes it 
may be distinguished by its rather smaller and flatter skull 
and smaller teeth. 


(96) Crocidura hildegardee procera, Hell. 


Crocidura hildegardee procera, Heller, Smith. Misc. Coll. vol. Ix. a 
no. 12, p. 10 (1912). 


Size of body much as in hildegardee, with lighter grey at 


belonging to the Genus Crocidura. 509 


underparts more distinctly marked off from the brownish 
tint of the dorsal surface. 

Heller describes the coloration as follows :—‘ Dorsal 
colour broccoli-brown, the colour uniform to lower sides, 
where it is fairly well defined against the light grey under- 
parts ; hair everywhere plumbeous at base ; feet white; ears 
drab ; tail indistinctly bicolor, broccoli-brown above, drab- 
grey below.” In the Museum Collection is a specimen 
from Baringo which undoubtedly represents this race. The 
colour of this individual is rather brighter than in true 
hildegardee, the dorsal surface being rather more cinnamon, 
near ‘‘snuff-brown” speckled with “neutral grey.” The 
cold light grey belly is considerably more sharply differen- 
tiated from the brown dorsal surface than in the Fort Hall 
form. Backs of hands and feet dirty white. Tail rather 
paler below than in hildegardee, hut not nearly as light as in 
the Uganda race. 

Skull a trifle iarger, with rather larger teeth, but of the 
same flattened type; in the Baringo specimen the brain- 
case is rather broader than in hildegardee. 

Dimensions of the type (as given by Heller) :— 

Head and body 72 mm.; tail 51; hind foot 12. 

Skull: condylo-incisive length 20; greatest breadth 9; 
length of upper tooth-row 8°8.. 

Skull-dimensions of a female from Baringo :— 

Condylo-incisive length 20°5 mm.; greatest breadth 9°5 ; 
least interorbital breadth 4-2 ; length of palate 8°4; post- 
palatal length 9°8; greatest maxillary breadth 6°5 ; median 
depth of brain-case 48; length of upper tooth-row 8-4, 

Hab. Mt. Lololokui, Northern Guaso Nyiro District, 
British East Africa. Altitude 6000 feet. 

Type. Adult female. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 181820. 

The rather lighter coloration, more distinctly differentiated 
ventral and dorsal surfaces, and rather larger teeth separate 
this race from hildegardee. The lighter colour, less bicolored 
tail, and rather larger skull separate it from the Uganda 
race described below. 


_ (97) Crocidura hildegardee rubecula, subsp. n. 


Very like true Aildegardee, but with lighter underparts 
and more hairy and more distinctly bicolor tail. 

General colour of dorsal surface of new pelage dark 
brown (between “ mummy-brown” and “ sepia”); in the 


510 Mr. G. Dollman on the African Shrews 


bleached condition the coat is dull cinnamon-brown. Ventral 
surface distinctly lighter, more silvery. Hands and feet as” 
in the Fort Hall form. Tail more thickly haired and very 
much lighter below, ventral surface pure white. 

Skull and teeth as in hildegardee. 

Dimensions of the type (measured in the flesh) :— 

Head and,body 73 mm.; tail 45; hind foot 14°5 ; ear 9. 

Skull: condylo-incisive length 19°1; greatest breadth 8°6 ; 
least interorbital breadth 4°3; length of palate 7°6; 
greatest maxillary breadth 6; median depth of brain-case 4°9 ; 
length of upper tooth-row 8:3. 

Hab. Kigezi, 8.W. Uganda. Altitude 6000 feet. 

Type. Adult male. B.M. no. 11.12.3.54. Original 
number 2035. Collected on April 25th, 1911, by Mr. Robin 
Kemp. 

The only other specimen of this form obtained by Mr. Kemp 
is immature, being rather greyer in colour, but possessing a 
very similarly coloured tail, the hairs on the ventral surface 
being pure white. From procera this Uganda race may be 
distinguished by its rather darker coloration, smaller skull 
and teeth, and the white underside of the tail. The lighter 
and more silvery underparts and pure white hairs on the 
ventral surface of the tail separate this form from true 
hildegardee. 


(98) Crocidura hildegardee alte, Hell. | 


Crocidura hildegardee alte, Heller, Smith. Mise. Coll. vol. 1x. no. 12, 
p. 9 (1912). 

Related to hildegardee, but darker in colour and with 
longer tail. 

Size of hind foot a trifle larger. 

Colour of upper surface vandyke-brown, the brown tint 
merging imperceptibly on the flanks into the slightly lighter 
drab-coloured underparts. Backs of hands and feet drab. 
Tail long, uniform dark brown, only slightly lighter on 
underside basally. 

Skull about equal in size to that of hildegardee, teeth 
slightly larger. 

Dimensions of the type (as given by Heller) :— 

Head and body 74 mm.; tail 62 ; hind foot 13°5, 

Skull: condylo-incisive length 19°8; greatest breadth 9-2; — 
length of upper tooth-row 87. 


belonging to the Genus Crocidura. 511 


‘Hab. Mt. Gargues, British East Africa, Altitude 
6000 feet. 

Type. Adult male. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 181819. 

The longer tail and much darker dorsal and ventral surface 
readily separate this race from the allied forms. 


(99) Crocidura planiceps, Heil. 


Cr Sige ee Heller, Smith. Mise. Coll. vol. lvi. no. 15, p. 5 
(1910 


aa than hildegardee, with smaller and flatter skull. 

Size of body much as in hildegardee. Fur short, hairs on 
back about 2°5 mm. in length. Colour “ above uniform 
seal-brown, this colour carried well down on the sides, where 
it merges gradually into the lighter smoky grey of the 
underparts. Tail seal-brown like the upper parts. Feet 
somewhat lighter brown than the back. Lateral glands 
distinctly marked by an oblong patch of whitish hair.” 
The hairs of the back are stated to be “ uniform in colour 
to the roots,” and on the under surface ‘ showing a narrow 
basal band of plumbeous.” 

Skull with very flat brain-case, depressed anteriorly. 

Dimensions of the type (as g given by Heller) :— 

Head and body 71 mm. ; tail 53; hind foot 12°3. 

Skull: condylo-incisive length 18°3 ; greatest breadth 8 ; 
length of upper tooth-row 8. 

Hab. Rhino Camp, Lado Enclave. 

Type. Adult male. U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 164641. 

The darker colour and smaller skull, with depressed brain- 
case, distinguish this species from hildegardee and its allies. 


(100) Crocidura somalica, Thos. 


Crocidura somualica, Thomas, Ann, & Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) vol. xvi. p. 52 
(1895). 

Rather smaller than hildegardee, with shorter tail. 

Size of body small, hind foot rather shorter than in hilde- 
gardee. Furof medium length, hairs of back 4-5 mm. long, 

Colour of back (from spirit-specimens) slate-grey washed 
with brown, passing gradually on the flanks into the dull 
greyish white of the ventral surface. Backs of hands and 
feet white. Tail shorter than in hildegardee and rather 
thicker at its base, brown above, white below : bristle-hairs 


“es 


512 Mr. G. Dollman on the African Shrews 


et of the tail. aoe 

Skull about equal in length to that of the Fort ae ae 
species, brain-case equally flat but narrower. Teeth similar, 
second and third upper unicuspids almost equal in size. 

Dimensions of the type oo spirit) :— 

Head and body 53 mm. ; tail 40; hind foot 11:2. 

Skull: condylo-incisive length 19° 4; greatest breadth 8° 64) a: 
least interorbital breadth 4; length of palate 7°38; post- 
palatal length 8°5; greatest maxillary breadth 5:8; median a 
depth of brain-case 4-2 ; length of upper tooth-row 875. . 

Hab. Webi Shebeli, Somaliland. 

Type. Adult female. B.M. no. 93. 6.30.7 

In addition to the type, there is in the Collection a male — 
specimen, collected near the type-locality, which agrees very 
closely in general body- and skull-dimensions. 


(101) Crocidura crossei, Thos. 


Crocidura crosset, Thomas, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) vol. xvi. p. 53 
(1895). 


A member of the hildeyardee group. 

About equal in size to somalica, but with longer tail. 
Fur rather short, hairs of back 3-4 mm. in length. 

Colour (from spirit-specimen) slaty grey ‘tinged with 
brown, paler and greyer below. Lateral glands whitish. 
Backs of hands and feet dirty brownish buff; digits rather 
paler, almost white. Tail long and fairly’ stout, finely 
haired, brownish grey above, dirty white below ; bristle-hairs 
numerous, evenly distributed throughout nearly the whole 
length. 

Skull about equal in length to that of somalica, brain-case 
equally flat but narrower. ‘Teeth a trifle smaller, upper 
unicuspids narrower. 

Dimensions of the type spirit) :-— 

Head and body 60 mm.; tail 51 ; hind foot 12; ear 7*5. 

Skull: condylo-incisive length 19°3 ; 3 greatest breadth 8: 25 
least interorbital breadth 3:7; length of palate 8:1; post- . 
palatal length 8°9 ; greatest maxillary breadth 5°6; median _ 
depth of brain-case 4:3; length of upper tooth-row 8°3. 

Hab. Asaba, 150 miles up the Niger. 

Type. Adult male. B.M. no. 95. 5. 3. 4. 


EE 


belonging to the Genus Crocidura. 513 


Group 18 (aller and alpina). 


Size very small. Colour above dark sepia or brownish red, below 
greyish buff. Fur normal in length. Second and third upper 
unicuspids about equal in size. 


(102) Crocidura allex, Osg. 


Crocidura allex, Osgood, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Publication 143 (Zool. 
Ser.), vol. x. no. 3, p. 20 (1910). 


Almost equal in size to 6. cuninghamei, with shorter skull, 
higher brain-case, and slightly smaller teeth. 

Fur much longer than in bicolor and its allies, more as in 
the hildegardee group. Colour of dorsal surface dull brown 
(near “‘sepia”), very much as in 7. amale; flanks rather 
more strongly tinged with buff, the brown tint passing 
fairly abruptly into the greyish buff of the ventral surface. 
Backs of hands and feet greyish or greyish buff. Tail 
slender and finely haired, almost naked in general appear- 
ance; dark brown above, rather lighter below. Caudal 
bristle-hairs normal. 

Skull a trifle shorter than in cuninghamei, with a higher 
brain-case, more as in dofttegi, but larger and with larger 
teeth; second and third upper unicuspids about equal in 
size, but overlapping. 

Dimensions of the type (as given by Osgood) :— 

Head and body 64 mm.; tail 45 ; hind foot 12. 

Skull: condylo-incisive length 17-1 ; greatest breadth 7-7 ; 
postpalatal length 7°9; greatest maxillary breadth 5:2; 
length of upper tooth-row 7°15. 

Hab. Naivasha, British East Africa. 

Type. Adult male. Field Mus. Nat. Hist. no. 16820. 

In the Museum Collection there is a single specimen from 
near Lake Olbollossat, collected and presented by A. Blayney 
Percival, Esq., which agrees fairly closely with Osgood’s 
description ; the flesh-dimensions of this individual are 
given as :—Head and body 55 mm.; tail 38; hind foot 11 ; 
ear 7. 

From its near neighbour, Jdicolor cuninghamei, this 
Naivasha species is distinguished externally by its much 
longer fur and browner colour; the skulls are very distinct, 
that of allex being very much higher and with a more 
rounded brain-case. The following species, alpina, from 


Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 8. Vol. xvi. 36 


514 On the African Shrews belonging to Crocidura, 


Mt. Kenia, is considerably brighter in colour and possesses 
a slightly flatter skull, with the second upper unicuspid 
smaller in size. 


(103) Crocidura alpina, Hell. 


Crocidura alpina, Heller, Smith. Mise, Coll. vol. lvi. no. 9, p. 5 
(1910). 


Closely allied to allex, from Naivasha, but with flatter 
skull and the second upper unicuspid rather smaller. 

General dimensions much as in allex. 

Colour of upper parts, in the new unbleached pelage, 
yellowish brown, near “ Prout’s brown,” gradually changing 
on the flanks to the buffy grey of the ventral surface. In 
the old bleached coat the colour is very much more orange. 
Underparts grey washed with pinkish buff. Backs of hands 
and feet pale brownish. Tail covered with very short fine 
hairs, dark brownish above, paler below, but not sharply 
bicoloured ; bristle-hairs not very numerous or conspicuous. 

Skull shorter and flatter than in al/ex, but not as flat as 
in the bicolor group; second upper unicuspid relatively 
smaller. 

Dimensions of the type (as given by Heller) :— 

Head and body 65 mm. ; tail 89; hind foot 11. 

Skull: condylo-incisive length 16°2; greatest breadth 7°5 ; 
depth of skull at bulle 4°6 ; length of upper tooth-row 7. 

In the Museum Collection there is a specimen from Solai, 
Kenya (8000 feet), which undoubtedly represents this species’; 
the flesh dimensions are given as :—Head and body 63 mm. ; 
tail 41; hind foot 11] ; ear 8. 

Hab. West slope of Mt. Kenya, British East Africa, 
Altitude 10,000 feet. 

Type. Adult female, U.S. Nat. Mus. no. 163089. 

The brighter colouring, rather smaller and flatter skull, 
and smaller size of the second upper unicuspid distinguish 
this Kenya shrew from the Naivasha allexv. The members 
of the bicolor group are at once distinguished from alpina by 
their shorter fur, flatter skulls, and much greyer colour, 


[To be continued. j 


eye 


Geological Society. 515 


PROCEEDINGS OF LEARNED SOCIETIES. 
GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 
June 23rd, 1915.—Dr. A. Smith Woodward, F.R.S., President, 
in the Chair. 
The following communications were read :— 


1. ‘On a New Eurypterid from the Belgian Coal Measures.’ 
By Prof. Xavier Stainier. 

In this paper the Author records the discovery of a specimen of a 
new Hurypterus in the cores of a trial-boring for coal in Belgium. 
He describes the fossil, which is in a very satisfactory state of pre- 
servation. 'Toallow of comparisons, a short description of the eleven 
Carboniferous species known up to the present is appended. The 
nearest form to the Belgian fossil seems to be a Pennsylvanian 
Eurypterus, which nevertheless is not identical with the former. 
The Author then discusses the geological range and the evolution 
in time of the twelve Carboniferous Eurypterids. The paper ends 
with a short literature of the subject. 


2. On a Fossiliferous Limestone from the North Sea.’ By 
Richard Bullen Newton, F.G.S. 

The material on which this paper is based was trawled from the 
floor of the North Sea, some 100 miles N.E. 3 N. of Buchan Ness, 
and was forwarded to the British Museum (Natural History) by 
Mr. R. D. Thomson, of Aberdeen. It presents no appearance of 
glaciation, so that its occurrence zn sztw seems to be highly probable. 
There is no record of a similar limestone from either England or 
Scotland. It is of highly siliceous character and full of marine 
shells, of which the Pelecypoda are the more prominent; there are, 
also, occasional fragments of wood in contact with the limestone 
which, from a preliminary examination, appear to show coniferous 
characters. Some 23 species of mollusca have been determined, all 
of which exhibit a southern facies, including 10 gastropods and 
13 pelecypods: the latter embrace a new Dosiniform shell belonging 
to the genus Sinodia, the relationships of which are entirely confined 
to the Indian Ocean regions of Southern Asia. Eighteen of the 
species, or about 80 per cent., trace their origin from the Vindobonian 


‘stage of the Miocene; ten, or about 40 per cent., may be regarded 


as extinct; whereas twelve, or 50 per cent., still exist in recent 
seas. The majority of the species are fairly evenly distributed in 
both the Coralline and the Red Crag formations of East Anglia, 
although, on account of so large a number being extinct, and bearing 
in mind their southern facies, it is thought that the rock must be of 
older age than Red Crag. Additional support is given to this view, 
because such shells as Avcoperna sericea, Tellina benedeni, and 
Panopea menardi are not known of later age in this country than 
the Coralline Crag. The occurrence also of the extinct gastropods 
Streptochetus sexcostatus and. Ficus | Pyrula\ simplex, which are 
particularly characteristic of the Upper Miocene or Messinian 
deposits of Northern Germany, constitutes further evidence in 
favour of a greater antiquity for this limestone than that of the 
Red Crag: it is, therefore, considered to be of Coralline Crag age. 


B16 


INDEX TO VOL AVE 


ACANTHOCERA, new species of, 16. 

Actenia, new species of, 400. 

Adolias, new species of, 173. 

Adoretus, on new names for species 
of, 232. 

/Ethiopana, definition of the new 
generic name, 191, 

Akthomys, characters of the new sub- 
genus, 477, 

Alsena, new species of, 186. 

Annelida, new, 449. 

Anomala, on new names for species 
of, 231. 

Antitype, new species of, 251. 

Auumeta, new species of, 257. 

Apbantopus, new species of, 172. 

Aprotodon, characters of the new 
genus, 408. 

Argyrocheila, new species of, 189. 

Arnoglossus, new species of, 108, 

Arpactus, new species of, 287. 

Arrow, G. J., on the nomenclature 
of certain species of ruteline coleo- 
piera, 251; on a new genus of 
jJamellicorn beetles trom Borneo, 
317; on species of Khopza from 
the Fiji Islands, 319. 

Aryicanthis, new subspecies of, 479. 

Astictopterus, new species of, 177. 

Austrougrion, new species of, 106. 

Bahora, new species of, 170. 

Baylis, H. A., on a new cestode, 40; 
on a trematode from Protopterus, 
85 ; on two new species of Mon- 
hystera, 414; on a new African 
earthworm, 449, 


Batrachia, new, 402. 

Bazania, new species of, 396,! 

Bembex, on the Australian species 
of, 454. 

Bethune-Baker, G. T., on new species 
of lepidoptera from Africa and the 
East, 186. 

Boarmia, new species of, 185, 

Books, new :—An Index to the 
Museum Boltenianum, 232. 

Borradaile, L, A., on the species of 
Lucifer and their distribution, 
226. 

Boulenger, G. A., on two new lizards 
from Australia, 64; on a new 
tree-frog from Dutch New Guinea, 
402. 

Cenoprosopon, characters of the new 
genus, 267, 

Campion, H., on a new agrionine 
Sed trom Northern Australia, 

05. . 

Cannomys, characters of the new 
genus, 57 ; new species of, 815, 

Cardisoma guanhumi, on a new 
parasite from, 414, 

Cardium, new species of, 169, 

Casbia, new species of, 195, 

Catasticta, new species of, 412, 

Centrochares, new species of, 328. 

Cephalodiscus  gilchristi, observa- 
tious on, 233. 

Cestoda, new, 40. 

Champion, G. C., on the Xylo- 
philides of Ceylon, 2165. 

Chilena, new species of, 249. 


LN DEX. 


Chimera monstrosa, on an abnor- 
mality in the mandibular arch of, 
110. 

Chloroclystis, new species of, 193. 

Chogada, new species of, 184. 

Christophia, new species of, 397. 

Chrysecraspeda, new species of, 
192. 

Chrysops, new species of, 265. 

Cirphis, new species of, 179. 

Cockerell, T, D. A., descriptions and 
records of bees, 1, 96, 482. 

Coleoptera, new, 54, 215, 817, 319; 
on the nomenclature of species of 
ruteline, 231. 

Collinge, W. E., on an abnormality 
in the mandibular arch of Chi- 
mera monstrosa, 110; on Idotea 
hectica, 162. 

Columbella, new species of, 165. 

Cunchology, on some enigmatical 
names 1n, 328. 

Corizoneura, new species of, 37. 

Corone, new species of, 176. 

Cortyta, new species of, 255. 

Corvira, characters of the new 
genus, 310. 

Cottus scorpius, on some parasites 
of, 383, 


Crepidula fornicata, on the occur- 


rence of, on the East Coast of 
England, 496. 

Crocidura, new species of, 66, 126, 
357, DU. 

Crustacea, new, 336. 

Cultripalpa, new species of, 182. 

Cunnington, Dr. W. A., on the 
Entomostraca of the Albert 
Nyanza, 80, 

Cyclosia, new species of, 177. 

Day, H., on the parasphenoid of a 
palzoniscoid, 421. 

‘Deilemera, new species of, 177. 

Demanga, new species of, 494. 

Demopiatus, characters of the new 
genus, 269. 

Deomys, new species of, 150. 

Diala, new species of, 167, 

Diatomineura, new species of, 34. 

Dichogaster, new species of, 451. 

Diptera, new, 16, 208, 259, 502. 

Discoidea cylindrica, on the peri- 
proctal plates of, 499. 

Distant, W. L., on some Australian 
Cicadidx, 50; rhynchotal notes, 
322, 489. 

Dollman, G., on the African shrews 


517 


belonging to the genus Crocidura, 
66, 124, 357, 506. 

Donax, new species of, 170, 

Drillia, new species of, 164. 

Ectropis, new variety of, 196. 

Edwards, F’. W., on three new species 
of Olbiogaster, 502, 

Elporia, characters 
genus, 204. 

Elymnias, new species of, 171. 

Entomostraca of the Albert Nyanza, 
on the, £0, 

[pimys, new subspecies of, 149. 

Epitola, new species of, 190. 

Erebus, new species of, 179. 

Krephopsis, new species of, 26. 

Kricia, new species of, 180. 

Erinaceus, new subspecies of, 152. 

Eublemma, new species of, 252. 

EKupleres, note on the genus, 348, 

Euselasia, new species of, 412. 

Euxylophilus, characters of the new 
genus, 215. 

Everes, new species of, 174. 

Fishes, new, 108; on some Protozoa 
from, 581. 

Forster-Cooper, C., on new genera 
aud species of mammals from the 
miocene deposits of Baluchistan, 
404. 

Fossa, note on the genus, 546. 

Funisciurus, new subspecies of, 146, 

Galidia, on the external characters 
of, 351; G. elegans, note on, 123. 

Galidictis, on the external characters 
of, 351; on the species of the 
genus, 113. 

vittatus, on the name of the 
species described by Gray as, 508, 

Gargara, new species of, 489. 

Gastiopacha, new species of, 199. 

Gecarcinus ruricola, on new parasite 
from, 414. 

Gelocus, new species of, 406. 

Geological Society, proceedings of 
the, 515. 

Gilchrist, Dr. J. D. F., on Cephalo- 
discus gilchristi, 253. 

Grammomys, characters of the new 
genus, 150. 

Hemogregarina cotti, notes on, 383. 

Halictus, new species of, 4, 98, 488. 

Harmer, Dr. 5. £., on Cephalodiscus 
gilchristi, 2438. 

Harpiola, characters of the new 
genus, 309. 

Hastina, new species of, 193. 


of the new 


518 


Hemidromodes, new species of, 392. 

Hemigalago, new subspecies of, 466. 

Hemigalus derbyanus, on the ex- 
ternal characters of, 153. 

Hemimastodon crepusculi, note on 
the dentition of, 409. 

Heterographis, new species of, 399. 

Heterorchis, characters of the new 
genus, 96. 

Hewitsonia, new variety of, 190, 

Hibrildes, new species of, 198. 

Hippoglossoides, on the Pacific 
species of, 299. 

Homoptera, new, 50, 3822, 489. 

Hybandoides, characters of the new 
genus, 327. 

Hyla, new species of, 402. 

Hymenoptera, new, 1, 96, 286, 413, 
446, 482; notes and synonymy of, 
in the collection of the British 
Museum, 331. 

Hypocala, new species of, 181. 

Hypochrosis, new species of, 195. 

Hypolimnas, new species of, 173. 

Idotea hectica, remarks on, 162. 

Jamides, new species of, 175. 

Kathepyris, new species of, 295. 

Lebedodes, new species of, 199. 

Lepidoptera, new, 170, 186, 247, 
392, 411. 

Lewis, G., on new species of His- 
teridee, 54. 

Linsang, on the external characters 
of the genus, 341. 

Liptena, new species of, 189. 

Liptenara, characters of the new 
genus, 186, 

Littorina, new species of, 167. 

Lotorium, new species of, 165, 

Lucifer, new species of, 228. 

Lygosoma, new species of, 64. 

Machilidee, notes on the British, 10. 

Macoma, new species of, 169. 

Mammals, new, 56, 61, 66, 116, 124, 
146, 310, 318, 357, 404, 447, 465, 
509. 

Mangesia, new species of, 291. 

Mastomys, characters of the new sub- 
genus, 477. 

Meade-Waldo, G., notes and syno- 
nymy of hymenoptera in the col- 
lection of the British Museum, 
331. 

Megachile, new species of, 488. 

Melampsalta, new species of, 50. 

Melanitis, new species of, 172. 

Melissodes, new species of, 482. 


INDEX, 


Mesotrichia, new variety of, 3. 

Metasia, new species of, 402. 

Micropentila, new species of, 189. 

Milionia, new species of, 191. 

Mimochroa, new species of, 183. 

Minolia, new species of, 167, 

Modiola, new species of, 84. ; 

Mollusea, new, 84, 164; on some 
enigmatical names among the, 
328. 

Monhystera, new species of, 414. 

Morley, C., notes and synonymy of 
hymenoptera in the collection of 
the British Museum, 331. 

Mungotictis, characters of the new 
genus, 120, 

lineatus, definition of the new 
specific name, 505, 

Mylomys, new species of, 148. 

Myomys, characters of the new sub- 
genus, 477. 

Myopterus, new species of, 469. 

Myrioblephara, new species of, 197. 

Myrteta, new species of, 182. 

Narosana, characters of the new 
genus, 200. 

Natica, new species of, 166. 

Nematodes, new, 414. 

Nephopteryx, new species of, 395, 

Neritine, note on the generic name, 
328, 

Neuroptera, new, 105. 

Newton, R. B., on a fossiliferous 
Eee from the North Sea, 

5. 

Nomineia, new species of, 296. 

Nomioides, new species of, 487. 

North, F. J., on the periproctal 
plates of Discoidea cylindrica, 
499. 

Nyctocleptes, new species of, 58, 

Odonestis, new species of, 178. 

Oidemaskelis, characters of the new 
genus, 201. 

Olbiogaster, new species of, 502, 

Olivella, new species of, 166, 

Osmia, new species of, 483, 

Oxyrhachis, new species of, 322, 

Pachypasa, new species of, 199. 

Panope, note on the generic name, 
329, 

Parabrachyodus, characters of the 
new genus, 404. 

Paracolletes, new species of, 103. 

Paradromalia, new variety of, 196, 

Parasphecodes, new species of, 96, 

Pecten, new species of, 168. 


INDEX. 


Pentadactylus, new species of, 166. 

Pentila, new species of, 187. 

Pepsis, new species of, 413. 

Peridela, new species of, 194. 

Petrobius, new species of, 11. 

Petromachilis, characters of the new 
genus, 12. 

Phoxichilus, note on the generic 
name, 330, 

Pionea, new species of, 401, 

Plecoptera, new species of, 182. 

Pocock, R. I., on some of the ex- 
ternal characters of the palm- 
civet and its allies, 153; on some 
of the external characters of the 
genus Linsang, with notes upon 
the genera Poiana and Eupleres, 
341; on some external characters 
of Galidia, Galidictis, and allied 
genera, 351; on the species of 
Galidictis, 115; on the name of 
the species described by Gray as 
Galidictis vittatus, 505. 

Poiana, note on the genus, 345. 

Pomasia, new species of, 194. 

Potamozale, new subspecies of, 470. 

Praomys, characters of the new sub- 
genus, 477. 

Preston, H. B., on a new Modioia 
from Ceylon and a new Tellina 
from New Caledonia, 84. 

Pristarthria, new species of, 399. 

Promitor, characters of the new 
genus, 495. 

Promops, new species of, 62. 

Prosopis, new species of, 1, 485. 

Protozoa from fishes, on some, 381. 

Pseudocalyoza, characters of the new 
genus, 298, 

Pseudopangonia, characters of the 
new genus, 27:3. 

Pseudotabanus, characters of the 

~ new genus, 271, 

Ptochophyle, new species of, 193. 

Ptychopoda, new species of, 393. 

Pyecnogonology, on some enigmatical 
names in, 328. 

Pyrgatchenia, new species of, 325. 

Pyrrhogyra, new species of, 411. 

Raia batis, on some parasites of, 388. 

Rapala, new variety of, 176. 

Reilly, Miss A. J., notes on the 
British Machilidie, 10. 

Reptiles, new, 64. 

Rhadinichthys, note on the para- 
sphenoid of a species of, 421. 

Rhipidomys, new species of, 312, 


519 


Rhopza, new species of, 320. 

Rhyzomys, new species of, 59, 313. 

Ricardo, Miss G., notes on the Ta- 
banidee of the Australian region, 
16, 259. 

Rissoa, note on the generic name, 
329, 

Robson, G. C., on the extension of 
the range of the American slipper- 
limpet on the Hast Coast of Eng- 
land, 496, 

Rothschild, Lord, on lepidoptera 
from the Hoggar Mountains, 247, 
392. 

Schmidt, P., on a new flat-fish from 
the Black Sea, 108; on the Pacitic 
species of Hippoglossoides, 299. 

Scirrhoma, characters of the new 
genus, 201. 

Scomber scomber, on the parasites 
of, 385. 

Scotzecus, new species of, 447. 

Scutisorex, new species of, 470. 

Semiothesa, new species of, 194. 

Sericia, new species of, 198. 

Sharpe, Miss E. M., on three new 
neotropical butterflies, 411. 

Silvius, new species of, 261. 

Sowerby, G. B., on new species of 
mollusea, 164. 

Sphecius, new species of, 286. 

Sphecodes, new species of, 489. 

Stainier, Prof. X., on a new Eury- 
pterid from the Belgian cval- 
measures, 515. 

Staudingeria, new species of, 397. 

Stebbing, Rev. T. R. R., on some 
enigmatical names in conchology 
and pycnogonology, 328. 

Stybolepis, new species of, 199, 

Suastus, new species of, 176. 

Swinhoe, Col. C., on new species of 
Indo-Malayan lepidoptera, 170. 

Sylvisorex, new subspecies of, 151, 

Sypna, new species of, 180. 

Tabanidw of the Australian region, 
notes on the, 16, 259, 

Tabanus, on the New Zealand species 
of, 17 ; new species of, 284. 

Tatera, new species of, 147. 

Taterillus, new species of, 147. 

Tellina, new species of, 84. 

Terentius, new species of, 492. 

Teretriosoma, new species of, 54. 

Thomas, O., on the Asiatic bamboo- 
rats, 56, 313; on bats of the genus 
Promops, 61; on new African 


- _ eo Cr 'v am 
7 : / oe 
520 INDEX. “ewe 


rodents and insectivores, 146; on 
a special genus for Murina grisea, 


309 : on a new genus of phyllo- 
stome bats anda new Rhipi idomys, 
810; on a new bat from Northern 


Nigeria, 447; on mammals from 
the Upper Congo, 465. 

Thysanura, new, 10. 

Tiberianus, characters of the new 
genus, 493. 

Tirumala, new species of, 171. 

Trematoda, new, 85. 

Trichodina, on a species “of, from 
Cottus scorpius, 389. 

Trigona, new species of, 2. 

Turner, R. E., notes on fossorial 


END OF THE SIXTEENTH VOLUME, 


PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANGIS,- 
RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET. a y- 


hymenoptera, 286, 434 ; no’ 
synonymy of hymenoptera 
collection of the British M 
332; on a new species of Pepsis, 
413. 
Ulotricha, new species of, 400. 
Untilianus, characters of the ne be 
genus, 496. 
Volsella, new species of, 168. . 
Xenaclopus, characters of the new : 
eo 318. 
xo? new species of, 323. 
ocopa, new species of, 3. 
ieee new species of, 219. 
Zelotomys, new species of, "480. 
Zschokkeella, new species ‘of, 40. 


REILLY. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. S. 8. Vol.XVI. PUI. 


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